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黃淮白山羊腸道黏膜組織結(jié)構(gòu)及杯狀細(xì)胞分布特點(diǎn)

2018-06-28 08:27周金星錢兆全靳二輝劉文舉金光明
關(guān)鍵詞:組織結(jié)構(gòu)小腸大腸

周金星,錢兆全,靳二輝,劉文舉,金光明,*

(1.安徽科技學(xué)院 動(dòng)物科學(xué)學(xué)院,安徽 鳳陽 233100;2.安徽科技學(xué)院 細(xì)胞與分子生物學(xué)研究中心,安徽 鳳陽 233100)

黃淮白山羊腸道黏膜組織結(jié)構(gòu)及杯狀細(xì)胞分布特點(diǎn)

周金星1,2,錢兆全1,靳二輝1,劉文舉2,金光明1,*

(1.安徽科技學(xué)院 動(dòng)物科學(xué)學(xué)院,安徽 鳳陽 233100;2.安徽科技學(xué)院 細(xì)胞與分子生物學(xué)研究中心,安徽 鳳陽 233100)

摘 要:為探明黃淮白山羊腸道黏膜組織結(jié)構(gòu)和杯狀細(xì)胞分布特點(diǎn),取成年健康黃淮白山羊3頭,經(jīng)麻醉后頸靜脈放血致死,立即取小腸和大腸各3段,投入到4%多聚甲醛固定液中固定72h,制作組織切片,經(jīng)HE和PAS染色后,觀察黃淮白山羊小腸和大腸黏膜組織結(jié)構(gòu)和杯狀細(xì)胞分布特點(diǎn)。結(jié)果表明,黃淮白山羊十二指腸和空腸的上皮細(xì)胞呈高柱狀,固有層分布有較多的淋巴細(xì)胞,回腸黏膜的上皮細(xì)胞呈低柱狀,黏膜下層中含大量的集合淋巴小結(jié),盲腸、結(jié)腸和直腸的上皮細(xì)胞呈低柱狀,大腸腺發(fā)達(dá),腺體間彌散著淋巴細(xì)胞,直腸的固有層中可見淋巴小結(jié),上皮之間的杯狀細(xì)胞呈頂漿分泌的形式分泌黏多糖。黃淮白山羊小腸杯狀細(xì)胞分泌的黏多糖以中性為主,大腸杯狀細(xì)胞分泌的黏多糖以酸性為主。大腸三段杯狀細(xì)胞數(shù)量極顯著(P<0.01)高于小腸杯狀細(xì)胞,大腸中結(jié)腸杯狀細(xì)胞數(shù)量顯著(P<0.05)高于盲腸和直腸,小腸中回腸杯狀細(xì)胞數(shù)量顯著(P<0.05)高于十二指腸和空腸。因此,黃淮白山羊從十二指腸到回腸,上皮細(xì)胞由高柱狀逐漸向低柱狀變化,杯狀細(xì)胞主要分布于大腸,在結(jié)腸中數(shù)量最多。

關(guān)鍵詞:杯狀細(xì)胞;組織結(jié)構(gòu);小腸;大腸;黃淮白山羊

腸道作為營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)消化和吸收、黏膜免疫的主要場所,其功能的執(zhí)行者是腸道黏膜上皮細(xì)胞。黏膜上皮細(xì)胞主要有4種類型:單層柱狀上皮細(xì)胞、杯狀細(xì)胞、內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞和潘氏細(xì)胞。其中,杯狀細(xì)胞在腸上皮發(fā)育早期出現(xiàn),分為數(shù)量較少的低黏液杯狀細(xì)胞和成熟杯狀細(xì)胞[1],主要功能是分泌黏蛋白及生物活性因子,如三葉肽、抵抗素樣分子β及Fc-γ結(jié)合蛋白等,共同形成腸道黏液凝膠,對(duì)動(dòng)物腸道黏膜起重要的保護(hù)作用[2],并可修復(fù)腸黏膜上皮[3]。近年來,許多學(xué)者對(duì)不同動(dòng)物腸的黏膜組織結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和杯狀細(xì)胞進(jìn)行研究,如陳付菊等[4]研究了新生犢牛小腸黏膜結(jié)構(gòu)及淋巴細(xì)胞和杯狀細(xì)胞的數(shù)量變化;田波等[5]研究了牦牛大腸組織結(jié)構(gòu)及黏膜免疫相關(guān)細(xì)胞的分布;馬蘭等[6]觀察了不同海拔藏綿羊小腸上皮內(nèi)杯狀細(xì)胞的數(shù)量。也有學(xué)者就添加劑、細(xì)菌、多糖和藥物對(duì)動(dòng)物腸道黏膜組織結(jié)構(gòu)及杯狀細(xì)胞的影響進(jìn)行研究,如劉小龍等[7]研究了天蠶素和合生素對(duì)肉雞小腸黏膜形態(tài)的影響;唐秀瑩等[8]研究了大豆異黃酮對(duì)大鼠腸道上皮相關(guān)細(xì)胞的影響;張美曦等[9]研究了雙歧桿菌對(duì)雛雞腸道杯狀細(xì)胞的影響;邢亞麗等[10]研究了樹舌發(fā)酵浸膏多糖對(duì)肉雞黏膜組織結(jié)構(gòu)影響;閆曉剛等[11]研究了人參莖葉多糖對(duì)雛雞小腸黏膜組織的影響;曹貴彬等[12]研究了陳皮苷制劑對(duì)愛撥益加肉雞小腸黏膜形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。

黃淮白山羊是安徽省優(yōu)良的地方品種,目前對(duì)黃淮白山羊的基礎(chǔ)研究主要包括黃淮白山羊的皮膚組織結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)[13]、蹄的解剖及組織結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)[14]、心肌組織結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)[15]、瘤胃功能[16-17]、孤雌胚胎體外培養(yǎng)[18]和血清學(xué)調(diào)查[19]等,但關(guān)于黃淮白山羊腸黏膜的組織結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)及杯狀細(xì)胞的分布特征卻未見報(bào)道。為此,我們開展了這方面的研究?,F(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1 材料與方法

1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物及取材

選用健康成年黃淮白山羊3頭,雌雄不限,經(jīng)麻醉后頸靜脈放血致死,立即剖腹,按解剖部位分別取小腸(十二指腸、空腸和回腸)和大腸(結(jié)腸、盲腸和直腸)各3段,每段各長約1cm,立即投入4%(質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù))的多聚甲醛磷酸鹽緩沖液中,固定72h后備用。

1.2 主要儀器設(shè)備

CUT 5062半自動(dòng)輪轉(zhuǎn)切片機(jī),德國SLEE公司;Acio Imager A2蔡司光學(xué)顯微鏡+顯微攝影系統(tǒng),德國蔡司公司;MNT冷熱臺(tái)包埋機(jī),德國SLEE公司。

1.3 石蠟組織切片制作及染色

將固定好的小腸和大腸各段的組織樣品,修成大小為0.5cm的腸段,經(jīng)流水沖洗24h后,梯度酒精脫水、二甲苯透明、浸蠟、包埋,經(jīng)輪轉(zhuǎn)切片機(jī)切成5μm的連續(xù)切片,經(jīng)水浴鍋展片、撈片和烤片后,通過HE和PAS染色,分別觀察黃淮白山羊小腸和大腸黏膜的基本組織結(jié)構(gòu)和杯狀細(xì)胞分布特征,蔡司光學(xué)顯微鏡攝影。

1.4 圖像及數(shù)據(jù)分析

在100倍放大倍數(shù)下,隨機(jī)選擇黃淮白山羊小腸和大腸3段的10張組織切片,每張切片隨機(jī)選擇10個(gè)視野,利用Image-Pro Plus 6.0圖像分析軟件統(tǒng)計(jì)杯狀細(xì)胞數(shù)量,所得數(shù)據(jù)在SPSS 20.0平臺(tái)上進(jìn)行單因素方差分析。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 黃淮白山羊小腸黏膜基本組織結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)

由圖1可見,黃淮白山羊小腸黏膜可分為3層,分別為上皮、固有層和黏膜肌。黃淮白山羊十二指腸絨毛呈葉片狀,空腸絨毛呈指狀、排列緊密,上皮細(xì)胞都呈典型的長柱狀,黏膜的固有層中含有較多的淋巴細(xì)胞,空腸的杯狀細(xì)胞較十二指腸多。黃淮白山羊回腸絨毛呈指狀,上皮細(xì)胞由高柱狀變?yōu)榈椭鶢?,之間夾雜有較多的杯狀細(xì)胞。固有層含有較多的淋巴細(xì)胞,小腸腺較空腸和十二指腸變少,黏膜下層含有典型的集合淋巴小結(jié)。

2.2 黃淮白山羊大腸黏膜基本組織結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)

由圖2可見,黃淮白山羊盲腸的上皮細(xì)胞形態(tài)變?yōu)榈椭鶢?,固有層中含有發(fā)達(dá)的大腸腺,腺體中充滿杯狀細(xì)胞,在大腸腺之間含有較多的淋巴細(xì)胞。黃淮白山羊結(jié)腸黏膜上存在上皮細(xì)胞,但細(xì)胞形態(tài)呈低柱狀,大腸腺發(fā)達(dá),腺體中含大量的杯狀細(xì)胞,淋巴細(xì)胞數(shù)量較盲腸減少。直腸的黏膜固有層中大腸腺較盲腸和結(jié)腸減少,固有層中含有較多的淋巴細(xì)胞,并可見典型的淋巴小結(jié),上皮細(xì)胞呈低柱狀,杯狀細(xì)胞頂部可見分泌黏原顆粒,呈現(xiàn)頂漿分泌的特性(如圖2-F方框所示)。

2.3 黃淮白山羊小腸黏膜杯狀細(xì)胞分布特征

黃淮白山羊小腸杯狀細(xì)胞主要分布于黏膜上皮細(xì)胞和小腸腺上皮細(xì)胞之間(圖3),回腸黏膜中杯狀細(xì)胞分布較十二指腸和空腸多,且黏膜上皮細(xì)胞之間的杯狀細(xì)胞明顯多于十二指腸和空腸,十二指腸和空腸的杯狀細(xì)胞通過PAS染色后紫色和藍(lán)色共存,說明其杯狀細(xì)胞分泌的黏多糖屬于中性和酸性,且2種性質(zhì)黏多糖的杯狀細(xì)胞數(shù)量相當(dāng),但黃淮白山羊回腸黏膜中杯狀細(xì)胞呈現(xiàn)較多的紫色,說明其分泌的黏多糖屬于中性,且分泌中性黏多糖的杯狀細(xì)胞顯著多于分泌酸性黏多糖的杯狀細(xì)胞。

2.4 黃淮白山羊大腸黏膜杯狀細(xì)胞分布特征

黃淮白山羊大腸黏膜杯狀細(xì)胞主要分布于大腸腺中(圖4),由于結(jié)腸的大腸腺最發(fā)達(dá),因此,其杯狀細(xì)胞的數(shù)量也多于盲腸和直腸。盲腸的杯狀細(xì)胞經(jīng)PAS染色后大部分是藍(lán)色少部分呈紫色,說明其分泌的黏多糖呈中性和酸性混合型,但結(jié)腸和直腸的大腸腺中杯狀細(xì)胞經(jīng)PAS染色后呈藍(lán)色,說明其分泌的黏多糖呈酸性。直腸黏膜上皮處杯狀細(xì)胞頂部可見分泌黏原顆粒,呈現(xiàn)頂漿分泌的特性(如圖4-F方框所示)。

2.5 黃淮白山羊腸黏膜杯狀細(xì)胞分布特點(diǎn)

HE染色,A、C、E標(biāo)尺示100μm;B、D、F標(biāo)尺示20μm。A、B,十二指腸基本組織結(jié)構(gòu);C、D,空腸基本組織結(jié)構(gòu);E、F,回腸基本組織結(jié)構(gòu)。SIG,小腸腺;Lp,固有層;SM,平滑肌;LN,淋巴小結(jié);IV,腸絨毛。無柄箭頭示上皮細(xì)胞,有柄箭頭示杯狀細(xì)胞。HE dyeing.Bars indicated100μm in A,C,E,and 20μm in B,D,F(xiàn).A,B,Tissue structure of duodenum;C,D,Tissue structure of jejunum;E,F(xiàn),Tissue structure of ileum.SIG,Small intestinal gland;Lp,Lamina propria;SM:Smooth muscle;LN,Lymphoid nodule;IV,Intestinal villus.Sessile arrowheads indicated epithelium cells;arrows indicated goblet cells.圖1 黃淮白山羊十二指腸、空腸和回腸基本組織結(jié)構(gòu)Fig.1 Tissue structure characteristics of duodenum,jejunum and ileum of Huanghuai white goat

HE染色。A、C、E標(biāo)尺示100μm;B、D、F標(biāo)尺示20μm。A、B,盲腸基本組織結(jié)構(gòu);C、D,結(jié)腸基本組織結(jié)構(gòu);E、F,直腸基本組織結(jié)構(gòu)。LIG,大腸腺;Ly,淋巴細(xì)胞;SM,平滑??;LN,淋巴小結(jié);FC,脂肪細(xì)胞。無柄箭頭示上皮細(xì)胞;有柄箭頭示杯狀細(xì)胞。HE dyeing.Bars indicated100μm in A,C,E,and 20μm in B,D,F(xiàn).A,B,Tissue structure of cecum;C,D,Tissue structure of colon;E,F(xiàn),Tissue structure of rectum.LIG,Large intestinal gland;Ly,Lymphocyte;SM,Smooth muscle;LN,Lymphoid nodule;FC,F(xiàn)at cells.Sessile arrowheads indicated epithelium cells;arrows indicated goblet cells圖2 黃淮白山羊盲腸、結(jié)腸和直腸基本組織結(jié)構(gòu)Fig.2 Tissue structure characteristics of cecum,colon and rectum of Huanghuai white goat

PAS染色。A、C、E標(biāo)尺示100μm;B、D、F標(biāo)尺示20μm。A、B,十二指腸黏膜杯狀細(xì)胞和黏液特性;C、D,空腸黏膜杯狀細(xì)胞和黏液特性;圖E、F,回腸黏膜杯狀細(xì)胞和黏液特性。有柄箭頭示杯狀細(xì)胞。PAS dyeing.Bars indicated100μm in A,C,E,and 20μm in B,D,F(xiàn).A,B,Goblet cell distribution and slime feature of duodenum;C,D,Goblet cell distribution and slime feature of jejunum;E,F(xiàn),Goblet cell distribution and slime feature of ileum.Arrows indicated goblet cells.圖3 黃淮白山羊十二指腸、空腸和回腸黏膜杯狀細(xì)胞及黏液特性Fig.3 Goblet cell distribution and slime feature of duodenum,jejunum and ileum of Huanghuai white goat

通過PAS染色觀察,在黃淮白山羊小腸段,杯狀細(xì)胞分泌的黏多糖以中性為主,酸性為輔,但到大腸段,杯狀細(xì)胞分泌的黏多糖以酸性為主,中性為輔。經(jīng)Image-Pro Plus 6.0圖像分析軟件對(duì)小腸3段和大腸3段組織切片中每100個(gè)細(xì)胞中杯狀細(xì)胞所占的比例進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析(圖5),盲腸、結(jié)腸和直腸中杯狀細(xì)胞的數(shù)量極顯著(P<0.01)多于十二指腸、空腸和回腸。大腸三段中,結(jié)腸的杯狀細(xì)胞數(shù)量最多,直腸的杯狀細(xì)胞數(shù)量最少、但與盲腸差異不顯著。小腸三段中,回腸段杯狀細(xì)胞的數(shù)量顯著高于十二指腸和空腸(P<0.05),但十二指腸和空腸之間差異不顯著(P>0.05)。

PAS染色。A、C、E標(biāo)尺示100μm;B、D、F標(biāo)尺示20μm。A、B,盲腸黏膜杯狀細(xì)胞和黏液特性;C、D,結(jié)腸黏膜杯狀細(xì)胞和黏液特性;E、F,直腸黏膜杯狀細(xì)胞和黏液特性。有柄箭頭示杯狀細(xì)胞。PAS dyeing.Bars indicated100μm in A,C,E,and 20μm in B,D,F(xiàn).A,B,Goblet cell distribution and slime feature of cecum;C,D,Goblet cell distribution and slime feature of colon;E,F(xiàn),Goblet cell distribution and slime feature of rectum.Arrows indicated goblet cells圖4 黃淮白山羊盲腸、結(jié)腸和直腸黏膜杯狀細(xì)胞及黏液特性Fig.4 Goblet cell distribution and slime feature of cecum,colon and rectum of Huanghuai white goat

*,P<0.05;**,P<0.01。圖5 黃淮白山羊各腸段杯狀細(xì)胞分布數(shù)量比較Fig.5 Comparison of goblet cell quantity in different intestinal segments of Huanghuai white goat

3 討論

3.1 黃淮白山羊腸黏膜基本組織結(jié)構(gòu)

機(jī)體營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的吸收主要由小腸黏膜的上皮細(xì)胞完成,上皮細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性和小腸絨毛高度、絨毛寬度和隱窩深度等指標(biāo)密切相關(guān),這些指標(biāo)都是反映腸營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)吸收能力的重要功能指標(biāo)[5,12,20]。閆金坤等[21]研究表明,腸上皮細(xì)胞完整性如受到破壞,可導(dǎo)致黏膜機(jī)械屏障受損,影響上皮細(xì)胞的吸收功能。腸道基本組織結(jié)構(gòu)主要包括黏膜層、黏膜下層、肌層和外膜層。黏膜層主要由上皮細(xì)胞組成。本研究結(jié)果表明,黃淮白山羊小腸上皮細(xì)胞逐漸由單層高柱狀上皮細(xì)胞向大腸單層低柱狀上皮細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)變,直至直腸段柱狀上皮細(xì)胞消失。這種組織結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)表明,黃淮白山羊營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的吸收功能從小腸向大腸逐漸減弱,至直腸段營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的吸收功能幾乎消失。腸道黏膜免疫為動(dòng)物機(jī)體重要的免疫屏障系統(tǒng),細(xì)胞免疫的重要參與者之一為淋巴細(xì)胞,腸道黏膜中的淋巴細(xì)胞主要包括T淋巴細(xì)胞和NK細(xì)胞,參與重要的細(xì)胞免疫[8,22]。本研究結(jié)果表明,黃淮白山羊小腸三段黏膜固有層中彌散的淋巴細(xì)胞較多,特別是回腸段,黏膜下層可見大量的集合淋巴小結(jié),大腸的盲腸固有層中彌散的淋巴細(xì)胞較多,但結(jié)腸淋巴細(xì)胞較少,直腸段彌散的淋巴細(xì)胞較少,但可見獨(dú)立存在的淋巴小結(jié),說明黃淮白山羊十二指腸、空腸、回腸、盲腸行使細(xì)胞免疫能力強(qiáng)于結(jié)腸和直腸,小腸是T淋巴細(xì)胞免疫功能執(zhí)行的主要腸段。

3.2 黃淮白山羊腸黏膜杯狀細(xì)胞分布

腸杯狀細(xì)胞是散分布于腸黏膜上皮中的黏液分泌細(xì)胞,其主要功能是分泌黏液、參與腸道黏膜免疫和參與腸損傷表面重建,在腸道的固有屏障中發(fā)揮重要作用[23]。田波等[5]研究結(jié)果表明,牦牛直腸段杯狀細(xì)胞數(shù)量最多,盲腸最少,且差異極顯著,但結(jié)腸和直腸差異不顯著。新生犢牛小腸杯狀細(xì)胞數(shù)量從十二指腸向回腸呈增多趨勢[4]。馬蘭等[6]研究了高海拔藏綿羊小腸杯狀細(xì)胞,結(jié)果表明其數(shù)量極顯著高于低海拔藏綿羊。本研究結(jié)果表明,黃淮白山羊大腸的杯狀細(xì)胞極顯著多于小腸,大腸的結(jié)腸杯狀細(xì)胞數(shù)量最多,顯著高于盲腸和直腸,但盲腸和直腸的杯狀細(xì)胞數(shù)量差異不顯著,其結(jié)果不同于牦牛杯狀細(xì)胞在大腸分布規(guī)律[5]。杯狀細(xì)胞分泌的黏蛋白對(duì)腸黏膜具有重要的保護(hù)作用,是構(gòu)成腸道機(jī)械屏障的重要結(jié)構(gòu)之一,黃淮白山羊小腸的杯狀細(xì)胞數(shù)量少,大腸的杯狀細(xì)胞數(shù)量極顯著多于小腸,說明其在大腸分泌的黏蛋白也會(huì)相應(yīng)增加,特別是在結(jié)腸,杯狀細(xì)胞分泌的黏蛋白會(huì)被覆于結(jié)腸黏膜表面,對(duì)腸黏膜具有重要的保護(hù)作用,而且更利于糞便的排出。

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MucousmembraneorganizationstructurecharacteristicsandgobletcellsdistributionobservationofHuanghuaiwhitegoat’sintestinaltract

ZHOU Jinxing1,2,QIAN Zhaoquan1,JIN Erhui1,LIU Wenju2,JIN Guangming1,*

(1.CollegeofAnimalScience,AnhuiScienceandTechnologyUniversity,F(xiàn)engyang233100,China;2.CellandMolecularBiologyResearchCenter,AnhuiScienceandTechnologyUniversity,F(xiàn)engyang233100,China)

Abstract:To observe mucous membrane organization structure characteristics and goblet cells distribution of Huanghuai white goat’s intestinal tract,three adult healthy Huanghuai white goats were bleed from jugular vein to death,the samples of duodenum,jejunum,ileum,cecum,colon and rectum were taken immediately and immersed into 4% paraformaldehyde fixative to be fixed for 72h.Tissue slices were thus made,and stained with HE and PAS.The results showed that epithelial cells of the duodenum and jejunum of Huanghuai white goat were highly columnar,and lymphocytes were distributed in lamina propria.The epithelial cells of the ileum mucosa were low columnar,and a large collection of lymph nodes were distributed in submucosa.The epithelial cells of cecum,colon and rectum were also low columnar,large intestinal gland were developed,and there were diffused lymphocytes between glands.The lymphoid nodule was seen in the lamina propria of rectum.The goblet cells in the epithelium secreted mucopolysaccharide in the form of apical secretion.The small intestinal goblet cells of Huanghuai white goat secreted neutral-mucopolysaccharide,while the large intestinal goblet cells of Huanghuai white goat secreted acid-mucopolysaccharide.The goblet cell’s number of large intestine was significantly(P<0.01) higher than that of small intestine.The goblet cell number of colon were significantly(P<0.05) higher than those of the cecum and rectum,and the goblet cell number of ileum were significantly(P<0.05) higher than those of the duodenum and jejunum.Therefore,from duodenum to ileum,the epithelial cells gradually changed from high column to low column,the goblet cells were mainly distributed in the large intestine,and the highest number of goblet cells was found in the colon.

Key words:goblet cells;tissue structure;small intestine;large intestine;Huanghuai white goat

中圖分類號(hào):S852.16

A

文章編號(hào):1004-1524(2018)06-0946-07

收稿日期:2018-01-04

基金項(xiàng)目:安徽省農(nóng)業(yè)科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化項(xiàng)目(1504032001);安徽省科技攻關(guān)項(xiàng)目(1301042102);安徽省高等學(xué)校自然科學(xué)研究重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(KJ2016A823);安徽省第七批“115”產(chǎn)業(yè)創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)項(xiàng)目(皖人才〔2014〕4號(hào));安徽科技學(xué)院重點(diǎn)建設(shè)學(xué)科項(xiàng)目(AKZDXK2015A04);安徽省高校優(yōu)秀青年骨干人才國內(nèi)訪學(xué)研修項(xiàng)目(gxfx2017078)

作者簡介:周金星(1976—),男,安徽五河人,博士,副教授,主要從事動(dòng)物組織病理與細(xì)胞學(xué)研究。E-mail:zhoujx@ahstu.edu.cn

,金光明,E-mail:jingm@ahstu.edu.cn

10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.06.09

(責(zé)任編輯盧福莊)

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