段廣志 李 華
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征(OSAS)是一種與睡眠有關(guān)的呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病,其特點(diǎn)是睡眠中上呼吸道塌陷,反復(fù)發(fā)作的呼吸暫停導(dǎo)致慢性間歇性缺氧及睡眠紊亂[1],其病理生理改變是氧化應(yīng)激和相關(guān)炎癥,血管損傷、自主神經(jīng)和代謝系統(tǒng)的紊亂[2]。約22%的男性和17%的女性受到OSAS的干擾[3],且OSAS與癌癥[4]、心腦血管事件、代謝性疾病和認(rèn)知障礙密切相關(guān)[5,6]。目前OSAS的知曉率和治療率低,患者依從性差[7,8],大量患者得不到及時(shí)的診斷和治療[7],究其原因主要與醫(yī)患雙方對(duì)OSAS的認(rèn)識(shí)不足以及客觀診斷依據(jù)較為單一有關(guān)。相關(guān)研究表明:紅細(xì)胞及其相關(guān)參數(shù)可能對(duì)OSAS的診斷、治療評(píng)估、健康教育有重要價(jià)值。本文就OSAS患者紅細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、體積分布寬度、壓積、聚集性、變形性、沉降率以及OSAS患者治療中紅細(xì)胞變化的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行綜述。
1.1 紅細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù) 繼發(fā)性紅細(xì)胞增多癥主要是因慢性缺氧、腎臟病變、某些腫瘤、藥物等使促紅細(xì)胞生成素分泌增加所致的紅細(xì)胞增多。目前就OSAS是否導(dǎo)致臨床上繼發(fā)性紅細(xì)胞增多癥有不同的觀點(diǎn)。如Pathak等[9]對(duì)77518944例住院患者進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,結(jié)果有276567例診斷為OSAS,其中有13016(4.71%)例同時(shí)合并繼發(fā)性紅細(xì)胞增多癥(已排除繼發(fā)性紅細(xì)胞增多癥的常見(jiàn)原因)。作者認(rèn)為,OSAS與繼發(fā)性紅細(xì)胞增多癥有顯著相關(guān)性(OR=5.90,95%CI5.64~6.17)。Alvarez-Martins等[10]通過(guò)對(duì)OSAS的維斯塔爾鼠模型的骨髓微環(huán)境研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)慢性間歇性缺氧(CIH)可誘導(dǎo)骨髓微環(huán)境中的血管重構(gòu),進(jìn)而調(diào)節(jié)造血功能,增加紅細(xì)胞生成,首次提出CIH可影響骨髓造血并可能發(fā)生在嚴(yán)重的OSAS患者中,間接支持OSAS可導(dǎo)致繼發(fā)性紅細(xì)胞增多癥的觀點(diǎn)。而Solmaz等[11]對(duì)335例確診為OSAS的患者進(jìn)行研究,其中輕度有75例,中度106例,重度154例,結(jié)果在重度患者中排除其他原因?qū)е碌睦^發(fā)性紅細(xì)胞增多癥后僅1例男性患者(0.3%)有臨床上的紅細(xì)胞增多癥,作者認(rèn)為OSAS很少為繼發(fā)性紅細(xì)胞增多癥的原因。相對(duì)性紅細(xì)胞增多癥是由多種原因引起血漿容量減少,而導(dǎo)致紅細(xì)胞相對(duì)增多。研究顯示OSAS患者的紅細(xì)胞增多癥多為相對(duì)性紅細(xì)胞增多癥[12],并且很多OSAS患者中紅細(xì)胞明顯升高,但未達(dá)到紅細(xì)胞增多癥的臨床診斷[13,14]。由此可見(jiàn),OSAS可導(dǎo)致相對(duì)性紅細(xì)胞增多癥,而是否導(dǎo)致繼發(fā)性紅細(xì)胞增多癥觀點(diǎn)尚未統(tǒng)一。目前紅細(xì)胞增多的機(jī)制主要有兩方面,一是血氧過(guò)低刺激腎臟分泌過(guò)多的促紅細(xì)胞生成素(EPO),進(jìn)而促進(jìn)骨髓造血,使紅細(xì)胞生成增多[13]。二是血容量減少,血液濃縮,導(dǎo)致紅細(xì)胞相對(duì)增多(包括交感神經(jīng)的興奮、腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮的變化、打鼾、張口呼吸等原因)[12]。
1.2 紅細(xì)胞體積分布寬度 紅細(xì)胞體積分布寬度(red blood cell distribution width,RDW)是反應(yīng)紅細(xì)胞體積大小的異質(zhì)性的參數(shù),紅細(xì)胞的大小顯著影響血流動(dòng)力學(xué)。Shen等[15]對(duì)90名OSAS患者結(jié)合磁共振成像進(jìn)行隨訪2年的前瞻性研究,結(jié)果顯示RDW值≥15%對(duì)于OSAS患者發(fā)生腦梗死具有很高的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值(AUC=0.837,Sen=0.919,Spe=0.755,PPV=0.697,NPV=0.938),并且顯示RDW與呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù)(apnea hypopnea index,AHI)、血小板計(jì)數(shù)、纖維蛋白原、D-二聚體、體重指數(shù)、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05),其中與AHI顯著相關(guān)(r=0.820,P=0.002)。Kivanc等[16]的結(jié)果顯示有心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)因素的OSAS患者RDW明顯高于沒(méi)有危險(xiǎn)因素的患者(P=0.02),并用ROC分析,顯示RDW>16%的患者存在心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)因素具有很高的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值(AUC=0.584,Sen=0.345,Spe=0.844,95%CI0.526~0.640,P<0.05)。同樣認(rèn)為RDW與AHI正相關(guān),與血氧飽和度下降指數(shù)(ODI)亦呈正相關(guān),但與平均血氧飽和度呈負(fù)相關(guān)。有研究同樣證實(shí)RDW在合并心血管疾患的OSAS患者中明顯升高,可用于OSAS患者心血管事件發(fā)生的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)[18,21,22],并且與OSAS的嚴(yán)重程度正相關(guān)[17,19,20]。此外,Kozanhan等[23]對(duì)擇期扁桃體切除術(shù)治療兒童睡眠呼吸障礙的一項(xiàng)前瞻性雙盲研究分析認(rèn)為,術(shù)前RDW的升高與術(shù)后發(fā)生呼吸系統(tǒng)不良事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加密切相關(guān)。利用ROC分析顯示,術(shù)前RDW=14.7%為最佳截點(diǎn)(AUC=0.74,Sen=0.430,Spe=0.0.980,PPV=0.902,NPV=0.811,95%CI0.67~0.81)。近年來(lái),很多研究[15~22]表明RDW可作為OSAS患者心腦血管事件發(fā)生的良好預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo),并且與OSAS的嚴(yán)重程度密切相關(guān),可作為OSAS患者篩查、治療和隨訪評(píng)估的指標(biāo)。研究認(rèn)為RDW升高的機(jī)制主要與OSAS潛在的全身炎癥反應(yīng)相關(guān),炎癥因子(IL-6,TNF-α,CRP的升高和IL-8的降低)抑制紅細(xì)胞的分化和成熟使RDW升高[15],同時(shí)也與年齡、肥胖等因素相關(guān)[16]。然而,也有少數(shù)學(xué)者[24,25]認(rèn)為RDW在OSAS患者與對(duì)照組中無(wú)差異,且未發(fā)現(xiàn)與OSAS的嚴(yán)重程度有關(guān)聯(lián)。
1.3 紅細(xì)胞壓積 紅細(xì)胞壓積又稱(chēng)血細(xì)胞比容(HCT),是紅細(xì)胞在全血中所占容積的相對(duì)比值,可反映紅細(xì)胞量的增多或減少,但其受血漿容量改變和紅細(xì)胞體積大小的影響。有研究[9,14,26]顯示OSAS患者中HCT較正常明顯升高,且在重度OSAS中升高明顯。Kang等[27]及Yelmen等[28]通對(duì)CIH的大鼠模型研究顯示,CIH大鼠的HCT均比正常對(duì)照組升高,是造成血液黏度升高的原因之一。Saygin等[21]對(duì)142例OSAS患者橫斷面研究,認(rèn)為在OSAS合并心血管疾病的40歲以上患者的HCT與AHI正相關(guān),是OSAS合并心血管疾病的獨(dú)立影響因子,可用于OSAS合并心血管疾病的早期診斷。Feliciano等[29]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)通過(guò)氣道正壓通氣治療,OSAS患者HCT明顯下降,建議可作為OSAS治療評(píng)估的指標(biāo)。但也有少數(shù)研究[10,29]顯示在不同嚴(yán)重程度的OSAS患者中HCT無(wú)顯著差異。
1.4 紅細(xì)胞聚集性和變形性 紅細(xì)胞的聚集性是指紅細(xì)胞在溶液中細(xì)胞間發(fā)生的可逆性黏附作用,變形性是指紅細(xì)胞在通過(guò)口徑比它小的毛細(xì)血管時(shí)發(fā)生的卷曲變形特性[30]。目前臨床及動(dòng)物模型研究均顯示OSAS患者中紅細(xì)胞的聚集性升高,影響血流動(dòng)力學(xué),增加血管阻力[26~28,31~33],認(rèn)為是OSAS患者心血管疾病發(fā)病率高的機(jī)制之一[26,33]。紅細(xì)胞聚集性的升高主要與OSAS潛在的全身炎癥反應(yīng)相關(guān)[33],且與AHI,SaO2<90%的時(shí)間[31]、BMI相關(guān)[26],經(jīng)持續(xù)氣道正壓通氣(CAPA)治療后可明顯改善[31]。臨床研究[32,34]顯示OSAS患者的紅細(xì)胞變形性不同程度降低。紅細(xì)胞的變形性受細(xì)胞相對(duì)體表面積、細(xì)胞內(nèi)黏度、細(xì)胞膜特性的影響,研究認(rèn)為OSAS患者中紅細(xì)胞的變形性降低與細(xì)胞膜蛋白氧化損傷,細(xì)胞聚集性、血黏度升高等相關(guān),但確切的機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步研究[32],并且動(dòng)物模型中紅細(xì)胞變形性未見(jiàn)明顯改變[27,28]??梢?jiàn),OSAS患者中紅細(xì)胞的聚集性升高,變形性降低,是OSAS并發(fā)癥的發(fā)病機(jī)制之一。臨床中在對(duì)OSAS的治療、預(yù)后、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估方面應(yīng)充分考慮,注意監(jiān)測(cè)兩者的變化。
1.5 紅細(xì)胞沉降率 紅細(xì)胞沉降率(ESR)是紅細(xì)胞在一定條件下在血漿中沉降的速率,其與炎癥、組織損傷、壞死、腫瘤、貧血等相關(guān)。研究[33,35~37]表明在OSAS患者中ESR明顯加快,且與OSAS的嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān),可作為OSAS患者發(fā)生心血管疾病的預(yù)測(cè)因子[35,37]。研究[36]還發(fā)現(xiàn)ESR明顯受性別影響,在OSAS患者中女性明顯高于男性,考慮與女性對(duì)炎癥反應(yīng)較敏感及體重指數(shù)相對(duì)較大相關(guān)。關(guān)于ESR與相關(guān)睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)的研究,結(jié)果不盡相同。有研究[35]認(rèn)為ESR加快與AHI大小密切相關(guān),且與SaO2<90%的時(shí)間、最長(zhǎng)呼吸暫停時(shí)間、最低血氧飽和度、血氧飽和度下降指數(shù)、呼吸暫停指數(shù)、低通氣指數(shù)、覺(jué)醒指數(shù)相關(guān)。也有研究[36]認(rèn)為ESR與AHI無(wú)相關(guān)性,ESR與SaO2<90%或<85%的時(shí)間、最低血氧飽和度、平均血氧飽和度、血氧飽和度下降指數(shù)的相關(guān)性?xún)H見(jiàn)于女性,男性中未發(fā)現(xiàn),且ESR與肥胖、代謝綜合征、夜間缺氧相關(guān)。還有學(xué)者[37]認(rèn)為ESR與最低血氧飽和度、呼吸暫停指數(shù)無(wú)相關(guān)性,而僅在肥胖的患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)與年齡和SaO2<90%的時(shí)間相關(guān)。Korkmaz等[38]對(duì)147例患者研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)ESR在OSAS患者和正常對(duì)照組中未見(jiàn)差異,且與OSAS的嚴(yán)重程度無(wú)相關(guān)性,認(rèn)為ESR不能用于評(píng)估OSAS相關(guān)的系統(tǒng)性炎癥及并發(fā)癥,亦不能作為臨床診斷和預(yù)后評(píng)估的可靠指標(biāo)。ESR是非特異性炎癥指標(biāo),影響因素較多,在OSAS的應(yīng)用中需綜合考慮,具體評(píng)估。
目前OSAS的治療主要包括根除病因、無(wú)創(chuàng)氣道正壓通氣、手術(shù)及生活方式的改變。手術(shù)治療有懸雍垂腭咽成形術(shù)[13]、鼻手術(shù)[39]等手術(shù)方式,研究顯示OSAS患者術(shù)后紅細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、血紅蛋白及紅細(xì)胞壓積均明顯降低[13,14]。Ishii等[40]的meta研究顯示鼻術(shù)后OSAS患者的Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)和呼吸紊亂指數(shù)(RDI)明顯改善,而AHI無(wú)明顯下降。Wu等[39]通過(guò)對(duì)587例鼻手術(shù)行meta分析,顯示術(shù)后OSAS患者的AHI及ESS均明顯改善。
CPAP是目前治療OSAS最常用的有效方案[29]。CPAP有效緩解氣道梗阻和缺氧,降低氣道和全身炎癥及OSAS相關(guān)的炎癥介質(zhì)[25],可一定程度逆轉(zhuǎn)內(nèi)皮損傷和血管炎癥[41],并且可通過(guò)降低動(dòng)態(tài)血壓、改善血管僵硬度及增加動(dòng)脈壓力感受器的敏感性來(lái)降低心血管事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[25]。Mehta等[42]對(duì)359例吸氧或CPAP治療的OSAS患者行meta分析,與吸氧相比,建議優(yōu)選CPAP,因其可明顯提高患者氧飽和度、降低AHI和全身炎癥,改善白天嗜睡,而吸氧雖可明顯提高氧飽和度,但其延長(zhǎng)了患者平均呼吸暫停和低通氣持續(xù)時(shí)間,可能加重患者高碳酸血癥和酸中毒,且對(duì)血壓和白天嗜睡改善不明顯。研究表明CPAP可以有效降低RBC,Hb,HCT[29,43],MCV,MCH,EPO[43],PLT[29]及醛固酮水平[44],同時(shí)明顯改善全血黏度、血漿黏度、紅細(xì)胞聚集指數(shù)[31],而RDW無(wú)明顯改變[17,29]或較治療前升高[25],其原因需進(jìn)一步研究。
綜上所述,OSAS與紅細(xì)胞密切相關(guān)。OSAS患者的紅細(xì)胞多有一定程度的升高,少數(shù)患者可發(fā)生紅細(xì)胞增多癥。紅細(xì)胞的部分參數(shù)如RDW,HCT和紅細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)可作為OSAS診斷、治療評(píng)估和健康教育的重要參考指標(biāo)。因其簡(jiǎn)單、方便、廉價(jià)及具有一定特異度和敏感度等特點(diǎn),更適用于廣大基層和門(mén)診的篩查,且對(duì)提高該病的知曉率、治療率,改善患者依從性及增加醫(yī)務(wù)人員的重視度有重要作用。同時(shí)也應(yīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到,紅細(xì)胞相關(guān)參數(shù)的變化與OSAS尚存在諸多爭(zhēng)議。如OSAS與繼發(fā)性紅細(xì)胞增多癥是否明確相關(guān);RDW與HCT在不同嚴(yán)重程度的OSAS中是否存在差異;ESR是否可用于OSAS及其相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的評(píng)估;ESR與諸多睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性如何尚需要更多的臨床研究進(jìn)一步明確。
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