童裳勝
“綠水青山就是金山銀山?!碧炷可?,不僅是生態(tài)的典范,也是保護(hù)生態(tài)的典范?!巴靡娚?、看得見水的鄉(xiāng)愁”里,天目山詮釋著人類共同的情懷。
在浙江臨安,天目山山系主脈經(jīng)昌化進(jìn)入於潛,和緩低迴了一陣之后,山勢迭升,驟然抬頭,形成了東西兩大主峰,一座叫東天目山,一座叫西天目山,這對孿生兄弟合稱為天目山。天目山是浙西諸山之祖,素以“大樹王國”“物種寶庫”“靈山福地”名揚(yáng)古今,現(xiàn)在還是國家級(jí)自然保護(hù)區(qū)、“人與生物圈”國際組織成員單位、中國十佳避暑勝地。天目山的偉岸,不僅在于主峰的挺拔,更在于它在生態(tài)文明建設(shè)中的重要意義和崇高地位。
大樹王國:古樹名木五千多株
“天目千重秀,林木十里深?!碧炷可降耐紫葋碜陨缴系墓艠涿?,目前己發(fā)現(xiàn)的有5511株。它們以高、大、古、稀著稱于世,人們稱之為“森林世界,大樹王國”。排在第一號(hào)的,自然是開山老殿下方的萬年野銀杏,即享譽(yù)海內(nèi)外的“五世同堂”。大約在1億年前,銀杏曾是一個(gè)興旺的家族,足跡遍及北半球。第四紀(jì)冰川給地球帶來了巨大的災(zāi)難,銀杏家族難逃此劫,先后滅絕,只有天目山的銀杏頑強(qiáng)地生存了下來,延續(xù)著一個(gè)偉大的物種,被譽(yù)為“活的化石”。后來,銀杏樹由西天目傳到我國北方,然后傳到歐洲,再由歐洲傳到美洲各地,目前世界上有50多個(gè)國家種植。20世紀(jì)70年代,我國林業(yè)專家對天目山銀杏進(jìn)行調(diào)查,發(fā)現(xiàn)其生存環(huán)境完全是天然的、樹齡千年以上的就有244株。美國有位植物學(xué)家計(jì)劃到浙江和湖南兩地考察銀杏的發(fā)源地,他先來到天目山,看到“五世同堂”后肅然起敬,說:“可以斷定,這里就是世界銀杏的祖籍地!湖南,我不用去了?!薄拔迨劳谩睆暮榛臍q月中走來,端莊安詳,從容淡定,超凡脫俗,是地球上銀杏家族的老祖宗,代表著銀杏樹最本質(zhì)的品格和無與倫比的資歷。
早在1500年前,我國著名地理學(xué)家酈道元慕名來到天目山,在《水經(jīng)注》中留下了這樣的記載:“山上有霜木,皆是數(shù)百年樹,謂之翔鳳林。”可見,天目山的柳杉都是閱盡滄桑的老樹,在古人心中還是鳳凰翔集的吉祥樹。在天目山,胸徑1米以上的柳杉有566棵,2米以上的有19棵。乾隆帝欶封的“大樹王”,胸徑有2.33米,如今雖已卸下華蓋,但風(fēng)骨猶存,那段歷史還活著。漫步在幽靜的山道上,兩邊大樹、老樹林立,頭頂遮天蔽日,仿佛走在一個(gè)古老的神話里??刺炷可降牧?,感覺不是看樹,是和梁山的漢子在交談呢。
要說“高”,開山老殿前的那棵金錢松,高達(dá)58米,形如利劍刺天;要說“稀”,長在天目村公路旁的“扭筋樹”,書名“天目鐵木”,野生的僅存5棵,被譽(yù)為“地球獨(dú)生子”。
物種寶庫:構(gòu)成完整生態(tài)系統(tǒng)
“仰觀宇宙之大,俯察品類之盛。”天目山的樹,見證著山的資歷;天目山的物種,代表著山的內(nèi)涵。肥沃的土地,適宜的亞熱帶季風(fēng)氣候,賦予了天目山大片的原生林、獨(dú)特的植被景觀、無比豐富的物種,構(gòu)成了完整、博大、活躍的自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng),因而被稱為“物種寶庫”。分布在天目山的高等植物有249科、1044屬、2347種,其中以“天目”命名的24種,如“天目鐵木”、“天目金栗蘭”等,都是在天目山首次發(fā)現(xiàn),或是天目山獨(dú)有的。自然,天目山也是野生動(dòng)物的樂園,有66目、476科、4727種,屬國家一級(jí)保護(hù)動(dòng)物的有云豹、金錢豹等5種,國家二級(jí)保護(hù)動(dòng)物有獼猴、穿山甲等36種。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),國內(nèi)外采自天目山的植物模式標(biāo)本有87種、動(dòng)物模式標(biāo)本有745種。
科考勝地:吸引各國專家前來
天目山是人與自然和諧的命運(yùn)共同體,吸引著大量國內(nèi)外學(xué)者、專家前來考察,在物種保護(hù)、學(xué)術(shù)研究、生態(tài)文明建設(shè)方面享有崇高的地位,彌散著深遠(yuǎn)的國際影響。1931年,中國著名林學(xué)家梁希來西天目山考察林木,他在著作中這樣寫道:“西天目山奇材異卉多不勝收”,“樹木種類已知不下500種,非獨(dú)可以代表浙江,且可以代表江南”。同期,李四光提出了天目山第四紀(jì)冰川遺跡的論述,引起了學(xué)術(shù)界的一場紛爭,天目山逐漸進(jìn)入了國內(nèi)外植物學(xué)家、地質(zhì)學(xué)家的視野。早在20世紀(jì)三四十年代,就有法國、德國等專家長期駐足天目山,采集了眾多動(dòng)植物標(biāo)本。特別是時(shí)任上海震旦博物館采集員、后任館長的法國人奧皮爾,有整整幾年時(shí)間在天目山采集,在《中國昆蟲學(xué)記錄》中發(fā)表的文章中,涉及天目山昆蟲24篇,發(fā)表模式標(biāo)本產(chǎn)生天目山新種80個(gè);中華人民共和國成立后,來自蘇聯(lián)、美國、德國、加拿大等世界各地的專家和團(tuán)隊(duì),接連不斷來天目山考察、研究,留下了卷帙浩繁的研究成果,為人類探索自然科學(xué)的奧秘作出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)。
綠色家園:恒久保護(hù)永續(xù)利用
保護(hù)天目山,是有識(shí)之士的共同心愿,是自古以來的一個(gè)綿長主題。在古代,我們從《臨安縣志》和《天目山志》上都可以找到依據(jù),清朝時(shí)乾隆曾兩次上天目山,并封當(dāng)時(shí)的玉琳方丈為國師。著名畫家葉淺予曾在天目山發(fā)出感慨,沒有僧人的保護(hù)就沒有這樣的寶貴資源。民國時(shí)期,蔣介石及許多達(dá)官貴人、名人名士都曾到天目山頂禮膜拜。杭州剛解放時(shí),市政府安排工作組到臨安、於潛、昌化的同時(shí),也安排工作組進(jìn)駐天目山,目的是為了保護(hù)天目山。解放初,由有關(guān)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)和縣有關(guān)部門成立了天目山管理委員會(huì),由縣長兼任委員會(huì)主任,直接負(fù)責(zé)天目山的保護(hù)和管理工作。1956年,全國政協(xié)六次會(huì)議上,由6位著名林學(xué)家、植物學(xué)家和院士遞交提案,確定天目山為森林禁伐區(qū),為天目山創(chuàng)建國家級(jí)自然保護(hù)區(qū)奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ);1982年,全國建立20個(gè)國家級(jí)自然保護(hù)區(qū),天目山是其中面積最小的保護(hù)區(qū),排名卻在第五位;后來,中科院又向聯(lián)合國教科文組織申報(bào),天目山加入“人與生物圈”國際組織成員單位。endprint
為保護(hù)和建設(shè)天目山,1959年以來,歷任浙江省委、省政府主要領(lǐng)導(dǎo)對天目山的建設(shè)和保護(hù)工作都有指示和批示。上世紀(jì)80年代起,省政府先后3次下達(dá)指示,遷出了保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)80余戶、300多人口。經(jīng)省領(lǐng)導(dǎo)批示,省有關(guān)部門協(xié)調(diào),天目山不允許隨意搞開發(fā)和經(jīng)營,行政、科研等建設(shè)經(jīng)費(fèi)全部由省財(cái)政廳直接劃撥,這在全國是唯一的。
1985年,天目山管理局曾邀請浙江省和上海市的一批專家參加研討會(huì),主題是如何加強(qiáng)對天目山的保護(hù)和利用。當(dāng)時(shí),天目山管理局領(lǐng)導(dǎo)在匯報(bào)工作時(shí),曾提到天目山動(dòng)植物種群豐富,古樹名木繁多,木材蓄積量特別大。時(shí)任國務(wù)院上海經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)劃辦副主任的張帆提出,“天目山是全國不可多得的一塊寶地名山,它的價(jià)值是不可估量的。天目山地處長江三角洲,人口這么集中,交通這么方便,經(jīng)濟(jì)這么發(fā)達(dá),千百年來能保護(hù)好這塊原始森林、這個(gè)物種寶庫,是天賜機(jī)遇,也是歷史上一代又一代人的功勞,這在全國是獨(dú)一無二的。如果讓天目山遭到破壞,那我們就成罪人了?!边@個(gè)觀點(diǎn),在當(dāng)時(shí)引起了強(qiáng)烈的共鳴。
黨的十九大報(bào)告號(hào)召推進(jìn)綠色發(fā)展、加大生態(tài)系統(tǒng)保護(hù)力度,天目山是生態(tài)文明的一個(gè)經(jīng)典、一個(gè)樣本,然而在未來仍然面臨著不少的困難和挑戰(zhàn),如何繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)保護(hù)和利用是一個(gè)恒久的課題。
Tianmu Mountain: Ecological Treasure House
By Tong Shangsheng
Tianmu Mountain in the northwest Zhejiang is a treasure house of fauna and flora. All the mountains in the west of Zhejiang are parts of the mountain range. Tianmu Mountain is known as a kingdom of giant trees, a treasure house of species, a sanctuary of religions. Nowadays it is a national nature reserve, a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve as part of UNESCOs Man and the Biosphere Program, and one of the countrys top ten summer resorts.
Tianmu Mountain has 5,511 towering ancient trees. The oldest are wild gingko trees that are more than 10,000 years old. Gingko trees flourished about 100 million years ago and most perished in the Quaternary Period. The gingko trees in Tianmu Mountain were the only that survived. After they were discovered, they were planted in the north of China before they spread to Europe. Nowadays, gingko trees can be seen in over 50 countries across the world. Of the gingko trees in Tianmu Mountain, 244 are over 1,000 years old. Tianmu Mountain has 566 giant Japanese cedars whose trunks measure 1 meter in diameter and 19 whose trunks measure 2 meters in diameter. Li Daoyuan, a Chinese geologist, visited Tianmu Mountains over 1,500 years ago, and mentioned the giant Japanese cedars, saying that these trees were several hundred years old.
Tianmu Mountain is a paradise of fauna and flora. In the field of plants, there are 2,379 species in 1,044 genera under 249 families. In particular, 24 species are named after Tianmu. In the field of fauna, there are 4,727 species in 476 families, which are in 66 orders. Specimens of 87 plant species and 745 animal species are in various collections at home and abroad.
Tianmu Mountain has attracted scientists to explore its fauna and flora secrets for decades. In 1931, Chinese forestry scholar Liang Xilai visited the mountain area and marveled at the tree species there in a book he wrote later. In the same period, geologist Li Siguang suggested that the Quaternary Period left its traces in Tianmu Mountain. The controversial idea triggered heated academic debates and discussions. Domestic and international botanists and geologists flocked to Tianmu Mountain to take a look. In the 1930s and 1940s, scientists from France and Germany spent a long time there collecting specimens. After the founding of the Peoples Republic of China, scientists from Soviet Union, USA, Germany, and Canada conducted field studies there. Their study tours were fruitful.endprint
Since very ancient times, the efforts to keep Tianmu Mountain intact have been made. Buddhist monks played a crucial role in protecting the mountain from deforestation. Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) visited Tianmu Mountains twice and conferred State Master on a Buddhist abbot there. In the years of the Republic of China (1911-1949) high-ranking government officials and celebrities came to visit the mountains. As soon as Hangzhou was liberated in 1949, the city government sent a taskforce to Tianmu Mountain for the purpose of preservation. Shortly after the founding of the Peoples Republic of China, Tianmu Mountain Administration was set up to protect the mountain and coordinate efforts of rural townships and Lianan County. The administration was headed by the county magistrate. In 1956, lumbering was banned in Tianmu Mountain thanks to a bill submitted by six botanists at the national session of the CPPCC. In 1982, China set up 20 national nature reserves. The Tianmu Mountain National Nature Reserve was the smallest of the 20 but the fifth on the list. As soon as the reserve was set up, the provincial government took action: over 300 people in 80 plus households were relocated out of the reserve. Adequate funds have been provided for administrative and scientific purposes since the inception of the nature reserve.endprint