王浪波, 高祥瑞, 代 波, 劉曉鋒, 馬明宇, 趙 濤, 兀鳳娜, 陳 浩
(長(zhǎng)慶油田公司 第一采油廠地質(zhì)研究所,陜西 延安 716000)
低滲透油田一般指滲透率低于50×10-3μm的油層,根據(jù)生產(chǎn)實(shí)際,又進(jìn)一步分為普通低滲透(滲透率為(10.1~50)×10-3μm)、特低滲(滲透率為(1.1~10)×10-3μm)及超低滲(滲透率小于1×10-3μm)三類[1]。近年來(lái),在松遼、鄂爾多斯等盆地發(fā)現(xiàn)了一大批低滲透、超低滲及致密油等非常規(guī)油田,成為我國(guó)未來(lái)石油開采接替的重要對(duì)象。油田開發(fā)初期對(duì)儲(chǔ)層的描述及劃分相對(duì)粗略,基本在油層組、砂層組尺度[2-4]。隨著開發(fā)的深入,受滲透率非均質(zhì)性影響,油層內(nèi)部水洗狀況復(fù)雜,高水洗層與低含水層交替分布,對(duì)儲(chǔ)層的描述的精度也需要提高。單油砂體是地下油層的最小含油單元,也是控制油、水運(yùn)動(dòng)的最基本單位[5-6]。單砂體的劃分和研究在東部油田起步較早,如大慶喇嘛甸。特高含水期通過(guò)應(yīng)用大量檢查井密閉取芯資料,將厚油層內(nèi)砂體描述對(duì)象由原來(lái)單一河道沉積單元深化到層內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)單元(單砂體),細(xì)分剩余油控制因素,在此基礎(chǔ)上通過(guò)井網(wǎng)調(diào)整、精細(xì)水驅(qū)、三次采油等方式進(jìn)行深度調(diào)整,取得了明顯效果[7-8]。林承焰等[6]基于大量的檢查井取芯分析資料,對(duì)葡北油田葡I油組不同沉積相帶水洗狀況進(jìn)行深入研究,綜合分析地質(zhì)及開發(fā)因素,細(xì)分單砂體結(jié)構(gòu)及成因,針對(duì)性提出了挖潛方向及技術(shù)對(duì)策。張慶國(guó)等[9-10]對(duì)扶余油田泉頭組油層精細(xì)解剖,提出了單砂體六種疊置關(guān)系,為尋找剩余油、挖潛增產(chǎn)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。安塞油田作為我國(guó)陸上第一個(gè)規(guī)模開發(fā)的特低滲透油田,已勘探開發(fā)30多年,“十一五”以來(lái)油田轉(zhuǎn)入中高含水開發(fā)期,產(chǎn)量遞減加快、多井低產(chǎn)、剩余油認(rèn)識(shí)不清,迫切需要對(duì)低滲透油藏儲(chǔ)層進(jìn)行精細(xì)刻畫,明確高含水條件下剩余油的賦存狀態(tài)、分布規(guī)律及主控因素,為開發(fā)調(diào)整及提高采收率提供準(zhǔn)確依據(jù),這對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)同類油田穩(wěn)產(chǎn)及提高采收率具有重要意義。
圖1 鄂爾多斯盆地區(qū)域構(gòu)造圖
Fig.1RegionaltectonicmapofOrdosbasin
Fig.2OutcropsectionofYanchangformation
圖3 檢查井水洗狀況綜合圖
Fig.3Comprehensivedrawingoflongitudinalwaterwashingconditionofinspectionwell
圖4 單砂體沉積微相圖
Fig.4Sedimentarymicrofaciesofsinglesandbody
Fig.5Connectionstatusofsinglesandbodyindifferentdirections
表1 安塞油田王窯區(qū)單砂體水洗厚度比例統(tǒng)計(jì)表Table 1 The washing thickness ratio of single sand body in Wangyao area
圖6 W檢1井水洗層測(cè)井綜合成果圖
Fig.6ComprehensiveresultsmapofW1wellwashlayerlogging
表2 單砂體內(nèi)部?jī)?chǔ)量劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Table 2 Standard of internal reserves division of single sand body
巖石力學(xué)測(cè)試、壓裂縫形態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)及數(shù)值模擬資料顯示,單砂體泥質(zhì)界面對(duì)壓裂縫形態(tài)具有抑制作用,導(dǎo)致開發(fā)初期壓裂時(shí)部分單砂體未壓開或形成有效支撐縫,形成剩余油,結(jié)合單砂體水淹特征,對(duì)低含水段采取補(bǔ)孔壓裂改造措施,2010年以來(lái)實(shí)施460余井次,實(shí)施單段壓裂后平均生產(chǎn)含水率下降13.6%,平均單井日增油1 t以上,累計(jì)增油17.6萬(wàn)t,為中高含水期措施增產(chǎn)提供了新的方向。針對(duì)單砂體注采對(duì)應(yīng)程度低,對(duì)46口注水井、179口采油井實(shí)施注采雙向補(bǔ)孔措施,水驅(qū)控制程度77.6%提高至92.1%;對(duì)應(yīng)采油井出現(xiàn)了二次見效,對(duì)應(yīng)井單井產(chǎn)能平均提高0.35 t,區(qū)塊遞減率下降5.3%。
(2) 單砂體內(nèi)部泥質(zhì)薄夾層、致密鈣質(zhì)砂巖條帶或鈣質(zhì)夾層非常發(fā)育,縱向上滲透率變化大,水驅(qū)波及系數(shù)低,是造成目前水驅(qū)動(dòng)用程度較低的主要原因。
(3) 單砂體內(nèi)部?jī)?chǔ)量可進(jìn)一步劃分為三類,Ⅰ類儲(chǔ)量動(dòng)用程度相對(duì)較高,但由于初始含油飽和度高,剩余油仍較豐富,且物性及注采連通性較好,仍為目前水驅(qū)調(diào)整的主體對(duì)象;Ⅱ類儲(chǔ)量物性相對(duì)較差,單砂體注采對(duì)應(yīng)程度較低,下一步重點(diǎn)是通過(guò)完善單砂體注采關(guān)系、堵水調(diào)剖等改善水驅(qū)條件,作為重要接替對(duì)象;Ⅲ類儲(chǔ)量為致密油,目前工藝條件下難以實(shí)現(xiàn)有效動(dòng)用,后期考慮通過(guò)壓裂、氣驅(qū)等非常規(guī)手段動(dòng)用。
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