白明
(山東省青島經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)第一人民醫(yī)院 B超室,山東 青島 266555)
.論 著.
產(chǎn)前超聲對(duì)胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管狹窄診斷價(jià)值的研究
白明
(山東省青島經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)第一人民醫(yī)院 B超室,山東 青島 266555)
目的 探究胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管狹窄應(yīng)用產(chǎn)前超聲檢查的診斷價(jià)值。方法 臨床選擇2014年1月‐2016年4月該院經(jīng)產(chǎn)前彩色多普勒超聲檢查的胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管狹窄孕婦50例為觀察組,同期選擇產(chǎn)前彩色多普勒超聲檢查健康胎兒50例為研究對(duì)照,比較兩組動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管的舒張期流速、收縮期流速及動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管內(nèi)徑等臨床指標(biāo);比較兩組動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管前向血流速度、三尖瓣反流速度及右心室壓力等臨床指標(biāo);觀察在不同超聲切面動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管的超聲特征。結(jié)果 在25~36孕周和孕周超過36周孕婦中,觀察組舒張期流速、收縮期流速等指標(biāo)顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P <0.05);觀察組胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管內(nèi)徑小于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P <0.05);在孕25~36周和超過36周觀察組動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管前向血流速度、三尖瓣反流速度及右心室壓力均顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P <0.05)。結(jié)論 胎兒產(chǎn)前彩色多普勒超聲檢查可全面、客觀評(píng)估其影像特征,對(duì)診斷胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管狹窄具有重要的臨床價(jià)值。
胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管狹窄;彩色多普勒超聲;臨床價(jià)值
隨著人們對(duì)于優(yōu)生優(yōu)育意識(shí)逐漸重視和經(jīng)濟(jì)水平的提高,產(chǎn)前超聲檢查已成為篩查胎兒先天性疾病的重要檢查手段之一[1]。如在胚胎發(fā)育期因受家族性因素、代謝性疾病、大劑量的放射性物質(zhì)的接觸等理化因素或孕婦早期服用某些禁忌藥物、病毒感染等因素可引發(fā)動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管缺如、早閉、逆行灌注、狹窄等病理性改變,導(dǎo)致胎兒血液循環(huán)異常變化[2]。有研究指出,胎兒產(chǎn)前彩色多普勒超聲檢查可全面、客觀評(píng)估其影像特征,對(duì)診斷胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管狹窄具有重要的臨床價(jià)值[3]。胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管狹窄應(yīng)用產(chǎn)前超聲檢查的診斷價(jià)值十分重要,故2014年1月‐2016年4月本院選擇臨床收治的胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管狹窄孕婦經(jīng)產(chǎn)前多普勒超聲檢查,觀察其產(chǎn)前超聲影像特征,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
本院選擇2014年1月‐2016年4月臨床收治的50例胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管狹窄孕婦為觀察組,經(jīng)產(chǎn)前多普勒超聲檢查,年齡25~36歲,平均(27.4±2.5) 歲;孕周25~37周,平均(29.2±2.4)周,均為單胎;初產(chǎn)婦30例,經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦20例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):符合中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)婦產(chǎn)科學(xué)會(huì)制定的胎兒產(chǎn)前動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管狹窄的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4];經(jīng)產(chǎn)前超聲檢查確診。同期選擇產(chǎn)前彩色多普勒超聲檢查健康胎兒50例為研究對(duì)照,年齡25~36歲,平均(27.3±2.4)歲;孕周25~37周,平均(29.1±2.3)周,均為單胎,初產(chǎn)婦29例,經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦21例。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):合并妊娠并發(fā)癥者、精神疾患者。兩組的平均年齡、平均孕周等臨床資料大體一致(P>0.05),具有可比性。
對(duì)所有研究對(duì)象予以彩色多普勒超聲檢查,探頭頻率為2.2~4.2 MHz,應(yīng)用凸陣式腹部探頭,孕婦取仰臥位,操作視野下顯露腹部,腹部表面放置探頭進(jìn)行順序追蹤法檢查,觀察基礎(chǔ)為胎兒四腔心,仔細(xì)探查胎兒腔/肺靜脈回流切面、左心室流出道切面,右心室流出道切面,三血管、主動(dòng)脈弓以及動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管弓切面等。分析其心房/心室的相互關(guān)系、大血管之間的關(guān)系,聯(lián)合頻譜多普勒超聲檢查和彩色多普勒超聲檢查,檢測動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管和主肺動(dòng)脈的內(nèi)徑、肺動(dòng)脈瓣的反流速度、血流速度等臨床指標(biāo)。追蹤隨訪孕婦的分娩情況;比較兩組動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管的舒張期流速、收縮期流速、動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管內(nèi)徑等臨床指標(biāo);比較兩組動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管前向血流速度、三尖瓣反流速度、右心室壓力等臨床指標(biāo);觀察在不同超聲切面的動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管的超聲特征。
飛利浦EnVisor非凡超聲彩色多普勒超聲診斷 儀。
采用SPSS 18.0軟件系統(tǒng)分析所有數(shù)據(jù)。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,計(jì)量資料組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
在25~36孕周和孕周超過36周孕婦中,觀察組舒張期流速、收縮期流速等指標(biāo)顯著高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);而觀察組胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管內(nèi)徑與對(duì)照組相比,顯著降低(P<0.05),見表1。
在孕周25~36周和超過36周觀察組的動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管前向血流速度、三尖瓣反流速度及右心室壓力均顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。
圖1為動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管前向血流速度增快頻譜聲像圖,圖2為動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管狹窄彩色聲像圖,及時(shí)剖腹產(chǎn),產(chǎn)后1 d動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管關(guān)閉。
表1 兩組不同孕周胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管血流參數(shù)指標(biāo)及動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管內(nèi)徑指標(biāo)評(píng)估比較 (±s)
表1 兩組不同孕周胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管血流參數(shù)指標(biāo)及動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管內(nèi)徑指標(biāo)評(píng)估比較 (±s)
>36孕周舒張期流速/(m/s)收縮期流速/(m/s) 內(nèi)徑/mm 舒張期流速/(m/s)收縮期流速/(m/s) 內(nèi)徑/mm觀察組 50 0.25±0.09 0.46±0.22 4.28±0.13 0.17±0.07 0.50±0.39 2.26±0.65對(duì)照組 50 0.17±0.04 0.33±0.13 4.56±0.18 0.12±0.04 0.31±0.21 2.65±0.87 t值 5.74 3.60 8.92 4.39 3.03 2.54 P值 0.015 0.043 0.001 0.020 0.045 0.010組別 例數(shù) 25~36孕周
表2 兩組動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管前向血流速度、三尖瓣反流速度及右心室壓力等臨床指標(biāo)評(píng)估比較 (±s)
表2 兩組動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管前向血流速度、三尖瓣反流速度及右心室壓力等臨床指標(biāo)評(píng)估比較 (±s)
25~36孕周右心室壓力/mmHg觀察組 50 1.91±0.92 1.76±0.72 18.28±1.13 3.17±0.07 3.52±0.39 34.26±4.65對(duì)照組 50 1.17±0.04 1.33±0.33 10.56±0.18 2.12±0.04 2.31±0.21 22.65±2.87 t值 5.68 3.84 47.71 92.09 19.32 15.02 P值 0.015 0.042 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000組別 例數(shù)>36孕周動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管前向血流速度/(m/s)三尖瓣反流速度/(m/s)右心室壓力/mmHg動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管前向血流速度/(m/s)三尖瓣反流速度/(m/s)
圖1 動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管前向血流速度增快頻譜聲像圖
圖2 動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管狹窄彩色聲像圖
在孕初期2~3個(gè)月內(nèi)處于胚胎發(fā)育期,此時(shí)為大血管和心臟形成的時(shí)期,若大血管或心臟形成障礙,引起解剖結(jié)構(gòu)異常,或胎兒出生后,應(yīng)自動(dòng)關(guān)閉的通道未閉合則稱為先天性心臟病[5-6]。母體患有早期妊娠出現(xiàn)感染性病毒感冒高熱服藥史、酒精慢性中毒、糖尿病結(jié)締組織病、先心病家族史、羊水異常、胎兒宮內(nèi)發(fā)育遲緩、心律失常及染色體異常等均會(huì)導(dǎo)致先天性心臟病的發(fā)生[7-8]。彩色多普勒超聲檢查是一種影像學(xué)檢查手段,對(duì)宮內(nèi)胎兒疾病具有診斷作用。一般孕婦在孕20~34 周由于羊水較多,是超聲檢查的最佳時(shí)間,胎兒心影清晰、胎兒肋骨未骨化、活動(dòng)度較佳,先心病畸形大多數(shù)已經(jīng)形成,孕婦得知胎兒先天性心臟病的診斷及嚴(yán)重程度后,可適當(dāng)做出下一步選擇[9-10]。
胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管是降主動(dòng)脈分叉和肺動(dòng)脈之間的重要連接通路,約有超過80%的肺動(dòng)脈內(nèi)血液通過動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管流入降主動(dòng)脈,在胎兒出生后10~15 h后,動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管開始功能性閉合,60 d~1歲,大部分已經(jīng)閉合,成為動(dòng)脈韌帶[11-12]。胎兒期的動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管狹窄和缺如十分少見,胎兒期動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管可引發(fā)動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管早閉或先天性狹窄[13-14]。大部分研究指出前列腺素合成酶抑制劑促使胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管收縮,且隨著孕周的逐漸增加其效果更佳顯著[15-16]。孕周34周后口服非甾體藥物,胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管收縮的發(fā)生情況會(huì)呈指數(shù)式升高。但大部分研究對(duì)象在停止服用該抗炎藥物后,動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管收縮是可逆性的[17-18]。且有研究指出,當(dāng)胎兒的右心室壓力、肺動(dòng)脈壓升高超過60 mmHg時(shí),可導(dǎo)致心律失常或右心功能衰竭,嚴(yán)重者可導(dǎo)致胎兒死亡。目前,對(duì)于產(chǎn)前超聲對(duì)胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管狹窄的診斷價(jià)值研究已成為醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)者的重要研究內(nèi)容[19]。
本文對(duì)本院孕婦進(jìn)行產(chǎn)前超聲檢查,分析產(chǎn)前超聲對(duì)胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管狹窄的診斷價(jià)值,結(jié)果顯示:在25~36孕周和孕周超過36周孕婦中,觀察組舒張期流速、收縮期流速等指標(biāo)顯著高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);而觀察組胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管內(nèi)徑顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);在 25~36 周和超過 36周觀察組的動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管前向血流速度、三尖瓣反流速度及右心室壓力均顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),與Patra等[20]的研究結(jié)果大體一致,在胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管的超聲檢查時(shí),可通過分析“曲棍球桿狀”、“Z”形征、“V”形征及三指征等超聲特征,進(jìn)而辨別動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管對(duì)其血流和形態(tài)狀態(tài),更加全面、客觀地評(píng)估動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管;本研究結(jié)果顯示,觀察組在孕周25~36周和超過36周者動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管內(nèi)徑均顯著低于對(duì)照組,說明超聲檢查可檢測動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管內(nèi)徑進(jìn)而判斷動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管狹窄;而舒張期流速和收縮期流速、動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管前向血流速度、三尖瓣反流速度均顯著高于正常對(duì)照組,說明可綜合評(píng)估動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管的血流參數(shù)、動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管的形態(tài)、內(nèi)徑等指標(biāo),在評(píng)估動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管有無狹窄,臨床需結(jié)合動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管內(nèi)是否出現(xiàn)高速血流、檢測內(nèi)徑。胎兒循環(huán)中動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管起到十分重要的作用,如持續(xù)這種狀態(tài),會(huì)引發(fā)胸腹水、胎兒水腫及右心室功能不全等情況。綜上所述,胎兒產(chǎn)前彩色多普勒超聲檢查可全面、客觀評(píng)估其影像特征,對(duì)診斷胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管狹窄具有重要的臨床價(jià)值。
[1]張家敏, 馬永紅, 沈艷, 等. 超聲心動(dòng)圖對(duì)胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管狹窄及早閉的診斷[J]. 中國臨床醫(yī)學(xué)影像雜志, 2017, 28(3):204- 207.
[2]李玉燕. 3例超聲診斷晚孕期胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管狹窄的病例追蹤及討論[J]. 中國醫(yī)藥指南, 2016, 14(1): 197-198.
[3]陳慧明, 張麗范, 趙麗娟. 中孕中期胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管參考值范圍的建立及其對(duì)胎兒先天性心臟病的診斷價(jià)值[J]. 中國實(shí)用醫(yī)藥, 2015, 27(8): 13-15.
[4]繆偉, 代培峰, 黃進(jìn), 等. 動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管產(chǎn)前超聲心動(dòng)圖表現(xiàn)異常在診斷先天性心臟病的價(jià)值[J]. 中國婦幼保健, 2015, 30(31):5433-5434.
[5]張燁, 何怡華, 孫琳, 等. 胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管血流頻譜與右室梗阻性疾病肺動(dòng)脈發(fā)育相關(guān)分析[J]. 中國超聲醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2015,31(4): 355-357.
[6]高霞, 王海松, 張貴平, 等. 彩色多普勒超聲早期篩查胎兒先天性心臟病的臨床價(jià)值分析[J]. 中國婦幼保健, 2010, 25(18):153-156.
[7]代海燕, 王文韜, 田艾軍, 等. 產(chǎn)前超聲診斷胎兒動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管提前收縮或早閉的病例分析[J]. 中國婦幼保健, 2015, 30(30):5256-5257.
[8]郭寧, 王玲. 胎兒先天性心臟病超聲篩查的體會(huì)及高危因素分析[J]. 中國超聲醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2012, 28(12): 127-128.
[9]劉春陽, 劉宏曼, 馬麗. 彩色多普勒超聲診斷胎兒先天性心臟病的價(jià)值[J]. 中國婦幼保健, 2010, 25(25): 153-156.
[10]王宗英. 彩色多普勒超聲診斷在胎兒先天性心臟病中的臨床價(jià)值[J]. 中國當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥, 2013, 20(26): 215-216.
[11]Haponiuk I, Paczkowski K, Chojnicki M, et al. Iatrogenic obstruction of the aorta - a sequence of delayed, fatal complications after 'off-label' interventional persistent ductus arteriosus closure[J]. Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne, 2016, 11(1):44- 48.
[12]Laborda-Vidal P, Pedro B, Baker M, et al. Use of ECG-gated computed tomography, echocardiography and selective angiography in five dogs with pulmonic stenosis and one dog with pulmonic stenosis and aberrant coronary arteries[J]. J Vet Cardiol, 2016,18(4): 418-426.
[13]Ackerman JP, Smestad JA, Tester DJ, et al. Whole exome sequencing, familial genomic triangulation, and systems biology converge to identify a novel nonsense mutation in TAB2-encoded TGF-beta activated kinase 1 in a child with polyvalvular syndrome[J]. Congenit Heart Dis, 2016, 11(5): 452-461.
[14]Hayes DA. Constriction of the ductus arteriosus, severe right ventricular hypertension, and a right ventricular aneurysm in a fetus after maternal use of a topical treatment for striae gravidarum[J].Cardiol Young, 2016, 26(4): 796-798.
[15]Wei H, Mingxing X, Cheng TO, et al. The vital role the ductus arteriosus plays in the fetal diagnosis of congenital heart disease:evaluation by fetal echocardiography in combination with an innovative cardiovascular cast technology[J]. Int J Cardiol, 2016,202(1): 90-96.
[16]Datt V, Tempe DK, Lalwani P, et al. Perioperative management of a patient with Dandy Walker malformation with tetralogy of Fallot undergoing total correction and fresh homologous pericardial pulmonary valve conduit implantation: report of a rare case[J]. Ann Card Anaesth, 2015, 18(3): 433-436.
[17]Ratanasit N, Karaketklang K, Jakrapanichakul D, et al. Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of premature constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus after maternal self-medication with benzydamine hydrochloride: report of 3 cases and review of the literature[J]. J Ultrasound Med, 2015, 34(3): 531-535.
[18]Van Middendorp LB, Maessen JG, Sardari Nia P. A patent ductus arteriosus complicating cardiopulmonary bypass for combined coronary artery bypass grafting and aortic valve replacement only discovered by computed tomography 3D reconstruction[J]. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2014, 19(6): 1071-1073.
[19]Ozyilmaz I, Ergul Y, Guzeltas A, et al. Possible link between right ventricular coronary sinusoids and noncompaction sinusoids in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum patients that later develop left ventricular noncompaction[J]. Med Hypotheses, 2014,83(1): 53-55.
[20]Patra S, Kumar B, Sadananda KS, et al. Juvenile severe mitral stenosis predisposing Eisenmenger syndrome in a case with ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, coarctation of aorta & hypoplastic aortic arch: report of first case of rare association[J]. J Cardiovasc Dis Res, 2013, 4(3): 195-197.
(張立芳 編輯)
Value of prenatal ultrasound in diagnosis of fetal ductus arteriosus stenosis
BAI Ming
(B Ultrasound Room, The First People's Hospital of Qingdao Economic and Technological Development Zone,Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China)
【Objective】To study the value of prenatal ultrasound in diagnosis of fetal ductus arteriosus stenosis.【Methods】Fifty cases of fetal ductus arteriosus stenosis diagnosed by prenatal color Doppler ultrasound in our hospital from January 2014 to April 2016 were selected as the observation group, and 50 healthy fetuses were selected by prenatal color Doppler ultrasound as the control group, the clinical indexes such as the diastolic fl ow velocity, the systolic fl ow velocity, and the diameter of the ductus arteriosus were compared between the two groups; the arterial velocity, the velocity of three cusp regurgitation, and the pressure of the right ventricle were compared between the two groups; the ultrasonic characteristics of the ductus arteriosus in different ultrasonic sections were observed.【Results】During the 25~36 week gestation and 36 week gestation, the diastolic fl ow velocity and systolic fl ow velocity of the observation group were signi fi cantly higher than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically signi fi cant(P<0.05); the diameter of fetal ductus arteriosus in the observation group was smaller than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically signi fi cant (P<0.05); at the 25~36 week of gestation and more than 36 weeks, the blood fl ow velocity, the three tricuspid regurgitation velocity and the right ventricular pressure in the observation group were signi fi cantly higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically signi fi cant (P<0.05).【Conclusion】Prenatal color Doppler ultrasonography can evaluate its imaging features comprehensively and objectively, and has important clinical value in the diagnosis of fetal ductus arteriosus stenosis.
fetal ductus arteriosus stenosis; color Doppler ultrasonography; clinical value
R714.5
A
10.19338/j.issn.1672-2019.2017.08.006
2017-05-18