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川崎病休克綜合征臨床特征及外周血細(xì)胞因子水平分析

2017-12-04 10:54李艷蝶郭莉鄒麗霞滕麗萍鄭嶸君徐益萍盧美萍
浙江醫(yī)學(xué) 2017年21期
關(guān)鍵詞:川崎休克外周血

李艷蝶 郭莉 鄒麗霞 滕麗萍 鄭嶸君 徐益萍 盧美萍

川崎病休克綜合征臨床特征及外周血細(xì)胞因子水平分析

李艷蝶 郭莉 鄒麗霞 滕麗萍 鄭嶸君 徐益萍 盧美萍

目的 分析川崎病休克綜合征(KDSS)的臨床特征及外周血細(xì)胞因子水平,為該病的診治提供依據(jù)。方法 選擇KDSS患兒17例(KDSS組),并選擇同期住院且年齡、性別匹配的川崎?。↘D)患兒43例(KD組)。采用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測兩組患兒外周血細(xì)胞因子IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α和IFN-γ水平,并比較兩組患兒確診前的臨床特征、常規(guī)實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)、肝腎功能及凝血功能指標(biāo)、療效及預(yù)后情況。結(jié)果 與KD組比較,KDSS組發(fā)熱時(shí)間和住院時(shí)間顯著延長,外周血WBC、中性粒細(xì)胞比例、C反應(yīng)蛋白、ESR、肌酐、血尿素氮、D-二聚體,IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α、IFN-γ水平,冠狀動(dòng)脈損傷、丙種球蛋白(IVIG)抵抗、進(jìn)重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室及其他臟器損傷的發(fā)生率均顯著升高,而Hb、血鈉、血鉀、白蛋白均顯著下降,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05)。兩組均未發(fā)現(xiàn)死亡病例。結(jié)論細(xì)胞因子IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α和IFN-γ水平的升高、IVIG抵抗導(dǎo)致持續(xù)炎癥可能參與KDSS的發(fā)生,KDSS患兒發(fā)熱時(shí)間和住院時(shí)間顯著延長,病情更重,更易發(fā)生冠狀動(dòng)脈及其他臟器損傷。

川崎病休克綜合征 臨床特征 細(xì)胞因子

川崎病(kawasaki disease,KD)是兒童較為常見的急性發(fā)熱性血管炎,以5歲以下兒童多見[1]。該病主要累及中等血管,尤其是冠狀動(dòng)脈,15%~25%未治療的患兒可能導(dǎo)致冠狀動(dòng)脈損傷(coronary artery lesions,CALs)[2],是兒童獲得性心臟病的重要病因[3]。近年來,Kanegaye等[4]將KD急性期伴有低血壓、休克等血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變者定義為川崎病休克綜合征(kawasaki disease shock syndrome,KDSS),由于其發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不明確,而且KDSS有可能發(fā)生在KD典型癥狀出現(xiàn)前,有時(shí)與膿毒性休克很難鑒別,給診斷和治療帶來一定困難。因此,本研究通過分析KDSS的臨床特征及外周血細(xì)胞因子水平,以進(jìn)一步了解該病的發(fā)病機(jī)制,為早期臨床診治提供依據(jù)。

1 對(duì)象和方法

1.1 對(duì)象 選擇2014年1月至2016年12月在本院住院的KDSS患兒17例(KDSS組),男11例,女6例;年齡 2~102(42.29±29.89)個(gè)月。并選擇同期住院且年齡、性別匹配的KD患兒43例(KD組),男19例,女24例;年齡 3~89(28.82±21.50)個(gè)月。KD 診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)根據(jù)美國心臟病學(xué)會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5]。KDSS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照Kanegaye等[4]提出的定義:KD患者伴有血流動(dòng)力學(xué)障礙包括低血壓和休克,兒童休克與年齡密切有關(guān),年齡<1個(gè)月,收縮壓<60mmHg;年齡 1~12個(gè)月,收縮壓<70mmHg;年齡1~10 歲,收縮壓<70+(年齡×2)mmHg;年齡>10 歲,收縮壓<90mmHg。其他臨床癥狀包括心率快、精神狀態(tài)變化、毛細(xì)血管再灌注時(shí)間延長(>3s)、皮膚花白、少尿。KDSS的低血壓標(biāo)準(zhǔn)還包括收縮壓從基線水平下降≥20%,或者臨床出現(xiàn)低灌注表現(xiàn)[4]。CALs根據(jù)日本衛(wèi)生部標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡<5歲,最大絕對(duì)內(nèi)徑>3mm;年齡≥5歲,最大絕對(duì)內(nèi)徑>4mm,或者動(dòng)脈內(nèi)徑是臨近段或者不規(guī)則段的1.5倍[6]。左心室功能障礙指射血分?jǐn)?shù)<54%[7-8]。丙種球蛋白(IVIG)抵抗是指丙球完全注射(2g/kg)后48h內(nèi)再次發(fā)熱[9]。所有患兒均常規(guī)使用IVIG及阿司匹林治療。本研究獲得醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)和患兒家屬知情同意。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 外周血細(xì)胞因子 IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-ɑ、IFN-γ 水平檢測

1.2.1.1 試劑和儀器 流式細(xì)胞微球芯片技術(shù)(CBA)捕獲人T輔助細(xì)胞1/2細(xì)胞因子試劑盒Ⅱ和FACSCalibur流式細(xì)胞儀均購自美國BD公司。

1.2.1.2 樣品制備及流式細(xì)胞測定 取被檢者外周血2ml,EDTA抗凝,1 000r/min離心10min,分離血漿備用。CBA技術(shù)測定:在每支流式細(xì)胞熒光分選技術(shù)樣品管中加入 IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、TNF 和 IFN-γ 混合捕獲微球和待測血漿各50μl,PE抗體50μl,振蕩混勻,20~25℃避光放置3h。每管中加入0.5ml PBS緩沖液,1 000r/min離心5min,棄上清液后,加0.3ml PBS緩沖液,振蕩混勻,待測。同法制備標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品上樣管。24h內(nèi)流式細(xì)胞儀測定。測試條件:激光器電源15mV,電流6.20A,樣本電壓5.90V。根據(jù)儀器獲取的數(shù)據(jù),用CBA分析軟件自動(dòng)繪制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線,并將樣本數(shù)據(jù)與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線擬合,自動(dòng)計(jì)算出血漿中各種細(xì)胞因子含量。外周血細(xì)胞因子正常參考范圍為1.0~5 000.0pg/ml。

1.2.2 觀察指標(biāo) 患兒確診前的臨床特征:發(fā)熱時(shí)間,結(jié)膜炎、口唇充血、頸部淋巴結(jié)腫大、手足硬腫或脫皮、皮疹等發(fā)生率。常規(guī)實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo):外周血WBC、中性粒細(xì)胞比例、Hb、PLT、ESR、C 反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、血鈉、血鉀。肝腎功能及凝血功能:白蛋白、ALT、AST、肌酐、血尿素氮、纖維蛋白原和D-二聚體。外周血細(xì)胞因子:IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-ɑ、IFN-γ。患兒療效及預(yù)后比較:住院時(shí)間,冠狀動(dòng)脈損傷、IVIG抵抗、進(jìn)ICU以及其他臟器損傷等發(fā)生率,有無死亡病例。

1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件。符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以表示,組間比較采用兩獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);不符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以M(Q1~Q)3表示,組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料以百分率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組患兒確診前的臨床特征比較 與KD組比較,KDSS組確診前發(fā)熱時(shí)間顯著延長,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);而兩組結(jié)膜炎、口唇充血、頸部淋巴結(jié)腫大、手足硬腫或脫皮、皮疹的發(fā)生率比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均 P >0.05),見表 1。

表1 兩組患兒確診前的臨床特征比較

2.2 兩組患兒常規(guī)實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)比較 與KD組比較,KDSS組外周血WBC、中性粒細(xì)胞比例、ESR、CRP均顯著升高,而Hb、血鈉、血鉀均下降,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05);而兩組PLT比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表 2。

2.3 兩組患兒肝腎功能及凝血功能比較 與KD組比較,KDSS組白蛋白顯著下降,肌酐濃度、血尿素氮、D-二聚體顯著升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05);而兩組ALT、AST和纖維蛋白原比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均 P >0.05),見表 3。

2.4 兩組患兒外周血細(xì)胞因子水平比較 與KD組比較,KDSS組外周血IL-6、IL-10、TNF-ɑ和IFN-γ水平顯著升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.01);而兩組IL-2、IL-4水平比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05),見表4。

表2 兩組患兒常規(guī)實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)比較

表3 兩組患兒肝腎功能及凝血功能比較

表4 兩組患兒外周血細(xì)胞因子水平比較

2.5 兩組患兒療效及預(yù)后比較 與KD組比較,KDSS組患兒住院時(shí)間顯著延長,CALs、IVIG抵抗、進(jìn)ICU以及其他臟器損傷的發(fā)生率顯著升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05)。KDSS組所有患者均使用激素治療,兩組患兒均病情好轉(zhuǎn)出院,未見死亡病例,見表5。

表5 兩組患兒療效及預(yù)后比較

3 討論

KDSS是KD的嚴(yán)重形式,早期多以低血壓、休克癥狀為主,癥狀不典型易誤診。Kanegaye等[4]報(bào)道女性患兒較多,本研究KDSS組男性多于女性,可能與樣本量有關(guān)。KDSS常伴有外周血WBC、中性粒細(xì)胞比例、CRP、ESR升高、低鈉血癥[10]。本研究也得到相同的結(jié)果。

KDSS確切病因不明確,有學(xué)者認(rèn)為細(xì)胞因子在KDSS發(fā)病中起關(guān)鍵作用,細(xì)胞因子失調(diào)導(dǎo)致心肌缺血、毛細(xì)血管滲漏和IVIG抵抗是導(dǎo)致KDSS的重要機(jī)制[11-12]。KD活動(dòng)期免疫系統(tǒng)被激活,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生,如 IL-6、IL-8、IL-27 和 TNF-ɑ 水平升高[13]。本研究中 KDSS 組外周血 IL-6、IL-10、TNF-ɑ 和 IFN-γ 水平顯著高于KD組。干酪乳桿菌誘導(dǎo)的心肌病變可能與細(xì)胞因子水平(IL-1、TNF-α 和 IL-6)增加相關(guān)[14]。KD 患兒外周血IL-6、IL-10和IFN-γ水平升高與CALs密切相關(guān),也是IVIG抵抗的標(biāo)志[15-17]。IL-6過度升高與IVIG抵抗密切相關(guān)[18]。Wang等[15]研究表明KD患兒經(jīng)IVIG治療后血清IL-6和IL-10水平下降緩慢與IVIG抵抗相關(guān)。實(shí)驗(yàn)室數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)KDSS的診斷也具有指導(dǎo)意義,如WBC升高、CRP增高、ESR增快、貧血。這些指標(biāo)與細(xì)胞因子水平升高密切相關(guān)。KD患兒IVIG治療前,WBC、CRP與血清IL-6水平呈正相關(guān)[19-20]。Kuo等[21]報(bào)道KDSS患兒IL-6升高誘導(dǎo)鐵調(diào)素下調(diào),與貧血有關(guān)。

低蛋白血癥、低鈉血癥、低鉀血癥、多器官損傷與細(xì)胞因子的高水平密切相關(guān)[22-23],與本研究結(jié)果相符。促炎細(xì)胞因子過度產(chǎn)生導(dǎo)致發(fā)熱、冠狀動(dòng)脈壁損傷和多臟器損傷[24]。IL-2會(huì)增加內(nèi)皮通透性,白蛋白可通過血管壁外滲到血管外導(dǎo)致低白蛋白血癥[22]。KDSS患兒低鈉血癥的病理生理機(jī)制包括脫水、抗利尿激素分泌異常和急性腎損傷[23]。低鈉血癥會(huì)增加血管滲漏,加重心肌受損,是導(dǎo)致休克的原因之一[23]。IL-6促進(jìn)多器官損害和衰竭,如胃腸道并發(fā)癥[25-27]。

KDSS臨床表現(xiàn)與膿毒癥休克相似,均有發(fā)熱和皮疹,難以鑒別[28]。KDSS常伴有貧血、心瓣膜炎,在膿毒癥休克中很少出現(xiàn)[29],可作為鑒別的依據(jù)。兩者治療方案不同,膿毒癥休克患者需要合適的抗生素治療,IVIG對(duì)KDSS的治療是必需的,還包括液體復(fù)蘇、血管加壓藥來維持血壓,因此及時(shí)確診對(duì)患者預(yù)后非常重要。本研究樣本量小,具有一定的局限性,可能需要更多的研究來證實(shí)。

綜上所述,典型或不典型KD患兒出現(xiàn)細(xì)胞因子IL-6、IL-10、TNF-ɑ和 IFN-γ 水平持續(xù)升高、IVIG 療效不佳、低白蛋白血癥、低鈉血癥和貧血時(shí),兒科醫(yī)生應(yīng)警惕休克、多器官損傷,冠狀動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張。及時(shí)再次給予IVIG治療、皮質(zhì)類固醇或生物制劑抗炎治療減少并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。此外,在休克患兒抗感染治療效果不佳,應(yīng)考慮KDSS的可能性,及時(shí)給予IVIG治療。KDSS患兒常表現(xiàn)為發(fā)熱持續(xù)時(shí)間和住院時(shí)間顯著延長,冠狀動(dòng)脈損傷及其他臟器損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,病情較重。筆者期待越來越多的兒科醫(yī)生認(rèn)識(shí)KDSS,并能及時(shí)治療,從而減少并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。

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(本文由浙江省醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)風(fēng)濕病學(xué)分會(huì)推薦)

Clinical characteristics and serum cytokine levels in patients with Kawasaki disease shock syndrome


LI Yandie,GUO Li,ZOU Lixia,et al.
Department of Rheumatology Immunology&Allergy,Children's Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine,Hangzhou 310003,China

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and serum cytokine levels in children with Kawasaki disease shock syndrome (KDSS). Methods Seventeen KDSS children and 43 age-and gender-matched patients with Kawasaki disease (KD)admitted during January 2014 to December 2016 were included in this study.Serum levels of interleukin-2(IL-2),IL-4,IL-6,IL-10,tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),and interferon gamma(IFN-γ)were measured by flow cytometry in two groups.The clinical characteristics,serum cytokine levels and routine laboratory parameters,the liver,kidney and blood coagulation functions and disease outcomes were compared between two groups. Results Compared with KD group,the duration of fever and length of hospital stay in KDSS group were significantly prolonged,the WBC,neutrophil,ESR and serum CRP,creatinine,urea nitrogen,D-dimer,IL-6,IL-10,TNF-α,IFN-γ levels were elevated,the incidence of coronary artery lesions,intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)resistance,admission to ICU and other organ damage were significantly increased(all P<0.05),while blood hemoglobin,albumin,sodium and potassium concentrations were significantly decreased(all P<0.05).No deaths were found in two groups. Conclusion Increased levels of IL-6,IL-10,TNF-α,IFN-γ and IVIG resistance leading to persistent inflammation may be involved in the development of KDSS.The duration of fever and hospital stay are prolonged,the conditions are more serious and more susceptible to coronary and other organ damage in patients with KDSS.

Kawasakidisease shock syndrome Clinicalcharacteristics Cytokine

10.12056/j.issn.1006-2785.2017.39.21.2017-1605

310003 杭州,浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬兒童醫(yī)院風(fēng)濕免疫過敏科

盧美萍,E-mail:meipinglu@zju.edu.cn

2017-07-07)

陳麗)

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