邵長春+周永勤+宋方強
摘 要 目的:探討右美托咪定對ICU重癥創(chuàng)傷患者應(yīng)激反應(yīng)和生活質(zhì)量的影響。方法:按照進入ICU的次序?qū)?0例患者隨機分為右美托咪定組(DEX組)和咪達唑侖組(對照組)。兩組患者分別在給藥前(T0)和給藥后0.5 h(T1)、2 h(T2)、4 h(T3)和12 h(T4)抽取靜脈血測定COR、GAS的含量,監(jiān)測MAP、HR、SpO2和鎮(zhèn)靜評分的變化,記錄不良反應(yīng)及住院時間。結(jié)果:DEX組患者在T1、T2、T3、T4時間點的COR、GAS、HR、MAP較T0時下降明顯,且均低于對照組(P<0.05); SpO2優(yōu)于對照組,而不良反應(yīng)及住院時間均低于對照組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:右美托咪定能夠降低ICU重癥創(chuàng)傷患者應(yīng)激反應(yīng),保證優(yōu)良的鎮(zhèn)靜,減少住院時間,不良反應(yīng)少,有利于改善患者的生活質(zhì)量。
關(guān)鍵詞 右美托咪定 重癥創(chuàng)傷 應(yīng)激反應(yīng) 生活質(zhì)量
中圖分類號:R971.3; R641 文獻標識碼:B 文章編號:1006-1533(2018)03-0029-04
Effects of dexmedetomidine on stress response and quality of life in patients with severe trauma
SHAO Changchun*, ZHOU Yongqin, SONG Fangqiang
(The Central Peoples Hospital of Tengzhou, Tengzhou 277500, China)
ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine on stress response and quality of life in patients with severe trauma. Methods: A total of 80 patients were randomized into a dexmedetomidine group (DEX group) and a midazolam group (control group) based on the order of their entry into the ICU. The levels of plasma cortisol (COR) and gastrin(GAS), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) and sedation scores in all patients were measured before treatment (T0) and at 0.5 h (T1), 2 h (T2), 4 h (T3), 12 h (T4) after treatment. The occurrence of adverse reactions in patients and their stay at ICU were recorded. Results: The levels of COR, GAS and HR in the DEX group decreased at T1, T2, T3 and T4 compared with T0 and furthermore were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Adverse reactions and the time for stay at ICU were less in the DEX group than in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine can reduce stress response of patients with severe trauma, the occurrence of adverse reactions and the stay at ICU and ensure the excellent sedation, which are of benefit to the improvement of the quality of life of patients.
KEY WORDS dexmedetomidine; severe trauma; stress response; quality of life
重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科(intensive care unit,ICU)收治的患者大多遭受嚴重的創(chuàng)傷,易引起機體的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),而機體的創(chuàng)傷性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)對整個人體的循環(huán)、消化、內(nèi)分泌、凝血等系統(tǒng)均會不同程度地產(chǎn)生不良影響[1-2]。臨床常應(yīng)用咪達唑侖等鎮(zhèn)靜藥物來緩解患者的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),但這些藥物長時間的應(yīng)用會增加患者譫妄的發(fā)生,嚴重的還會引起患者呼吸抑制等不良反應(yīng)。鹽酸右美托咪定是高選擇性的a2受體激動藥,對機體具有鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛、抗焦慮、抑制交感神經(jīng)的作用;也可使患者處于睡眠樣狀態(tài),但易被喚醒,且無呼吸抑制[3-6]。本研究在ICU重癥創(chuàng)傷患者應(yīng)用右美托咪定,觀察其對機體應(yīng)激反應(yīng)、患者住院時間及不良反應(yīng)的影響,以便為提高重癥創(chuàng)傷患者的療效及預(yù)后提供參考。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準并得到患者本人及其家屬知情同意。選取2016年6月—2017年2月入住本院ICU的重癥創(chuàng)傷患者作為觀察對象。排除標準:休克、嚴重肝腎功能不全、心動過緩者、右美托咪定過敏者。按照進入ICU的次序?qū)⑺谢颊唠S機分為右美托咪定組(DEX組)和咪達唑侖組(對照組);DEX組:男23例,女17例,年齡30~69歲;對照組:男24例,女16例,年齡29~71歲。兩組患者在性別、年齡、原發(fā)疾病的種類、病情嚴重程度等方面比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。endprint
1.2 治療方法
DEX組:將鹽酸右美托咪定200 mg加入生理鹽水48 ml稀釋成濃度為4 mg/ml的右美托咪定溶液,先靜脈泵注0.8 mg/kg負荷劑量的右美托咪定10 min,然后再以0.2~0.7 mg/(kg·h)的劑量進行維持治療;對照組:先靜脈泵注0.05 mg/kg負荷劑量的咪達唑侖10 min,然后以0.04~0.20 mg/(kg·h)的劑量靜脈泵注進行維持治療。
1.3 觀察指標
1)血漿皮質(zhì)醇(COR)和胃泌素(GAS)含量監(jiān)測 兩組患者分別在鎮(zhèn)靜藥物給予前(T0)和藥物給予后0.5 h(T1)、2 h(T2)、4 h(T3)、12 h(T4)抽取靜脈血,采用中國北方生物技術(shù)研究所研制的放免試劑盒和g-放射免疫計數(shù)器檢測COR和GAS含量。
2)Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評分[7] 患者煩躁不安評1分;患者安靜合作評2分;患者可聽從指令但處于嗜睡狀態(tài)評3分;患者睡眠狀態(tài)但可喚醒評4分;患者反應(yīng)比較遲鈍評5分;患者昏睡無法叫醒評6分;其中鎮(zhèn)靜滿意的評分為2~4分,鎮(zhèn)靜過度為5~6分。
3)生命體征及不良反應(yīng)監(jiān)測 兩組患者分別在鎮(zhèn)靜藥物給藥上述時間點監(jiān)測患者平均動脈壓(MAP)、心率(HR)、血氧飽和度(SpO2)等生命體征的變化,記錄患者出現(xiàn)不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生情況及ICU的住院時間。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析
2 結(jié)果
2.1 創(chuàng)傷應(yīng)激指標比較
DEX組患者在T1、T2、T3、T4時間點取樣測得的COR和GAS水平均明顯低于T0時間點及對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。對照組患者在T1、T2、T3、T4時間點的COR和GAS水平低于T0時間點,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05,表1)。
2.2 血流動力學(xué)及鎮(zhèn)靜評分比較
DEX組患者在T1、T2、T3、T4時間點的HR和MAP均明顯低于對照組,而SpO2均明顯高于對照組,而HR、MAP、SpO2水平低于T0時間點,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05,表2);而Ramsay評分比較差異沒有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05,表2)。
2.3 不良反應(yīng)及住院時間比較
DEX組患者譫妄、惡心嘔吐的發(fā)生例數(shù)及在ICU的住院時間均明顯低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05,表3)。
3 討論
鹽酸右美托咪啶是一種具有高選擇性的a2腎上腺素能受體的激動藥,主要機制為激動藍斑核上的a2腎上腺素能受體,從而有效抑制機體內(nèi)去甲腎上腺素釋放,抑制機體內(nèi)交感神經(jīng)興奮,使機體產(chǎn)生較為明顯的鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛作用[8-10]。COR通常被學(xué)者們定義為“應(yīng)激激素”,機體處于應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下需要COR來維持機體的各項正常生理功能,但是強烈的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)則可導(dǎo)致機體的COR過度增高,導(dǎo)致機體代謝紊亂[11]。本研究中,未用鎮(zhèn)靜藥物之前兩組患者的COR處于較高的水平,鎮(zhèn)靜充分后兩組患者的COR都有不同程度的下降,但DEX組患者COR水平較對照組患者降低更明顯,這可能由于DEX能夠有效抑制機體內(nèi)交感神經(jīng)興奮,使COR明顯降低,從而改善機體創(chuàng)傷后的代謝反應(yīng)。GAS的主要作用是調(diào)節(jié)機體消化腺的分泌和消化道的運動,它的作用受中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和腸道神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的雙重控制。機體遭遇創(chuàng)傷早期,興奮交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),使體內(nèi)的兒茶酚胺類物質(zhì)分泌增加,進而引起胃酸分泌的減少,從而引起GAS分泌增加。如果機體的GAS持續(xù)異常地升高,進一步激活GAS受體而導(dǎo)致胃酸的分泌增多,就會導(dǎo)致胃黏膜遭受損傷,嚴重的可引起應(yīng)激性潰瘍的發(fā)生。本研究中兩組患者在未使用鎮(zhèn)靜藥物前GAS處于較高水平,應(yīng)用鎮(zhèn)靜藥物后各個時間點GAS水平均較用藥前有所下降,且下降水平較對照組更明顯。這可能是DEX通過抑制交感神經(jīng)的興奮來抑制機體的GAS分泌,從而保護機體的胃黏膜免受應(yīng)激反應(yīng)損傷,進而避免機體發(fā)生應(yīng)激性潰瘍。
機體應(yīng)激反應(yīng)會興奮交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),進而促使兒茶酚胺類物質(zhì)釋放增多,相應(yīng)的引起機體血壓升高,心率增快等反應(yīng)[12]。本研究中,DEX組患者在應(yīng)用鎮(zhèn)靜藥物前后出現(xiàn)不同程度的平均動脈壓下降和心率減慢,這是由于DEX抑制了交感神經(jīng)興奮,進而使兒茶酚胺類物質(zhì)釋放減少,從而使平均動脈壓下降、心率減慢。這種適度的平均動脈壓降低和心率減慢對降低嚴重創(chuàng)傷患者心臟等不良事件的發(fā)生是非常有利的。
咪達唑侖是苯二氮?類中樞鎮(zhèn)靜藥,長期應(yīng)用會引起機體呼吸抑制、譫妄等不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生[13-14]。本研究中DEX組在應(yīng)用右美托咪定后SpO2變化不明顯,對照組應(yīng)用咪達唑侖后SpO2都有不同程度的下降。這可能由于咪達唑侖長時間應(yīng)用會增加藥物的蓄積,進而引起患者SpO2的下降,右美托咪定對患者呼吸影響輕微,即使其劑量不斷蓄積也對呼吸影響甚微,這與MacLaren等[8]的研究結(jié)果是一致的。DEX組譫妄等不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生情況明顯低于對照組。這是由于咪達唑侖作用的機制是激動中樞g(shù)-氨基丁酸受體而產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)靜作用,而譫妄的發(fā)生在一定程度上是由于鎮(zhèn)靜藥物與g-氨基丁酸受體的相互作用而發(fā)生。右美托咪定是通過激動藍斑核上的a2腎上腺素能受體產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)靜作用,從而減少了譫妄等不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生。
綜上所述,右美托咪定應(yīng)用于ICU重癥創(chuàng)傷患者中,不僅能夠降低重癥創(chuàng)傷患者的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),而且還能夠保證患者優(yōu)良的鎮(zhèn)靜,減少患者的不良反應(yīng)及ICU住院時間,有利于改善患者的生存質(zhì)量。endprint
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