楊叢蓮 管素玲 王俊 劉欣慧 陳生貴
(四川省攀枝花市中西醫(yī)結(jié)合醫(yī)院肝膽科,四川 攀枝花 617000)
肝膽手術(shù)后腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)與腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持對(duì)患者炎性因子與免疫學(xué)指標(biāo)的影響
楊叢蓮 管素玲 王俊 劉欣慧 陳生貴
(四川省攀枝花市中西醫(yī)結(jié)合醫(yī)院肝膽科,四川 攀枝花 617000)
腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng); 腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng); 炎性應(yīng)激; 免疫; 肝膽手術(shù); 護(hù)理
營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持在肝膽外科手術(shù)后具有重要作用,合理的營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持不僅能改善患者術(shù)后的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況,且有助于降低炎性反應(yīng),改善免疫功能,減少并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,提高外科治療效果[1]。研究[2]表明:早期腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)(Enteral nutrition,EN)在改善肝功能、促進(jìn)肝臟蛋白質(zhì)合成代謝和胃腸蠕動(dòng)功能恢復(fù)方面優(yōu)于腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)(Parenteral nutrition,PN),但二者對(duì)于改善術(shù)后炎性應(yīng)激與免疫功能的比較研究較為少見(jiàn)。鑒于此,筆者就EN和PN兩種營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持手段對(duì)肝膽外科手術(shù)后患者炎性因子和免疫學(xué)指標(biāo)的影響進(jìn)行了回顧性對(duì)比分析,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
1.1一般資料 研究對(duì)象納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)年齡<65歲。(2)行胰腺、膽囊、肝臟、十二指腸部位惡性腫瘤切除術(shù)者。(3)術(shù)前營(yíng)養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)篩查(Nutrition risk screening,NRS)[3]評(píng)分≥3分且術(shù)后行營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)轉(zhuǎn)移癌患者。(2)內(nèi)分泌或代謝性疾病患者。(3)術(shù)前行新輔助放化療或使用免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑者。(4)心、肝、腎、肺等基礎(chǔ)性疾病患者。
回顧性分析本院肝膽外科2012年1月-2016年6月符合上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的196例手術(shù)患者病例資料,其中102例術(shù)后行EN支持(EN組),94例行PN支持(PN組)。EN組中男57例、女45例;年齡36~62歲;胰腺癌17例、膽囊(管)癌28例、十二指腸癌16例、原發(fā)性肝癌41例。PN組中男63例,女31例;年齡34~64歲;胰腺癌25例、膽囊(管)癌21例、十二指腸癌11例、肝癌37例。兩組患者術(shù)前特征及手術(shù)類型構(gòu)成比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見(jiàn)表1。
表1 兩組患者基線資料比較 例(%)
1.2方法
1.2.1EN組 術(shù)中放置螺旋型鼻腸管或行空腸造瘺置管,營(yíng)養(yǎng)管遠(yuǎn)端置于空腸遠(yuǎn)端15 cm處。術(shù)后24 h待患者生命體征平穩(wěn)后,通過(guò)恒溫營(yíng)養(yǎng)泵(28~30 ℃)經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)管滴注生理鹽水500 mL;若無(wú)胃腸反應(yīng),經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)管泵注250 mL百普力,間隔3 h,再次泵注250 mL百普力;第2天泵注1 000 mL百普力,間隔3 h分3次泵注;第3天增至1 500 mL百普力并維持該劑量至術(shù)后8~10 d,視情況恢復(fù)半流質(zhì)飲食后停用。
1.2.2PN組 將預(yù)置中心靜脈導(dǎo)管作為PN管道,按照非蛋白質(zhì)熱量105 kJ/(kg·d)日需量配置營(yíng)養(yǎng)液{葡萄糖注射液(熱量占60%)、中長(zhǎng)鏈脂肪乳(熱量占40%)、氨基酸[氮0.2 g/(kg·d)]、電解質(zhì)(用量據(jù)生化結(jié)果調(diào)整)},采用輸液泵24 h內(nèi)勻速泵注。PN支持期間禁食,按照術(shù)后第1天泵注日需求量的1/3、第2天泵注2/3、第3天起給予全量的營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持原則,維持至術(shù)后8~10 d,經(jīng)口給予半流質(zhì)飲食后停用。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用Microsoft-EXCEL建立數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),SPSS 19.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理,炎性因子與免疫學(xué)指標(biāo)均符合正態(tài)分布,兩組上述指標(biāo)變化數(shù)值比較采用t檢驗(yàn),腹瀉等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或fisher精確概率法。
2.1兩組患者術(shù)后炎性因子變化比較 術(shù)后第7天,兩組患者外周血炎性因子均較術(shù)后第1天下降,EN組下降數(shù)值顯著高于PN組(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
表2 兩組患者術(shù)后炎性因子變化比較
2.2兩組患者術(shù)后免疫學(xué)指標(biāo)變化比較 術(shù)后第7天,兩組患者免疫球蛋白、CD3+、CD4+/CD8+均較術(shù)后第1天上升,EN組上升數(shù)值均顯著高于PN組(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
表3 兩組患者術(shù)后免疫球蛋白與T細(xì)胞亞群變化比較
2.3兩組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較 術(shù)后營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持期間,PN組腹瀉、腹脹、切口感染、置管處?kù)o脈炎發(fā)生率均顯著高于EN組(P<0.05);兩組便秘發(fā)生率、吻合口瘺發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表4。
表4 兩組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較 例(%)
肝膽疾病患者術(shù)前普遍存在營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良和免疫功能低下,加之手術(shù)破壞了消化道免疫屏障,大量細(xì)菌、內(nèi)毒素、炎性介質(zhì)釋放入血,術(shù)后的高應(yīng)激狀態(tài)導(dǎo)致機(jī)體可出現(xiàn)負(fù)氮平衡和低蛋白血癥,進(jìn)一步使免疫功能紊亂;故肝膽外科手術(shù)患者術(shù)后均呈現(xiàn)不同程度的免疫抑制[4],增加了腸源性感染、SIRS及多器官功能障礙等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生概率,既影響患者術(shù)后的康復(fù),又增加了醫(yī)護(hù)工作量。因此,對(duì)于肝膽外科手術(shù)患者術(shù)后進(jìn)行早期營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持和免疫功能重建意義重大。EN、PN是常用的營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持方法,二者營(yíng)養(yǎng)途徑不同。PN可直接改善患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況,營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的吸收不受腸黏膜吸收功能的影響;但長(zhǎng)期PN可導(dǎo)致腸屏障功能障礙、腸道菌群異常,同時(shí)還易對(duì)肝功能造成損傷[5]。EN可維持腸道黏膜吸收功能并刺激胃腸道蠕動(dòng)功能的恢復(fù),但部分患者術(shù)后早期的耐受性較差[6],目前尚沒(méi)有一種完美的營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持方式和營(yíng)養(yǎng)配方適用于所有肝膽外科疾病患者[7]。
胰十二指腸切除術(shù)、肝臟切除術(shù)均是腹部大型手術(shù),手術(shù)切除范圍大,吻合口較多,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥較多。本研究顯示:PN組術(shù)后腹瀉、腹脹、切口感染、置管處?kù)o脈炎發(fā)生率均顯著高于EN組。筆者分析,EN組患者術(shù)后炎性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)平抑和免疫功能重建水平優(yōu)于PN組,故術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率自然維持在更低水平,深層次原因可能與二者的營(yíng)養(yǎng)機(jī)制有關(guān)。近年研究[15]證實(shí),小腸的蠕動(dòng)及吸收功能在術(shù)后2~3 h即可恢復(fù)正常,術(shù)后12~24 h內(nèi)給予EN可改善患者胃腸黏膜的血液灌注,能改善和維持腸道黏膜細(xì)胞物理結(jié)構(gòu)與免疫屏障功能的完整性,并可有效防止腸道細(xì)菌的位移,進(jìn)而減少腸源性感染、膿毒癥等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。食物對(duì)胃腸道的刺激反射性引起胃腸道激素釋放,促進(jìn)腸蠕動(dòng)的恢復(fù),利于營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的吸收[16]。而長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用PN則易導(dǎo)致胃腸道較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間處于功能“閑置”狀態(tài),腸道黏膜萎縮、腸黏膜屏障功能減弱,腸道菌群失調(diào),且易造成肝臟功能損害[17]。EN、PN各有利弊,近年不少學(xué)者嘗試采用PN與EN相結(jié)合的方法以探求更加高效的營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持手段,結(jié)果表明,大型外科手術(shù)術(shù)后早期采用PN而后逐步過(guò)渡到EN方案較PN或EN方案能進(jìn)一步改善患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀態(tài),扭轉(zhuǎn)負(fù)氮平衡,降低炎性反應(yīng)與二重感染的發(fā)生[18-19]。
綜上所述,營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持是改善肝膽外科手術(shù)患者術(shù)后營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良、抑制炎性應(yīng)激、重建免疫功能的重要手段,EN較PN在減輕炎性應(yīng)激、改善免疫抑制、降低并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率方面具有比較優(yōu)勢(shì),建議對(duì)患者術(shù)后首選EN支持。
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Effectsoninflammatoryfactorsandimmuneindexesbetweenenteralnutritionandparenteralnutritionsupportinhepatobiliarysurgerypatients
Yang Conglian, Guan Suling, Wang Jun, Liu Xinhui,Chen Shenggui
(DepartmentofHepatology.TheCombineTraditionalChineseandWesternMedicineHospital,PanzhihuaSichuan617000)
ObjectiveTo compare the effects on variations of peripheral inflammatory factor and immunological indexes between enteral nutrition (EN) and parenteral nutrition (PN) support in hepatobiliary surgery patients.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted among 196 cases underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy and liver resection from January 2012to June 2016, of which 102 cases with postoperative EN support, and 94 cases with PN support. Variations of postoperative peripheral blood inflammatory factors and immune indexes, as well as the occurrences of complications was measured and compared between the two groups 1d and 7d after surgery.ResultsThe seventh days after operation, the peripheral blood inflammatory factors decreased for both two groups compared with that of postoperative 1d,the decrease in EN group was significantly higher than that of the PN group [TNF-α(62.9±19.5 vs. 89.3±21.8)ng/L, IL-6(15.8±4.0 vs. 19.3±4.9)ng/L, IL-8(35.4±10.3 vs. 39.7±11.8)ng/L, CRP(20.6±4.7 vs. 23.5±5.2)mg/L](allP<0.05). The immunoglobulin, CD3+, CD4+/CD8+7 d post-operation increased for two group compared with postoperative 1 d, The increase in EN group was significantly higher than that of the PN group [ Ig A(0.32±0.08 vs. 0.48±0.11)g/L, IgG(1.33±0.37 vs.2.03±0.53)g/L, IgM(0.17±0.06 vs. 0.21±0.10)g/L,CD3+(5.78±1.61 vs. 6.81±1.92)%, CD4+/CD8+(0.40±0.08 vs. 0.47±0.12)](allP<0.05); PN group with incidences of diarrhea (17.0% vs. 4.9%), abdominal distension(22.3% vs.10.8%), incision infection (11.7% vs. 3.8%), catheter phlebitis (5.3% vs 0) were significantly higher than that of the EN group (P<0.05); EN group with incidences of constipation (3.9% vs 0), anastomotic leakage (4.9% vs. 4.3%) were higher than that of the PN group, there was no statistical significance (P>0.05).ConclusionHepatobiliary surgery patients underwent EN postoperative support is advantageous in reducing inflammatory stress, improving immune suppression and reducing complications compared with PN support.
Enteral nutrition; Parenteral nutrition; Inflammatory stress; Immune;Hepatobiliary surgery;
Nursing
R473.6,R657.3
A
10.16821/j.cnki.hsjx.2017.24.004
楊叢蓮(1969-),女,四川攀枝花,本科,副主任護(hù)師,從事外科臨床護(hù)理工作
2017-06-22)