山東 李秀萍

書面表達(dá)是高考的必考題型，所占分值也較大，但向來是令大部分學(xué)生頭痛的題目。學(xué)生在平日學(xué)習(xí)中也背了不少單詞和短語(yǔ)，但由于缺乏實(shí)踐訓(xùn)練，落實(shí)不到紙上，在考試中寫作文時(shí)往往絞盡腦汁、東拼西湊了一篇“漢式”作文，其中不乏“漢式”表達(dá)或各式錯(cuò)誤，很難得高分。課本材料是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、語(yǔ)言技能最重要的載體，也是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生情感態(tài)度和文化意識(shí)的得力媒介，因此，只要靈活利用課本上的詞匯、短語(yǔ)和句型資源，采用多種方式巧練，把書面表達(dá)練習(xí)化整為零，融合到每日的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中，就會(huì)逐漸消除學(xué)生對(duì)書面表達(dá)的畏懼心理，達(dá)到水到渠成的效果。以下是筆者在多年的教學(xué)和指導(dǎo)學(xué)生備考中行之有效的辦法。

一、隨堂小練筆

在學(xué)完每個(gè)單元后進(jìn)行單元基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)鞏固時(shí)，可以在復(fù)習(xí)學(xué)案中設(shè)計(jì)“隨堂小練筆”，對(duì)本單元的重點(diǎn)詞匯、短語(yǔ)和句型進(jìn)行鞏固練習(xí)。

方法一：給出語(yǔ)篇的基本漢意，學(xué)生可稍加發(fā)揮

例 1： 人 教 版 Book1 Unit 1 Friendship — Anne’s best friend 隨堂小練筆

這是我第一次介紹自己學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的經(jīng)歷。曾經(jīng)有一段時(shí)間我厭倦學(xué)習(xí)它。我認(rèn)為我不可能學(xué)好英語(yǔ)，因?yàn)槲液茈y記住詞匯。在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)時(shí)，我經(jīng)歷了很多的困難并且遭了很多罪，這使我很郁悶。但是老師很關(guān)心我。他建議我養(yǎng)成良好的習(xí)慣并且讓日記成為我的好朋友。我不妨在日記里記下一系列的感情和事情。正是由于老師的幫助，我靜下心來并重拾自信。我對(duì)老師為我所做的一切心懷感激。我愛上了英語(yǔ)并且進(jìn)展得很好。

參考范文：

This is the first time that I have introduced my experience of learning English. There was a time when I got tired of it. I considered it impossible for me to learn it well because I had great trouble in memorizing vocabulary. While learning English, I went through a lot of difficulties and suffered a lot. This made me very upset. However, my teacher was concerned about me. He suggested I should get into a good habit and make my diary my best friend. I might as well set down my feelings and happenings in it. It was because of his help that I calmed down and recovered self-confidence. I’m grateful to him for what he has done for me.Falling in love with English, I’m getting on quite well with it.

對(duì)于基礎(chǔ)較差的班級(jí)，教師可以在練筆前引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)要用到的本單元重點(diǎn)詞匯和句型進(jìn)行漢譯英復(fù)習(xí)，從而達(dá)到熟悉程度。例如：

詞匯：

詞匯vocabulary 遭受，忍受suffer

痊愈，恢復(fù)recover

短語(yǔ)：

對(duì)……厭煩get tired of...

做……有麻煩have trouble (in) doing...

經(jīng)歷，遭受go through

令某人心煩意亂make sb. upset

關(guān)心，掛念be concerned about

記下，放下set down

安靜下來calm down

因……對(duì)某人感激be grateful to sb. for...

愛上…… fall in love with...

與……相處得好get on well with...

句型：

1．是某人第幾次做……

It / This is the + 序數(shù)詞 + time that sb. have / has done...

2．曾經(jīng)，一度

There was a time when...

3．強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)

It is / was + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that + 剩余部分

4．建議某人做……

suggest sb. (should) do...（虛擬語(yǔ)氣）

方法二：提供本單元的重點(diǎn)詞匯和句型，要求在練筆中使用一半以上所給出的詞匯、短語(yǔ)和句型，學(xué)生自己立意，適當(dāng)發(fā)揮

例2：人教版Book 2 Unit 5 Music隨堂小練筆

詞匯：

musician，pretend，instrument，perform—performance，studio，millionaire，humorous，attractive，confident—confidence，brief—briefly，afterwards，sensitive，painful

短語(yǔ)：

dream of，to be honest，attach importance to，earn extra cash，play jokes on，rely on，be familiar with，or so，break up，in addition，sort out，above all

句型：

1. as if / as though似乎，好像

2. be +adj. + enough + to do... 足夠……而可以做……

3. so... that...如此……以至于……

4.prep. + which / whom 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

參考范文：

Li Hua was sensitive to music and showed a great gift for performing as if he were born a talent. He was confident enough to play music in public and always dreamed of becoming a folk musician. He attached importance to being independent and never relied on his parents. Once he formed a band to earn extra cash. They wore false beards to pretend to be the musicians with whom people were familiar. In addition, their humorous performances by playing jokes on each other were so humorous that the fans were all fond of their band. Afterwards, he sorted out attractive music from which he made a record in a studio. A million or so copies were sold out and he became a millionaire.His band broke up finally, but above all, he realized his dream to be a musician.

方法二的練筆方法比方法一的略難一點(diǎn)，需要學(xué)生自己選取一個(gè)中心或立意，然后展開，并能自圓其說，適合在每?jī)?cè)書學(xué)完后進(jìn)行各個(gè)單元回顧時(shí)使用。

二、課堂口頭作文訓(xùn)練

在進(jìn)行每篇課文的學(xué)習(xí)過程中，可以選取適當(dāng)?shù)慕嵌冗M(jìn)行口頭作文訓(xùn)練，但切忌一下子拋給學(xué)生一個(gè)題目進(jìn)行口頭作文，這樣會(huì)嚇倒一片?？梢愿鶕?jù)課文內(nèi)容特點(diǎn)，教師先采用問題的方式，分步引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考，于潛移默化中一步步地達(dá)成目標(biāo)。

例3：人教版Book 7 Unit 5 Travelling abroad — Keep it up, Xie Lei 口頭作文訓(xùn)練步驟

步驟一：學(xué)生在小組內(nèi)就以下問題逐一進(jìn)行問答或探討：

1．What are the advantages of studying abroad?

2．What are the disadvantages of studying abroad?

3．If you have an opportunity, would you like to study abroad? Why？

4．If you study abroad, would you prefer to live with a host family or live with other students in an apartment? Why？

可先復(fù)習(xí)本單元的以下重點(diǎn)詞匯：

independent 獨(dú)立的

knowledge and technology 知識(shí)和技術(shù)

broaden 拓寬

relaxing 放松的

anxiety 焦慮

communicate with 與……交流

tiring 令人厭煩的，無(wú)聊的

alone 獨(dú)自的

substitute 替代

idiom 成語(yǔ)，習(xí)語(yǔ)

atmosphere 氣氛

步驟二：課堂上進(jìn)行小組討論成果展示，問題1～3 一部分，問題4一部分。

學(xué)生很自然地會(huì)根據(jù)課文總結(jié)出出國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)的諸多好處，如：

1．It will help us to be independent.

2．It would be easier to learn a foreign language.

3．It would be easier to learn advanced knowledge and technology.

4．It helps to learn a lot about local customs and broaden our views.

5．It’s fun to live in a new country.

不利之處，如：

1．At first it is difficult to communicate with others.

2．It will cost a lot of money.

3．It may be difficult to live in a new country.

4．If a child studies alone in a new country, he/she has to look after himself/herself.

喜歡與寄宿家庭住在一起的原因：

1．Because I can find a substitute family when homesick.

2．Because I can enjoy a family atmosphere.

3．Because I can ask the host family members for help when I meet with difficult idioms.

4．Because I can cook Chinese food when I miss motherland badly.

不喜歡與寄宿家庭住在一起的原因：

1．Because I can learn to live more independently.

2．Because I can learn how to get on well with others.

3．Because I can experience more new things.

4．Because I can know more about different cultures.

步驟三：每小組選取一人整體展示問題1～4的成果，形成一篇口頭作文。

步驟四：課后以“Studying abroad”為中心，完成一篇書面表達(dá)。

如果每篇課文都能持之以恒地這樣練習(xí)，既鞏固了本單元的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，也練習(xí)了口語(yǔ)和思辨能力，書面表達(dá)水平也會(huì)在不知不覺中得到提高。在閱讀題目的講評(píng)中，如果碰到合適的素材也可以利用這一方法加以訓(xùn)練，從而拓展思維。

三、語(yǔ)法小練筆

可以在每個(gè)單元的隨堂小練筆中加入本單元的語(yǔ)法功能項(xiàng)目，也可以就某一重要語(yǔ)法進(jìn)行單獨(dú)的語(yǔ)法小練筆專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練。

例4：人教版Book1 Unit 4 Earthquake語(yǔ)法功能項(xiàng)目是定語(yǔ)從句，可以就這一語(yǔ)法結(jié)合本單元重點(diǎn)詞語(yǔ)進(jìn)行專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練。

要求：以下小練筆每句均需使用定語(yǔ)從句

我正打算祝賀王偉取得了進(jìn)步，他突然大哭起來。他告訴我他的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了地震，這次地震造成了巨大的損失和損害。好像整個(gè)世界到了末日，水管破裂，家具被埋，供電被切斷，人們受傷、受困。人們?cè)馐芰藰O端的痛苦，這讓我震驚。他處于一種無(wú)法集中注意力上課的狀態(tài)之中。我盡最大努力安慰他：“全國(guó)各地都有隊(duì)伍來營(yíng)救那里受困的人們。幸存者被挖掘出來并由政府提供了日用品和避難所……”聽到這些，王偉逐漸平靜下來，從他臉上的表情判斷，他感到輕松了許多。

參考范文：

Wang Wei burst into tears, to whom I was about to express my congratulations on his progress. He told me that an earthquake had struck his hometown which caused great loss and damage. It seemed as if the world was at an end where water pipes cracked, furniture was buried, electricity supply was cut off and people were trapped or injured. People were in extreme sufferings,which made me shocked. He was in a sad mood which made it impossible for him to concentrate on his lessons. itried my best to comfort him, “Teams from all the places in our nation have come to rescue the people there who are trapped. The survivors are dug out for whom our government provide shelters and necessities... ” Hearing this, Wang Wei gradually calmed down,from whose expression I can judge that he felt great relief. （文中畫線部分均引導(dǎo)了定語(yǔ)從句）

這種語(yǔ)法小練筆既能強(qiáng)化練習(xí)本單元的重點(diǎn)詞語(yǔ)，又能有效訓(xùn)練本單元的專題語(yǔ)法，一舉兩得，在實(shí)際教學(xué)中行之有效，作用立竿見影。

四、英語(yǔ)周記訓(xùn)練

優(yōu)秀的書面表達(dá)一定是源自日?；A(chǔ)詞匯、句型及語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的積累和堅(jiān)持不斷的訓(xùn)練，因此，每周除課堂上至少要進(jìn)行兩次課堂小練筆外，還要設(shè)立周記本，周末進(jìn)行一次英語(yǔ)周記訓(xùn)練。

每周的周記內(nèi)容可來源于本周所學(xué)單元的內(nèi)容，并要求盡可能多地使用本單元的基礎(chǔ)詞語(yǔ)、句型或語(yǔ)法。

例5：人教版Book 8 Unit 2 Cloning 周記訓(xùn)練

可給學(xué)生一個(gè)較寬泛的題目：I want to clone...

學(xué)生自我選擇了想克隆的人或物后，自然而然地會(huì)陳述自己的理由和克隆后的美好愿景，無(wú)論水平高低，人人有的寫，寫出來又很有趣。

當(dāng)時(shí)我班學(xué)生選擇的想克隆的人或物五花八門又很有趣：如，比爾?蓋茨、自己、已死去的小狗、丟失的一件紀(jì)念品……在批閱時(shí)我有時(shí)忍俊不禁，有時(shí)又隨著學(xué)生的筆觸感傷……有一個(gè)學(xué)生把比爾?蓋茨的照片都貼到了自己這篇作文的邊上，可見是用了一番工夫。

例6：人教版Book 2 Unit 2 The Olympic Games周記訓(xùn)練

當(dāng)時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)這一單元時(shí)，恰逢我校舉行秋季運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)，因此那一周的周記任務(wù)就定為“The Autumn Sports Meeting in Our School”。無(wú)需教師給出詞匯或語(yǔ)法參考，學(xué)生借著剛開完運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的興奮勁，為了寫出一篇像樣的作文，自然就無(wú)數(shù)遍地翻查生詞表、翻查課文，直到用上自己滿意的詞匯或句型為止。

這一種訓(xùn)練方式的好處就是給學(xué)生充分的發(fā)揮空間，學(xué)生的不同思想或思維模式也表現(xiàn)得淋漓盡致，教師在批閱時(shí)也懷著一種探險(xiǎn)或期待的心情，不至于像批閱考試作文那樣千篇一律，有點(diǎn)乏味。

總之，以上四種方法只是本人在教學(xué)和備考中的一點(diǎn)心得，僅僅起到拋磚引玉的作用。教無(wú)定法，只要教師在平日教學(xué)中多挖掘教材，多辟蹊徑，書面表達(dá)也會(huì)像閱讀或其他題目一樣有趣。