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提問(wèn)式教學(xué)法在高中讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用

2018-02-26 10:54李素芳
關(guān)鍵詞:文本解讀

李素芳

摘要:讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)是浙江省高考英語(yǔ)改革后的新增題型,對(duì)學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力、創(chuàng)造性思維能力和情感表達(dá)能力等諸方面能力提出了更高要求。對(duì)教師和學(xué)生都是一個(gè)新的挑戰(zhàn)。本文通過(guò)一節(jié)公開(kāi)課的教學(xué)案例,介紹了如何通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題解讀續(xù)寫(xiě)文本和進(jìn)行續(xù)寫(xiě)創(chuàng)作,旨在探究如何進(jìn)行有效的讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)教學(xué),提高學(xué)生的讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)能力。

關(guān)鍵詞:提問(wèn)式教學(xué)法;文本解讀;續(xù)寫(xiě)思維

中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):G632.0 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):1992-7711(2017)12-0056

一、題型簡(jiǎn)析與策略說(shuō)明

讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)試題提供一篇350詞以?xún)?nèi)的文本,要求考生根據(jù)文本內(nèi)容、10個(gè)畫(huà)線(xiàn)詞語(yǔ)以及所給的兩段落的段首句,進(jìn)行150詞左右的續(xù)寫(xiě)。所續(xù)寫(xiě)的文章要與給定材料有邏輯銜接、情節(jié)和結(jié)構(gòu)完整(教育部考試中心,2015),這就要求學(xué)生不能另起爐灶,而要根據(jù)材料原文進(jìn)行模仿創(chuàng)造,這種創(chuàng)造模仿需要學(xué)習(xí)者具備一定的思維能力與語(yǔ)言能力。而語(yǔ)言能力的體現(xiàn)只有在正確的思維引導(dǎo)下才能起到畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。因此,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思維能力刻不容緩,提問(wèn)式教學(xué)法就是在這樣的背景之下提出的,旨在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造性思維能力。其具體策略是在解讀所給的文本材料時(shí)設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題利于學(xué)生快速而準(zhǔn)確地把握文本大意;在續(xù)寫(xiě)過(guò)程中設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)問(wèn)題幫助學(xué)生構(gòu)建所續(xù)寫(xiě)情節(jié)。筆者翻閱最近關(guān)于續(xù)寫(xiě)的大量文章,發(fā)現(xiàn)談?wù)撟疃嗟倪€是在讀寫(xiě)前如何解讀文本,而如何在寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中進(jìn)行思路指導(dǎo)的文章目前不多。而啟發(fā)式的問(wèn)題設(shè)計(jì)可以幫助構(gòu)造情節(jié)思路,在某種程度上引導(dǎo)續(xù)寫(xiě)的思路向哪方面發(fā)展,避免學(xué)生無(wú)從下手。本文將以一節(jié)續(xù)寫(xiě)公開(kāi)課為例,談?wù)劰P者是如何指導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)的。

二、啟發(fā)式提問(wèn)教學(xué)法的教學(xué)實(shí)踐

1. 試題說(shuō)明

本節(jié)課的閱讀文本講述了一個(gè)小男孩Nicholas在滑雪時(shí)迷路了,孤獨(dú)一人為了躲避暴風(fēng)雪,用雪橇鑿了一洞穴暫時(shí)躲避。那天晚上以雪充饑,蜷縮在雪洞里,想著如何拯救自己。試題的10個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞按順序?yàn)?anyone、look for help、decided to、shelter、snow、his body temperature、 snow cave、that evening、hungry、save 。兩個(gè)續(xù)寫(xiě)段落的首句分別是:(1)The next day, Nicholas went out to look for help.(2)On Tuesday, Nicholas went out again to find help.

以上材料符合學(xué)生認(rèn)知水平,不同水平、背景的學(xué)生均有內(nèi)容可寫(xiě),語(yǔ)言難度適中,上下文連貫性較強(qiáng)。閱讀部分提供了足夠的人物、事件的背景信息,描述了事情的起因和部分經(jīng)過(guò),續(xù)寫(xiě)部分的段首語(yǔ)對(duì)故事發(fā)展提示性較強(qiáng),但又留給學(xué)生根據(jù)生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)充分發(fā)揮想象的空間。

2. 教學(xué)過(guò)程

Step1: 提問(wèn)式解讀文本,抓故事要素

學(xué)生帶著5ws問(wèn)題細(xì)讀已給段落和續(xù)寫(xiě)部分的段首語(yǔ),總結(jié)故事大意,理清敘事結(jié)構(gòu)。問(wèn)題如下:

When and Where did the story happen?

What happened to Nicholas?

How did he feel and what did he do?

What did he think that evening? Why?

【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】記敘文有六要素:時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物以及事件的起因、經(jīng)過(guò)和結(jié)果。根據(jù)讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)試題的設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn),一般說(shuō)來(lái)前四個(gè)要素已經(jīng)呈現(xiàn),因此續(xù)寫(xiě)部分要把“經(jīng)過(guò)”推進(jìn)到“高潮”,最后完成“結(jié)尾”。讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)的任務(wù)是讓學(xué)生解決一個(gè)求生謎團(tuán),并創(chuàng)造一個(gè)合理的結(jié)局。帶著針對(duì)記敘文關(guān)鍵信息的問(wèn)題來(lái)閱讀,能幫助學(xué)生快速把握故事的大意,明晰故事的進(jìn)程并把握故事的主題。

Step2: 轉(zhuǎn)化問(wèn)題答案,簡(jiǎn)化故事

讓學(xué)生將5ws問(wèn)題的答案組合成段,將350詞的短文簡(jiǎn)化成一小段文字,準(zhǔn)確而快速地把握故事大概。

One Sunday, Nicholas was skiing at Sugarloaf Mountain in Maine. In the afternoon, when he was planning to go home a fierce snowstorm swept into the area which made him lost. He tried to calm himself down and looked for help but in vain. He managed to build a snow cave using his skis. By that evening, after eating snow and drinking water from a nearby stream he huddled in the cave thinking how he could save himself.

【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】將350詞的短文以5ws的問(wèn)題形式把答案的文字組合成一篇小文段,有利于學(xué)生在短時(shí)間內(nèi)高效快速地捕捉文本的大意為故事情節(jié)的構(gòu)思奠定基礎(chǔ)和留出時(shí)間。

Step3: 根據(jù)段首句合理提出問(wèn)題,構(gòu)建文本發(fā)展細(xì)節(jié),思維導(dǎo)圖助力。

paragraph 1:

The next day, Nicholas went out to look for help.

How did he feel after a whole night without any food?

What is the surroundings around him look like?

What did he do to look for help?endprint

Did he succeed? Why?

hungry→walked slowly→saw nothing but snow

found sth→tried but→failedreturned

paragraph 2:

On Tuesday, Nicholas went out again to find help.

Where did he go?

What happened to the spot that he set last day?

What did he do ?

Was he saved? Why?

spot→was removed→waited→was foundwas→saved

【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】細(xì)讀文本得知故事是以單一角色出現(xiàn)的,單一人物也就沒(méi)有對(duì)話(huà)描寫(xiě)而更多的是人物本身的心理描寫(xiě),動(dòng)作描寫(xiě)。讓學(xué)生細(xì)讀文本劃出描寫(xiě)人物動(dòng)作和心理活動(dòng)的語(yǔ)句,分析文本的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)和描寫(xiě)方式,該文本運(yùn)用了較多的形容詞和副詞進(jìn)行細(xì)膩的人物描寫(xiě),又通過(guò)行為來(lái)體現(xiàn)人物的心理活動(dòng),如panic calm gather dig out huddle.因此,續(xù)寫(xiě)部分的故事情節(jié)的發(fā)展必須借助人物的心理描寫(xiě)、動(dòng)作描寫(xiě)以及所處的環(huán)境描寫(xiě)。綜合以上我們可以從人物的心理、動(dòng)作、環(huán)境方面設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題。如How did he feel after a whole night without any food?就是從人物心理方面設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題感知Nicholas在經(jīng)歷一夜沒(méi)有食物之后的狀態(tài),符合故事發(fā)展邏輯。What is the surroundings around him look like? 因?yàn)橹魅斯碓谝巴?,?dāng)他走出洞穴后映入眼簾的是身邊的環(huán)境,所以在此構(gòu)思環(huán)境問(wèn)題更能體現(xiàn)文本主題即求生的困難。What did he do? 這個(gè)問(wèn)題的設(shè)計(jì)主要是想通過(guò)動(dòng)作描寫(xiě)反映了在艱難的環(huán)境中,Nicholas 為了走出困境而堅(jiān)持努力的精神符合文本的主旨。Was he saved? Why?在結(jié)合第二段段首句(On Tuesday, Nicholas went out again to find help.)可知,第一段的情節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)一定要有一個(gè)曲折即續(xù)寫(xiě)的第一段Nicholas嘗試的求生方法肯定是失敗的,成功求生要在第二段完成從而體現(xiàn)Nicholas堅(jiān)強(qiáng)、不放棄的精神品質(zhì)。因此,這個(gè)問(wèn)題的設(shè)計(jì)起到了承上啟下的作用。

第二段緊接著段首句On Tuesday, Nicholas went out again to find help設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題where did he go?承接了went out to find help又可以跟第一段內(nèi)容銜接,因?yàn)镹icholas可以回到第一段的他設(shè)計(jì)的求助點(diǎn),可以從心理上描寫(xiě)Nicholas的內(nèi)心想法,再?gòu)男袨樯厦鑼?xiě)他的艱難。what happened to the spot that he set last day?環(huán)境描寫(xiě)回應(yīng)第一段。what did he do ?通過(guò)行為描寫(xiě)體現(xiàn)Nicholas的堅(jiān)持不懈,永不放棄。Was he saved? Why?.最后故事結(jié)局點(diǎn)出文本主旨。有了這些層層遞進(jìn)式的問(wèn)題設(shè)計(jì),有效幫助學(xué)生構(gòu)思情節(jié)。思維導(dǎo)圖關(guān)鍵詞匯羅列能使故事發(fā)展視覺(jué)化、清晰化。

3. 情節(jié)的合理構(gòu)造及語(yǔ)言的輸出成效

有了以上針對(duì)故事情節(jié)層層遞進(jìn)式的問(wèn)題的引導(dǎo),學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性思維被有效挖掘。學(xué)生積極主動(dòng)地構(gòu)造了故事情節(jié),如Nicholas走出洞穴后找不到可以求助的人,便用地上的石頭擺出SOS求助信號(hào),終因等不到救助者而返回洞穴。第二日再去前一天設(shè)置的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)發(fā)現(xiàn)石頭被動(dòng)過(guò),堅(jiān)信必有求助者來(lái)過(guò),終于因?yàn)椴环艞壍木竦葋?lái)了救助者而成功獲救。還有些學(xué)生認(rèn)為Nicholas走出洞穴后發(fā)現(xiàn)來(lái)救他的直升飛機(jī),他又叫又跳但因直升機(jī)聲音過(guò)大蓋住他的聲音而沒(méi)被發(fā)現(xiàn)。第二天再次看到到直升機(jī)在上空盤(pán)旋,他解下鮮艷的紅色圍巾鋪在雪地上,終被發(fā)現(xiàn)而成功獲救。

情節(jié)的構(gòu)思因問(wèn)題的設(shè)置而合情合理,全文故事銜接自然得當(dāng),進(jìn)而語(yǔ)言的輸出水到渠成。如How did he feel after a whole night without any food?學(xué)生寫(xiě)出來(lái)的句子恰當(dāng),語(yǔ)言豐富。如Feeling hungry and cold, Nicholas walked slowly./There was no other choice for Nicolas but to walk outside to seek help though he was extremely hungry and exhausted./Driven by the desire to live, Nicolas trudged in the snow hoping that someone could come to help him.

(1)What is the surroundings around him like?

As he made each step with difficulty, the relentless wind mixed with the frozen snowflake seemed to bury him into the heavy snow.\Outside were the roaring wind from all directions and the nonstop fallen snow from the grey sky, which was ready to swallow everything in sight.

(2)What happened to the spot that he set last day?

The next day he headed anxiously for the spot he set last day.Surprisingly he found the stones were removed .\To his hopelessness, the spot he designed for seeking help last day was all destroyed by the snow.

(3)Was he saved finally? Why?

Finally, he was saved due to his firm belief that someone would come to rescue him.

Fortunately, a rescue helicopter hovering in the sky discovered poor Nicolas as he put out all his strengths waving his scarf and shouting for help.

4. 教學(xué)反思

讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)是一種將閱讀與寫(xiě)作緊密結(jié)合的考查方式。既考查學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力,又考查學(xué)生的寫(xiě)作能力。提問(wèn)式教學(xué)法通過(guò)5ws的問(wèn)題反復(fù)在課堂中實(shí)踐,能提高學(xué)生文本整體把握能力從而提高閱讀理解能力;根據(jù)段首句合理提出問(wèn)題能提高學(xué)生構(gòu)建文本發(fā)展導(dǎo)向能力。然而,教師在嘗試提問(wèn)式教學(xué)法的時(shí)候,如果一味地以教師提問(wèn)為主,那么學(xué)生的續(xù)寫(xiě)故事能力將得不到有效提高。能否讓學(xué)生自己進(jìn)行科學(xué)合理的設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題確實(shí)需要教師思考。筆者認(rèn)為,教師先帶著學(xué)生一起根據(jù)故事情節(jié)和段首句層層遞進(jìn)式設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題,再逐步放手讓學(xué)生自主設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題并輔以教師的引導(dǎo),最后內(nèi)化形成自己的技能,續(xù)寫(xiě)能力定能提高。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1] 教育部考試中心.普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)科考試說(shuō)明(第一版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2015.

[2] 劉慶思,陳 康.關(guān)于一年兩考高考英語(yǔ)試卷中讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)的研究[J].中小學(xué)外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究(中學(xué)篇),2016(1).

(作者單位:浙江省玉環(huán)市玉城中學(xué) 317600)endprint

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