黃 莉
(重慶師范大學(xué) 外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院,重慶 401331)
山水詩(shī)創(chuàng)作固然奠定了謝靈運(yùn)在中國(guó)文學(xué)史上舉足輕重的地位,然而謝靈運(yùn)在中國(guó)文學(xué)史上的影響卻不止于其山水詩(shī)篇,其賦作的文學(xué)價(jià)值、史料價(jià)值也同樣不可忽略,尤其是其名作《山居賦》在賦史及山水文學(xué)史上具有極其重要的開(kāi)創(chuàng)意義。
《山居賦》作于謝靈運(yùn)第一次隱居故鄉(xiāng)始寧時(shí),“大約作于元嘉元年(424)下半年至次年上半年這段時(shí)間”[1] 334。就題材和描寫(xiě)手法而言,《山居賦》代表著一種獨(dú)特新穎的山水賦文體。在《山居賦序》中,謝靈運(yùn)寫(xiě)道:“今所賦既非京都宮觀游獵聲色之盛,而敘山野草木水石谷稼之事,才乏昔人,心放俗外,詠于文則可勉而就之,求麗,邈以遠(yuǎn)矣。覽者廢張、左之艷辭,尋臺(tái)、皓之深意,去飾取素,儻值其心耳?!盵1] 318-319謝靈運(yùn)在序中闡明了其《山居賦》在藝術(shù)特色上與以往多以京都宮觀游獵聲色作為描述對(duì)象的賦作之區(qū)別。盡管在體式上《山居賦》繼承了漢大賦鋪陳排比、散韻兼行的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn),但文中“研精靜慮,貞觀厥美”的情感流露、以山水為對(duì)象的寫(xiě)實(shí),以及“去飾取素”的表現(xiàn)手法已將它與重夸飾的漢大賦區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)。其《山居賦》中既有情志的抒發(fā),如“嗟文成之卻粒,愿追松以遠(yuǎn)游。嘉陶朱之鼓棹,乃語(yǔ)種以免憂”;也有觀山水的靜態(tài)描寫(xiě),如“羅曾崖于戶(hù)里,列鏡瀾于窗前。因丹霞以赪楣,附碧云以翠椽”,更有作者游山水的動(dòng)態(tài)記敘,如“爰初經(jīng)略,杖策孤征。入澗水涉,登嶺山行。陵頂不息,窮泉不停。櫛風(fēng)沐雨,犯露乘星”。
關(guān)于《山居賦》的英譯,西方學(xué)者涉足者甚少。漢學(xué)家馬瑞志(Richard B. Mather)的論文《公元五世紀(jì)詩(shī)人謝靈運(yùn)的山水佛教思想》(ThelandscapeBuddhismoftheFifth-CenturyPoetHsiehLing-yün)中有《山居賦》的零星譯文;韋斯特布魯克在其博士論文《謝靈運(yùn)抒情詩(shī)及<山居賦>中的山水描寫(xiě)》(LandscapeDescriptionintheLyricPoetryand‘FuhonDwellingintheMountains’ofShiehLing-yunn)中全文翻譯了《山居賦》原文及謝靈運(yùn)自注;戴維·亨頓(David Hinton)編撰和翻譯的《謝靈運(yùn)的游山詩(shī)》(TheMountainPoemsofHsiehLing-yun)一書(shū)中載有《山居賦》原文的部分英譯;西方當(dāng)代著名漢學(xué)家康達(dá)維(David Knechtges)的論文《中國(guó)中古時(shí)代的“觀”山》 (HowtoViewaMountaininMedievalChina)中有大部分關(guān)于《山居賦》原文及謝靈運(yùn)自注的英譯。
總體而言,韋斯特布魯克的譯文完整,具有開(kāi)創(chuàng)意義,但其譯文略顯生硬拘謹(jǐn);戴維·亨頓譯文又過(guò)于自由。被稱(chēng)為西方辭賦第一人的康達(dá)維先生,自上世紀(jì)70年代翻譯《昭明文選》以來(lái),在辭賦翻譯和辭賦研究領(lǐng)域筆耕不輟,造詣極深,他所翻譯的《山居賦》不僅達(dá)意,而且譯文自然流暢,文辭優(yōu)美,充分顯示了他對(duì)辭賦研究的深入以及譯賦時(shí)的游刃有余。其精湛的譯作,對(duì)西方翻譯我國(guó)辭賦以及我們理解西方對(duì)中國(guó)辭賦的接受都具有極大的借鑒意義。
康達(dá)維對(duì)賦譯文中的字句理解深入,所以其譯文準(zhǔn)確,忠實(shí)傳遞了原文的意義。比如“謝平生于知游,棲清曠于山川”中“清曠”一詞,他譯為“clarity and boundlessness”。謝靈運(yùn)喜用“清曠”一詞,如“豈以名利之場(chǎng),賢于清曠之域耶”(《游名山志》),又如“中園屏氛雜,清曠招遠(yuǎn)風(fēng)”(《田南樹(shù)園激流植援》)??颠_(dá)維對(duì)于該詞有著深刻的理解,他指出“清曠”一詞不僅描述了山居之所的開(kāi)闊,而且也包含了寧?kù)o超然的涵義在內(nèi)。“In addition to describing the spacious landscape, qing kuang also has the sense of tranquility and detachment”[2]20。他指出,在《過(guò)始寧墅》一詩(shī)中,“淄磷謝清曠”(Ground and blackened, I bid farewell to purity and boundless)一句中的“清曠”(purity and boundless)就有兩層意義,“謝靈運(yùn)不僅將清曠等同于山居之所的開(kāi)闊曠遠(yuǎn),也用來(lái)表明他在官場(chǎng)追逐中喪失的一種超然于世俗之外的清明曠達(dá)的心境”(“Xie equates qing kuang not only with the vast landscape of his mountain retreat, but the pure detached state of mind that he had lost while pursuing his official career in the capital”[2]20)。
又如賦文中的自注“廢興隱顯,當(dāng)是賢達(dá)之心”,康達(dá)維譯為“The cycle of decline and splendor, reclusion and prominence, these [are understood by] the mind of a wise and perceptive man”,意為“對(duì)于人生的或興或廢,或隱或顯,懷有一顆賢能達(dá)觀之心的人是能領(lǐng)會(huì)的”。對(duì)比韋斯特布魯克將此譯為“To abandon the success of high office and to hide from fame, surely these are of the sage’s mind”,也就是將“廢興隱顯”理解為“廢興”和“隱顯”兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞詞組,意思是在功成名就時(shí)隱退。與韋譯相比較,康達(dá)維是將“廢興隱顯”理解為“廢與興”、“隱與顯”兩組詞義相反的名詞,因而譯為“The cycle of decline and splendor, reclusion and prominence”(盛衰沉浮、或隱或顯)。比較而言,康達(dá)維的譯文更接近原文,更準(zhǔn)確地傳遞了原文的涵義。
此外,康達(dá)維對(duì)賦文中的字詞作了詳實(shí)的考證,以求忠實(shí)地傳遞原文。在其論文《玫瑰抑或美玉?中國(guó)中古文學(xué)的翻譯問(wèn)題》(RoseorJade?ProblemsinTranslatingMedievalChineseLiterature)中,他提到,“對(duì)于文中字詞的準(zhǔn)確理解,一般可以通過(guò)查閱詞匯表和字典以及借助閱讀大量中古時(shí)代文本所獲取的知識(shí)得以解決。但是,在很多情形下,僅有語(yǔ)言知識(shí)對(duì)于準(zhǔn)確理解文本的意義是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的。我們也許知道行文中每一個(gè)字的字面含義,并且能夠解釋其語(yǔ)法功能,甚至能夠重現(xiàn)它們?cè)谥泄艜r(shí)代的發(fā)音,然而僅僅這些知識(shí)還不足以構(gòu)建一個(gè)準(zhǔn)確的譯本。對(duì)于一個(gè)中國(guó)中古時(shí)代文學(xué)的譯者而言,除語(yǔ)言知識(shí)以外,還需要掌握廣泛的文化知識(shí)”(“Linguistic problems often can be solved by consulting glossaries and dictionaries and by drawing upon the knowledge one has gained from having read a great amount of medieval Chinese texts. However, linguistic knowledge alone is not sufficient in many cases for a proper understanding of the meaning of a text. Although one may know the literal sense of all words in a line, and is able to explain their grammatical function and even reconstruct their putative medieval pronunciation, such knowledge may not produce a correct translation. What a translator of medieval Chinese literature needs beyond linguistic knowledge is a broad knowledge of medieval Chinese culture”[3]12。)
所以在翻譯辭賦時(shí),對(duì)于《山居賦》中所涉及的地理名稱(chēng)、地理位置等等,他都作了詳細(xì)的考證,力求譯文的準(zhǔn)確性。比如“長(zhǎng)江永歸”中的“長(zhǎng)江”一詞,他譯為“A long river”,并指出韋斯特布魯克翻譯的“The Yangtze”有誤。康達(dá)維指出謝靈運(yùn)這里所稱(chēng)的“長(zhǎng)江”并非我們現(xiàn)在所說(shuō)的長(zhǎng)江,長(zhǎng)江應(yīng)在更北的地方。謝靈運(yùn)文中的“長(zhǎng)江”應(yīng)是錢(qián)塘江,而且從謝靈運(yùn)的自注“江從山北流,窮上虞界,謂之三江口,便是大?!眮?lái)看,這里的“江”應(yīng)為錢(qián)塘江。另外,康達(dá)維還以《山居賦》中描寫(xiě)錢(qián)塘江漲潮(tidal bore)的場(chǎng)景來(lái)印證:“長(zhǎng)江永歸,巨海延納。昆漲緬曠,島嶼綢沓。山縱橫以布護(hù),水回沉而縈浥。”[1]323(筆者按:下文《山居賦》原文都引自顧紹柏《謝靈運(yùn)集校注》,故不一一標(biāo)注)。在接下來(lái)的賦文中,謝靈運(yùn)繼續(xù)描寫(xiě)潮涌時(shí)聲勢(shì)壯闊的場(chǎng)面:“洪濤滿則曾石沒(méi),清瀾減則沉沙顯。及風(fēng)興濤作,水勢(shì)奔?jí)?。于歲春秋,在月朔望。湯湯驚波,滔滔駭浪。電激雷崩,飛流灑漾。凌絕壁而起岑,橫中流而連薄。始迅轉(zhuǎn)而騰天,終倒底而見(jiàn)壑。此楚貳心醉于吳客,河靈懷慚于海若?!?/p>
此外,賦文中多用虛字,康達(dá)維的譯文中也常常將原文中的虛字意義準(zhǔn)確地傳達(dá)出來(lái),所以從這一點(diǎn)看,康達(dá)維不僅譯意,也注重表現(xiàn)賦這一文體的文體特征。比如“夫道可重,故物為輕。理宜存,故事斯忘”四句,康達(dá)維譯為:It is the Way that must be Valued;/ Thus, material things are unimportant,/ It is the cosmic principle that should be preserved;/ Thus, affairs of the world can be forgotten. 賦文中的虛詞“可”“故”“宜”“斯”,康達(dá)維分別譯為“must”“Thus”“should”“can”,可見(jiàn)康達(dá)維對(duì)虛字的準(zhǔn)確把握,這也是其譯文能做到忠實(shí)達(dá)意的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵。
康達(dá)維的譯文不僅傳意準(zhǔn)確,還體現(xiàn)出形式美,其鮮明之處即對(duì)仗工整,譯文忠實(shí)再現(xiàn)了原文的對(duì)句結(jié)構(gòu)及連用字的用字特點(diǎn)。
康達(dá)維的譯文充分考慮到賦文中的對(duì)句結(jié)構(gòu),盡量以對(duì)句的形式再現(xiàn),以求在譯文中凸顯賦文自身的特點(diǎn)。以《山居賦》中的這四句“決飛泉于百仞,森高薄于千麓。寫(xiě)長(zhǎng)源于遠(yuǎn)江,派深毖于近瀆”為例:
Bursting forth are waterfalls cascading for/ hundreds of yards; / Standing in rows are tall copses ranged over a/ thousand foothills, / The waters pour forth their long flow into a/ distant river; / A tributary from a deep spring feeds a nearby/ irrigation ditch[2]23(以下譯文皆選自“How to View a Mountain in Medieval China”)。
其譯文平行工整,體現(xiàn)了原文的對(duì)句結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)。“Bursting forth are waterfalls”與“Standing in rows are tall copses”相對(duì)應(yīng);“cascading for hundreds of yards”與“ranged over a thousand foothills”相對(duì)應(yīng);“a distant river”與“a nearby irrigation ditch”相對(duì)應(yīng)。此外,“Bursting forth are waterfalls cascading for hundreds of yards; Standing in rows are tall copses ranged over a thousand foothills”這二句的譯文中,譯者將“Bursting forth”(決)、“Standing in rows”(森)這兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞詞組移至句首,不僅使譯文忠實(shí)于原文,體現(xiàn)賦文的用字風(fēng)格,而且給譯文增添了詩(shī)意的美感。一言以蔽之,康達(dá)維譯文在形和義方面都完美地再現(xiàn)了原文。
連用字由兩個(gè)詞性相同的單音節(jié)字構(gòu)成,可分為“同義連用”(包括類(lèi)義連用)及“反義連用”兩類(lèi)。[4]163-164連用字不僅辭采動(dòng)人,講究聲律,而且對(duì)仗工整,《山居賦》中不乏這樣的例子。然而因?yàn)檫B用字的特點(diǎn),使得準(zhǔn)確、忠實(shí)地傳遞連用字的形、聲、義成為翻譯的一大障礙。
康達(dá)維在翻譯這類(lèi)連用字時(shí)主要采用了以下四種方法:一是將連用字譯為并列的兩個(gè)英文詞;二是對(duì)于同義或異義聯(lián)合的連用字,他用押頭韻,或韻腳相同的英文詞來(lái)體現(xiàn);三是對(duì)于同義聯(lián)合的連用字,他間或采用詞的重復(fù)來(lái)體現(xiàn);四是對(duì)于同義聯(lián)合的連用字,他也采用單個(gè)的英文詞來(lái)表達(dá)其意義。比如描寫(xiě)潮水上漲的這段文字“長(zhǎng)江永歸, 巨海延納。昆漲緬曠,島嶼綢沓。水回沉而縈浥?!畡?shì)奔?jí)眩w流灑漾”的譯文:
A long river flows ever homeward,/ The giant sea greets and receives it./ Solitary hills and sandbars stretch on and on,/ Islands and holms are jumbled together./ Mountains hither and thither spread and sprawl;/ Waters eddy and sink, wind and fall…. The water’s force races swift and strong…. Their rapid flow sprays and soaks.
將連用字譯為并列的兩個(gè)英文詞,比如:“昆漲”一詞,屬類(lèi)義聯(lián)合,其中的“昆”和“漲”含義,謝靈運(yùn)自注中指出,“海人謂孤山為昆,……漲者,沙始起將欲成嶼”,康達(dá)維譯為“Solitary hills and sandbars”,即孤山與沙洲?!盎爻痢薄翱M浥”屬類(lèi)義聯(lián)合,分別譯為“eddy and sink”(水流回旋下沉)、“wind and fall”(縈繞落下)?!癳ddy and sink, wind and fall”這四個(gè)兩兩相對(duì)的詞匯形象地展現(xiàn)了水流曲折深廣的模樣。
對(duì)于同義連用或異義連用的連用字,他采取押頭韻,或韻腳相同的英文詞來(lái)體現(xiàn)。比如:“布護(hù)”一詞為同義連用,譯為“spread and sprawl”,二詞押頭韻,而且“spread”和“sprawl”這一對(duì)同義復(fù)詞生動(dòng)展現(xiàn)了山巒縱橫交錯(cuò)的狀貌?!氨?jí)选币辉~形容水勢(shì)迅猛,康達(dá)維譯為“swift and strong”?!盀⒀币辉~形容激流四射的場(chǎng)景,康達(dá)維譯為“sprays and soaks”。“縱橫”一詞為反義聯(lián)合,康達(dá)維譯為“hither and thither”,“hither”與“thither”韻腳相同。其譯文不僅準(zhǔn)確達(dá)意,且因?yàn)檠喉嵤沟米g文讀起來(lái)自有一種節(jié)奏美。再如描寫(xiě)水這一小節(jié)“近南則會(huì)以雙流,縈以三洲。表里回游,離合山川”的譯文,Nearby to the south/ Is a confluence of two streams,/ Which wind through three islands./ Outward and inward they turn and roam,/ Parting and joining the mountains and rivers.譯者用“Outward and inward”“turn and roam”來(lái)傳遞原文中水流在表面和深層回旋往復(fù)的涵義,用“Parting and joining”來(lái)傳遞山川在此若離若合的狀貌。這三組詞既摹擬形象,又諧音律,生動(dòng)再現(xiàn)了原文中的山水聲色情貌。
對(duì)于同義聯(lián)合的連用字,他有時(shí)采用詞的重復(fù)來(lái)體現(xiàn)。比如“緬曠”一詞為同義聯(lián)合,康達(dá)維譯為“stretch on and on”,通過(guò)“on”一詞的重復(fù)來(lái)再現(xiàn)原文孤山與沙洲開(kāi)闊,無(wú)限延伸的場(chǎng)景。此外,他也采用英文詞組來(lái)表達(dá)其意義。比如“綢沓”一詞,康達(dá)維用“jumbled together”來(lái)表現(xiàn)其“密集”“雜亂”的場(chǎng)面。
連用字是賦這一文體的一大特色,但連用字融形、聲、義為一體的特點(diǎn)使其英譯艱難??颠_(dá)維在其論文《“賦”中描寫(xiě)性聯(lián)綿字的翻譯問(wèn)題》中指出,“譯賦最棘手的問(wèn)題就是如何去理解并翻譯那些比所列事物名稱(chēng)更為費(fèi)解的描寫(xiě)性詞匯”[5]329。如何準(zhǔn)確傳達(dá)連用字的形、聲、義,康達(dá)維在總結(jié)賦文翻譯的基礎(chǔ)上提出了自己的思考。在對(duì)賦文中一些摹景狀物的連用字進(jìn)行翻譯時(shí),康達(dá)維盡量將其轉(zhuǎn)化為指稱(chēng)明確、意義明晰的用語(yǔ),巧妙地將這些難以捉摸的、表現(xiàn)著賦文的流暢性和韻律感的字眼轉(zhuǎn)化為意義準(zhǔn)確清晰、形象貼切鮮明的修飾語(yǔ)。對(duì)于這些連用字,康達(dá)維總能運(yùn)用貼切的英文來(lái)表達(dá),在形和義方面嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、忠實(shí)、傳神地再現(xiàn)原文,而且譯文中并列的兩個(gè)長(zhǎng)短相等的英文詞在語(yǔ)音上有一種內(nèi)在的節(jié)奏,傳遞了賦文中和諧的音韻美。這是他對(duì)中國(guó)辭賦翻譯的一大貢獻(xiàn)。
康達(dá)維的譯文嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),忠于原文,而且譯文自然流暢,可讀性強(qiáng)。他認(rèn)為譯文的準(zhǔn)確性不一定意味著犧牲文本的可讀性(“And I believe that concern with accuracy does not necessarily mean a loss of readability”[3]4。比如《山居賦》中寫(xiě)湖中之景這一節(jié)的譯文:
毖溫泉于春流,馳寒波而秋徂。風(fēng)生浪于蘭渚,日倒景于椒涂。飛漸榭于中沚,取水月之歡娛。旦延陰而物清,夕棲芬而氣敷。
Warm springs gush forth in early spring /torrents;/ Cold waves dash as autumn rushes onward. /Wind stirs waves on islets where thoroughwort/ grows; / The sun refracts its light on the fagara-planted/ path. / A water-soaked terrace soars from an island in/ the river; / There we take pleasure in the moon reflected in the water. / At dawn shadows stretch and everything is cool; / At dusk fragrance gathers and the sweet aroma /spreads.
原文中一系列刻畫(huà)湖中之美的動(dòng)詞,諸如“毖”“ 馳”“ 生”“ 倒”“ 飛”“ 延”“棲”“ 敷”,康達(dá)維分別用“gush forth”“dash”“stirs”“refracts”“soars”“stretch”“gathers”“spreads”來(lái)表現(xiàn)其動(dòng)態(tài),用“gush forth”來(lái)表現(xiàn)時(shí)間的流動(dòng);用“dash”來(lái)表現(xiàn)朝夕的變化;用“stirs”來(lái)形容風(fēng)使浪起的情態(tài);用“soars”來(lái)形容檐牙的流動(dòng);用“stretch”來(lái)形容樹(shù)蔭被拉長(zhǎng);用“gathers”“spreads”來(lái)形容夜晚香氣凝結(jié),久之不散的情狀??颠_(dá)維對(duì)謝靈運(yùn)筆下的一山一水,一草一木都加以精心的描摹,其用詞妥帖、生動(dòng),整段譯文自然流暢且忠實(shí)、準(zhǔn)確地再現(xiàn)了這樣一幅動(dòng)人的畫(huà)面:泉流涌動(dòng),寒波遠(yuǎn)逝。蘭渚風(fēng)起浪涌,椒涂光影搖曳。漸榭檐牙,騰躍欲飛。水中月影蕩漾。白天樹(shù)蔭延長(zhǎng),景物清新,夜晚香氣凝結(jié),氤氳不散。其譯文一如原文靈動(dòng)飛揚(yáng)、音韻流轉(zhuǎn),在藝術(shù)效果上絲毫不遜于原文。
康達(dá)維譯文嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)而不失自然流暢的風(fēng)格,也表現(xiàn)在他對(duì)賦中謝靈運(yùn)自注文本的翻譯中,比如賦中描述山居之處的近東位置景觀這一節(jié)的譯文:
入西溪之里,得石堟,以石為阻,故謂為堟。石滂在西溪之東,從縣南入九里,兩面峻峭數(shù)十丈,水自上飛下。比至外溪,封墱?zhǔn)當(dāng)?shù)里,皆飛流迅激,左右?guī)r壁綠竹?!辖缙沃幸?。
Upon entering Western gorge one finds Stony Barrier. Stones form an obstruction here, and thus it is called Stony Knoll. Stony Knoll is located east of Western Gorge. Within the gorge, nine li south of the county, on two sides there are steep precipices several hundred feet high. Water cascades down from above. Near the outer gorge there is a huge tiered sluiceway extending ten-plus li. The entire way the cascading current swiftly rushes, and all around it are sheer cliff walls and green bamboo...., and to the south connects with Puzhong.
其譯文連貫自然,忠實(shí)地再現(xiàn)了原文,且譯文流暢,比如“入西溪之里,得石堟,以石為阻,故謂為堟”一句,康達(dá)維譯為“Upon entering Western gorge one finds Stony Barrier. Stones form an obstruction here, and thus it is called Stony Knoll”,意即進(jìn)入西溪,受阻于石堟,所以稱(chēng)之為“堟”。譯文連貫自然,完整地再現(xiàn)了原文的意義。其中的“one finds”將賦文中“得石堟”中“得”字暗含的偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)之意展露無(wú)遺。又“……水自上飛下。比至外溪,封墱?zhǔn)當(dāng)?shù)里,皆飛流迅激,左右?guī)r壁綠竹”,康達(dá)維譯為“Water cascades down from above. Near the outer gorge there is a huge tiered sluiceway extending ten-plus li. The entire way the cascading current swiftly rushes, and all around it are sheer cliff walls and green bamboo”,意為水流奔瀉而下,漫出潭外,形成溪流。人工砌成的石階達(dá)十?dāng)?shù)里,流經(jīng)其間的溪水無(wú)不飛流迅激,溪澗兩岸,只見(jiàn)陡峭的巖壁和蒼翠的綠竹??颠_(dá)維的譯文嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),其譯文與原文無(wú)論在意義上、還是形式上,都做到了一一對(duì)應(yīng),然而這絲毫沒(méi)影響到其譯文生動(dòng)形象、自然流暢的表達(dá),其靈動(dòng)自然的語(yǔ)言逼真地再現(xiàn)了賦文中描寫(xiě)的山水神韻。其譯文有如原文,宛如一幅清新自然的山水畫(huà)。
從康達(dá)維精湛的譯文可見(jiàn)他在翻譯過(guò)程所傾注的心血及其翻譯過(guò)程的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。他在《玫瑰抑或美玉?中國(guó)中古文學(xué)的翻譯問(wèn)題》(Rose or Jade? Problems in Translating Medieval Chinese Literature)中有這樣一段感人肺腑的話: “In my case, rather than only reading slowly, I translate slowly, savouring the meaning of each word in the line. There is no greater pleasure of reading literature than this. The joy lies in he words of the text. I probably am the world’s slowest translator, but I don’t know how to do it any other way.”[3]22(就我而言,我不僅僅是慢慢地閱讀,我翻譯得也很慢,細(xì)細(xì)品味每一行中每一個(gè)字的含義。沒(méi)有比沉浸在這些文學(xué)作品中更讓人愉悅的事了,快樂(lè)流淌于文本的字里行間。我或許是世界上最慢的譯者,但除此之外,我別無(wú)他法。)由此可以想像康達(dá)維在翻譯過(guò)程中嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)踏實(shí)的學(xué)者態(tài)度,也可想像其譯文是如何精彩動(dòng)人。他從文字學(xué)的角度對(duì)賦文中的每個(gè)字詞都作了深入的研究,仔細(xì)的斟酌,所以其譯文準(zhǔn)確,然而其譯文又不泥于原文,而是自然流暢地再現(xiàn)原文,實(shí)現(xiàn)了與原文在意義上、風(fēng)格上的對(duì)等。讀其譯文猶如在讀一篇優(yōu)美的英文作品,感覺(jué)不到任何因兩種語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)化帶來(lái)的晦澀之感。
讀賦難,譯賦更甚。然而康達(dá)維極為自如的譯文不僅證實(shí)了賦是可譯的,而且還可以在形與意方面都如此接近原著。呂本中《踏莎行》曰:“雪似梅花,梅花似雪,似和不似都奇絕”??颠_(dá)維的譯文不泥于原作,而是與原作神似,無(wú)論在意義上,還是風(fēng)格上都忠實(shí)再現(xiàn)了原作的神韻。
[1] 謝靈運(yùn)撰,顧紹柏注.謝靈運(yùn)集校注[M].鄭州:中州古籍出版社,1987.
[2] Knechtges, David, R. 2012. “How to View a Mountain in Medieval China”,HsiangLecturesonChinesePoetry. Vol 6, Centre for East Asian Research, McGill University.
[3] ——. 2013. “Rose of Jade? Problems in Translating Medieval Chinese Literature.”JournalofChineseStudiesspecialIssue, Institute of Chinese Studies Visiting Professor Lecture Series (III), The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
[4] 王力.漢語(yǔ)詩(shī)律學(xué)[M].上海:新知識(shí)出版社,1958.
[5] Knechtges, David, R. 1984. “Problems of Translating Descriptive Binomes in the Fu",TamkangReview, Vol. XV, No.1, 2, 3, 4.