伍彬 尚偉鋒 位紅蘭 李維 董莉萍 董駿武
·論著·
血液透析患者合并糖尿病肌梗死一例及文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)
伍彬 尚偉鋒 位紅蘭 李維 董莉萍 董駿武
目的探討血液透析合并糖尿病肌梗死患者的發(fā)病特點(diǎn),提高臨床醫(yī)師對該疾病的認(rèn)識。方法對華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬武漢市普愛醫(yī)院一例血液透析合并糖尿病肌梗死患者的臨床資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析,并對相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí),分析該特殊人群的發(fā)病特點(diǎn),探討可能的發(fā)病機(jī)制和治療手段。結(jié)果本例患者,男性,48歲,因糖尿病腎病、慢性腎衰竭行血液透析治療,10 d前突發(fā)左側(cè)小腿疼痛、腫脹,無全身感染癥狀及外傷史,入院實(shí)驗(yàn)室結(jié)果提示血沉、C反應(yīng)蛋白、降鈣素原、肌酸激酶等指標(biāo)上升,左小腿MRI 顯示T2加權(quán)像異常高信號,雙下肢動(dòng)靜脈彩超提示雙下肢動(dòng)脈內(nèi)中增厚并粥樣硬化斑形成,經(jīng)詳細(xì)鑒別診斷,最終確診為血液透析合并糖尿病肌梗死,并給予嚴(yán)格控制血糖、改善循環(huán)、局部消炎止痛、充分血液透析治療后,患者癥狀好轉(zhuǎn)出院。結(jié)論糖尿病肌梗死是糖尿病的一種罕見的微血管并發(fā)癥,血液透析合并糖尿病肌梗死的發(fā)病率更低,在血液透析合并長期血糖控制欠佳的糖尿病患者中出現(xiàn)非外傷性肌肉疼痛時(shí)需考慮該疾病,該病的早期識別與診斷,并給予控制血糖、止痛、改善循環(huán)等合理對癥治療,對改善患者預(yù)后意義較大。另外,加強(qiáng)血液透析治療可有效改善患者癥狀,在治療中有一定的效果,但需要進(jìn)一步的臨床研究證實(shí)。
糖尿?。惶悄虿〖」K?;血液透析
糖尿病肌梗死(diabetic muscle infarction, DMI),也稱為糖尿病肌壞死,是糖尿病患者的一種罕見的微血管并發(fā)癥。1965年Angervall等[1]第一次報(bào)道DMI,至今全世界已報(bào)道累計(jì)約200余例。據(jù)有關(guān)研究顯示,約70%的DMI患者合并糖尿病腎病,其中將近1/4患者需要腎臟替代治療。血液透析合并DMI更少見,目前文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道血液透析合并DMI病例不足20例[2],該病預(yù)后差,死亡率高,很多臨床醫(yī)師對該病診斷缺乏臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn),易導(dǎo)致誤診。本文報(bào)道華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬武漢市普愛醫(yī)院腎內(nèi)科收治的1例血液透析合并DMI患者,并對相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí),以提高對該病的認(rèn)識。
一、病例資料
患者,男性,48歲,確診2型糖尿病8年,未規(guī)律治療,血糖控制欠佳,2年前因全身水腫、大量蛋白尿、低蛋白血癥,于華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬武漢市普愛醫(yī)院診斷為糖尿病腎病慢性腎功能衰竭開始規(guī)律行血液透析治療至今(2周5次)。10 d前患者無明顯誘因出現(xiàn)左側(cè)小腿腫痛,伴輕度活動(dòng)障礙,無畏寒、發(fā)熱、關(guān)節(jié)疼痛,無腹痛、皮疹、紫癜等,未處理,癥狀無明顯好轉(zhuǎn),患者為求進(jìn)一步診治,遂來華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬武漢市普愛醫(yī)院,門診以“左側(cè)小腿腫痛原因待查”收入我院腎病內(nèi)科。既往史:有高血壓病史2年余,血壓最高180/110 mmHg,目前口服硝苯地平控釋片(30 mg/次,次/日)降壓治療,血壓控制可。否認(rèn)乙肝、結(jié)核等傳染病史,否認(rèn)左下肢外傷及胰島素注射史,否認(rèn)藥物過敏史。
二、入院體檢
患者體溫36.3℃,脈搏70次/min,規(guī)則呼吸20次/min,血壓150/100 mmHg,神清,貧血貌,右頸部可見半永久血液透析用導(dǎo)管,心肺聽診未見明顯異常,腹軟,無明顯壓痛及反跳痛,左小腿腓腸肌局部皮膚紅腫、張力高、皮溫升高、觸痛,質(zhì)硬,與周圍皮膚分界清,可見脛前黑斑,雙足背動(dòng)脈搏動(dòng)欠佳。
三、入院輔助檢查
血常規(guī):白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)2.88×109/L,中性粒細(xì)胞比率78.2%,單核細(xì)胞比率10.7%;凝血功能:D-二聚體4.48 mg/L,凝血酶時(shí)間21.9 s;肌紅蛋白>1 000 ng/ml;腎功能:尿素氮18.09 mmol/L,肌酐470.6 μmol/L;肌酸激酶(creatine kinase, CK)560 U/L;C反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)110 mg/L;紅細(xì)胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation tate,ESR)>140 mm/h;降鈣素原(procalcitonin, PCT)1.39 ng/L;糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1C)7.6%;肝功能、甲狀腺功能、腫瘤標(biāo)志物、電解質(zhì)均未見明顯異常。心電圖:竇性心律,左室高電壓,ST-T改變;心臟彩超:左房擴(kuò)大,二尖瓣返流,心包少量積液;雙下肢動(dòng)靜脈彩超:雙下肢動(dòng)脈內(nèi)中膜增厚并粥樣硬化斑形成;左側(cè)小腿MRI:左側(cè)小腿中上段魚際肌及腓腸肌可見長T2異常信號影,皮下軟組織內(nèi)腫脹、滲出,可見絮狀長T2信號影。(圖1)
圖1 血液透析合并糖尿病肌梗死的MRI表現(xiàn)
最終診斷考慮:血液透析合并DMI,囑患者嚴(yán)格臥床休息,給予局部制動(dòng),嚴(yán)格控制血糖、改善循環(huán)、抗凝及止痛等對癥處理,患者癥狀改善不明顯,后經(jīng)增加血液透析頻率,給予充分血液透析(每周3次)治療后患者癥狀較前明顯改善,2周后患者左側(cè)腓腸肌疼痛及腫脹消失,能下地行走,復(fù)查血漿ESR、CRP、CK降至正常,病情好轉(zhuǎn)出院。
DMI多見于病程較長、血糖控制欠佳的糖尿病患者,其典型表現(xiàn)為無特殊誘因及外傷引起的局部肌肉疼痛、腫脹及局部活動(dòng)障礙。DMI最常累及的部位是股四頭肌,其次是腓腸肌,雙上肢受累較少見[13]。2015年Horton等[14]通過分析87篇文獻(xiàn)126例DMI的患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)該病平均發(fā)病年齡為44.6歲,女性更常見,2型糖尿病的DMI發(fā)病率較1型高,48%出現(xiàn)白細(xì)胞增高,90%出現(xiàn)CRP增高,83.3%出現(xiàn)ESR增快,31.6%出現(xiàn)CK上升,平均HbA1c為9.34%。我們通過分析文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的17例血液透析合并DMI發(fā)現(xiàn),血液透析合并DMI患者的平均發(fā)病年齡為(49.2±11.7)歲,男性(70%)更常見,以2型糖尿病為基礎(chǔ)的發(fā)病人群是1型糖尿病的2.4倍,64.7%出現(xiàn)白細(xì)胞增高,100%出現(xiàn)CRP增高,91%出現(xiàn)ESR增快,66.7%出現(xiàn)CK上升,平均HbA1C為8.3%,見表1,血液透析合并DMI的患者除了男性更多見外,其余特點(diǎn)與DMI的患者相似,可能與目前報(bào)道的病例數(shù)較少有關(guān)。
DMI需要與靜脈血栓形成、膿性肌炎、骨化性肌炎、創(chuàng)傷性肌腱斷裂、肌出血、筋膜炎、骨髓炎、肌膿腫等疾病鑒別診斷[15]。影像學(xué)檢查對本病有一定的診斷意義,CT掃描雖然可以定位診斷,但是它不能鑒別其肌肉受損的原因。超聲檢查可助于排除靜脈栓塞等疾病,同時(shí)對于DMI也有一定的診斷意義,DMI患者超聲上多表現(xiàn)為局部肌纖維內(nèi)邊界較清楚的線性低回聲區(qū),無流動(dòng)的液體,提示肌肉的局部炎癥及水腫[16]。磁共振成像用于診斷DMI的敏感性為90%,特異性為43%。DMI患者梗死肌肉在MRI的T1加權(quán)圖像上表現(xiàn)為低信號,T2加權(quán)圖像上顯示為高信號。磁共振成像不能確診的患者需要肌肉活檢,肌肉活檢是診斷該病的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[17]。
DMI的具體發(fā)病機(jī)制目前尚不明確,研究認(rèn)為可能與以下幾點(diǎn)有關(guān):①有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道DMI患者Ⅶ因子和組織纖溶酶原激活物抑制劑(PAI-1)水平升高,從而導(dǎo)致的凝血與抗凝系統(tǒng)失衡[18]。②糖尿病微血管病變或動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化所導(dǎo)致的局部肌肉缺血、局部炎癥反應(yīng)致缺血再灌注損傷[19]。③長期的高血糖狀態(tài)下可發(fā)生氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),生成過多的終末毒性產(chǎn)物導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮功能紊亂出現(xiàn)的纖維素樣壞死也參與DMI的形成[4]。對于血液透析患者,發(fā)生DMI可能還有以下機(jī)制:血液透析超濾引起的血液黏度升高,從而導(dǎo)致微血栓栓塞;腎病相關(guān)的抗凝血酶III缺乏癥,高同型半胱氨酸血癥或其他因素導(dǎo)致糖尿病患者腎功能衰竭小動(dòng)脈的血栓形成[7]。此外在血液透析患者中肝素的應(yīng)用也可能引起出血從而導(dǎo)致局部肌肉的壞死[20]。
血液透析合并DMI的治療方式主要包括:嚴(yán)格臥床休息,局部制動(dòng),改善循環(huán)及抗凝治療,必要時(shí)給予止痛對癥處理,嚴(yán)格控制血糖,行維持性血液透析。該疾病短期內(nèi)預(yù)后尚可,遠(yuǎn)期欠佳,部分患者可自行緩解,若血糖控制欠佳,該病易反復(fù)發(fā)作。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道該病復(fù)發(fā)率為45%[8]。
表1 血液透析合并糖尿病肌梗死的臨床特征
本例患者發(fā)病年齡48歲,既往未規(guī)律使用胰島素控制血糖,合并糖尿病腎病,因左側(cè)小腿腫痛10天入院,入院時(shí)除局部皮溫升高外,并無畏寒、發(fā)熱等明顯全身癥狀,且入院血象不高,ESR、PCT、CRP等炎癥指標(biāo)升高,伴CK升高,左小腿磁共振成像提示左側(cè)小腿中上段魚際肌及腓腸肌可見T2異常信號影,皮下軟組織內(nèi)腫脹、滲出,可見絮狀長T2信號影,與既往文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道類似,最終診斷血液透析合并DMI,給予嚴(yán)格控制血糖、改善循環(huán)、止痛對癥處理后,癥狀改善不明顯,給予充分血液透析(每周3次)治療后患者癥狀較前明顯改善,2周后患者左側(cè)腓腸肌疼痛及腫脹消失,能下地行走,血漿ESR、CRP、CK降至正常,病情好轉(zhuǎn)出院。
DMI是糖尿病的罕見并發(fā)癥,血液透析合并糖尿病肌梗死的發(fā)病率更低,在血液透析合并血糖控制欠佳的糖尿病患者中,若出現(xiàn)非外傷性肢體疼痛,首先需要考慮血液透析合并DMI可能,目前積極控制血糖、止痛、臥床休息治療是該病毫無爭議最基礎(chǔ)的治療,據(jù)我們對發(fā)病機(jī)制的推測,合理的運(yùn)用抗血小板聚集的藥物對本病的治療應(yīng)有相對重要的作用,2004年Kapur等[8]在其系統(tǒng)評價(jià)中發(fā)現(xiàn)抗血小板藥物的使用對減少疾病的復(fù)發(fā)有積極作用,對改善患者預(yù)后意義也較大,但目前尚未達(dá)成共識。另外,本例患者的治療同時(shí)也提示充分血液透析對血液透析合并DMI患者有一定的療效,其中可能參與的機(jī)制有待更多的臨床研究去進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
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Diabeticmuscleinfarctioninhemodialysis:acasereportandliteraturereview
WUBin,SHANGWei-feng,WEIHong-lan,LIWei,DONGLi-ping,DONGJun-wu.
DepartmentofInternalMedicine,JiangHanUniversity,WuhanPuaiHospital,Wuhan430000,China
DONGJun-wu,E-mail:dongjunwu@126.com
ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical characteristic of diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) in hemodialysis and to improve the understanding of this disease.MethodsThe clinical data of one case of DMI in hemodialysis in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed, and the related literatures were reviewed to examine the clinical features, treatment, and prognosis of this condition.ResultsA 48-year-old man with renal failure due to diabetes who was given regular hemodialysis was admitted to our hospital. He had a sudden onset of painful swelling of his left gastrocnemius and soleus 10 days ago, with no systemic infection and trauma. Laboratory values included a significantly elevated ESR, CRP, PCT and CK etc. High signal lesion appeared on T2-weighted MRI. The double lower limb artery intima-media thickness and atherosclerotic plaque were shown on lower limb color sonography. After differential diagnosis work up, the patient was diagnosed as hemodialysis complicated with DMI. The patient was treated with intensive control of his blood glucose level and circulation improvement, anti-inflammatory and sufficient hemodialysis treatments, and his condition was improved at discharge.ConclusionsDMI is a rare microangiopathic complication of diabetes, and the incidence of DMI in hemodialysis patients is lower. Physicians should have a high index of suspicion for DMI in hemodialysis patients with poorly controlled diabetic mellitus presenting with sudden onset, non-traumatic muscle pain. The early recognition and correct diagnosis of this complication, and reasonable treatments such as control of blood glucose level, analgesia, and improvement of circulation, are of great significance to improve the prognosis. In addition, we found that intensive hemodialysis treatment can effectively improve symptoms, but further clinical studies are needed to confirm.
Diabetes mellitus; Diabetic muscle infarction; Hemodialysis
10.3969/j.issn.1671-2390.2017.10.005
湖北省自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目(No.2014CFC1047);武漢市衛(wèi)生計(jì)生委科研項(xiàng)目(No.WG15A02);武漢市科技局科研項(xiàng)目(No.201260523197-2)
430000 武漢,江漢大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院(伍彬);華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬武漢市普愛醫(yī)院腎病風(fēng)濕科(伍彬,尚偉鋒,位紅蘭,李維,董莉萍,董駿武)
董駿武,E-mail:dongjunwu@126.com
2017-09-03
2017-09-28)