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全程面神經(jīng)監(jiān)測在聽神經(jīng)瘤術(shù)中面神經(jīng)保護(hù)的應(yīng)用研究

2017-11-01 07:04宋海民吳至武馮開明羅德芳蔣秋華
中國全科醫(yī)學(xué) 2017年29期
關(guān)鍵詞:聽神經(jīng)肌電圖面神經(jīng)

宋海民,吳至武,馮開明,羅德芳,蔣秋華

·論著· ·全科醫(yī)生技能發(fā)展·

全程面神經(jīng)監(jiān)測在聽神經(jīng)瘤術(shù)中面神經(jīng)保護(hù)的應(yīng)用研究

宋海民,吳至武,馮開明,羅德芳,蔣秋華*

目的研究全程面神經(jīng)監(jiān)測即術(shù)前應(yīng)用磁共振彌散張量成像(DTI)技術(shù)行面神經(jīng)成像、術(shù)中聯(lián)合面神經(jīng)電生理監(jiān)測技術(shù),探討其在聽神經(jīng)瘤術(shù)中面神經(jīng)保護(hù)的意義。方法選取2016年1月—2017年1月南昌大學(xué)附屬贛州醫(yī)院收治的聽神經(jīng)瘤患者11例,術(shù)前采用面神經(jīng)DTI顯示腫瘤與面神經(jīng)的關(guān)系,術(shù)中行面神經(jīng)動(dòng)態(tài)、電刺激肌電圖,并檢驗(yàn)DTI對面神經(jīng)的定位準(zhǔn)確與否,術(shù)后評估面神經(jīng)功能。結(jié)果11例聽神經(jīng)瘤面神經(jīng)可通過DTI技術(shù)顯示,面神經(jīng)均位于腫瘤腹側(cè),7例位于腫瘤中部1/3,2例位于腫瘤下部1/3,2例位于腫瘤上部1/3,術(shù)前定位結(jié)果與術(shù)中所見吻合率為100%。10例腫瘤全部切除,1例內(nèi)聽道部分腫瘤殘余。術(shù)中面神經(jīng)動(dòng)態(tài)肌電圖監(jiān)測可提示及定位面神經(jīng),11例面神經(jīng)均解剖保留,保留率為100%。術(shù)后隨訪1~12個(gè)月,面神經(jīng)功能House-Brackmann Ⅰ級4例,Ⅱ級6例,Ⅲ級1例。結(jié)論通過術(shù)前面神經(jīng)DTI和術(shù)中神經(jīng)電生理監(jiān)測的全程監(jiān)測技術(shù),有助于術(shù)中定位和保護(hù)面神經(jīng),可提高聽神經(jīng)瘤術(shù)中面神經(jīng)的解剖及功能保留率。

神經(jīng)瘤,聽;面神經(jīng);彌散磁共振成像;電生理學(xué)監(jiān)測

聽神經(jīng)瘤在顱內(nèi)腫瘤中的發(fā)病率位居第4位,僅次于膠質(zhì)瘤、腦膜瘤、垂體瘤,隨著對腫瘤病理解剖的認(rèn)識加深和術(shù)中電生理監(jiān)測技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用,聽神經(jīng)瘤手術(shù)死亡率已不足0.5%[1],但術(shù)后面癱嚴(yán)重影響患者生活質(zhì)量,尤其是在大型聽神經(jīng)瘤術(shù)后[2]。因此功能保留逐漸成為治療的首要目標(biāo),在聽神經(jīng)瘤中,正常的面神經(jīng)因腫瘤的擠壓、推擠后形態(tài)及位置發(fā)生改變,早期手術(shù)面神經(jīng)的辨認(rèn)和保護(hù)主要靠術(shù)中的解剖標(biāo)志、術(shù)者的經(jīng)驗(yàn)等,準(zhǔn)確率不佳,本研究擬采用全程監(jiān)測,即術(shù)前面神經(jīng)磁共振(MRI)彌散張量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)技術(shù),明確面神經(jīng)與腫瘤相對位置關(guān)系,并在術(shù)中電生理監(jiān)測確定并加以驗(yàn)證,探討該方法對面神經(jīng)術(shù)中定位和功能保護(hù)的意義。

1 資料與方法

1.1 臨床資料 選取2016年1月—2017年1月南昌大學(xué)附屬贛州醫(yī)院收治的聽神經(jīng)瘤患者11例,其中男4例,女7例;年齡38~68歲,平均年齡(44.5±8.4)歲;病程2個(gè)月~20年;均聽力下降,聽力喪失2例;2例術(shù)前輕微面癱;腫瘤直徑2.1~4.5 cm。

1.2 手術(shù)方法 術(shù)前行顱腦MRI平掃及增強(qiáng)掃描,運(yùn)用DTI技術(shù)進(jìn)行面神經(jīng)成像檢查。采用西門子3.0T磁共振機(jī)采集信號,參數(shù)為:脈沖序列重復(fù)時(shí)間(TR)=4 600 ms,回波時(shí)間(TE)=95 ms,矩陣=128×128,掃描視野(FOV)=230 mm×230 mm,層距=1 mm,層厚早期為4.0 mm,后期改為1.5 mm,層數(shù)早期為33層,后期改為48層,F(xiàn)A值0.1~0.5,將參數(shù)導(dǎo)入西門子 3.0T磁共振機(jī)自帶的DTI軟件,然后進(jìn)行面神經(jīng)追蹤,以內(nèi)耳門為起始點(diǎn),選擇走行于內(nèi)耳門和腦池中的纖維束,靠近腦干端需排除腦干內(nèi)的纖維束,尤其是腦橋的纖維束?;颊卟捎帽捶?吸入麻醉,肌松藥物從開始切開硬膜即停止用藥,采用乙狀竇后入路。選擇乳突后直切口,長約6 cm,骨窗大小2 cm×3 cm。暴露橫竇與乙狀竇交匯及乙狀竇后緣。以乙狀竇為中心弧形切開硬腦膜后,釋放腦橋小腦池或延髓小腦池內(nèi)腦脊液,使腦組織充分塌陷。沿小腦半球外側(cè)達(dá)小腦腦橋角區(qū),暴露腫瘤后,電生理監(jiān)測主動(dòng)電刺激(0.1 mA)腫瘤背側(cè),查看腫瘤背側(cè)是否存在面神經(jīng),無面神經(jīng)則切開背側(cè)行囊內(nèi)減壓,視具體磨鉆磨除內(nèi)聽道后壁,手術(shù)過程中密切觀察動(dòng)態(tài)肌電圖,口、眼輪匝肌出現(xiàn)電活動(dòng)時(shí)及時(shí)反饋給手術(shù)醫(yī)師,注意保護(hù)面神經(jīng),直至肌電圖正常。無法辨別組織是否為面神經(jīng)時(shí),需以電刺激確認(rèn),小電流0.1 mA開始,并逐漸增大至0.5 mA,依據(jù)面肌肌電圖勾畫出面神經(jīng)的走行方向,然后與術(shù)前DTI對比,腫瘤切除在橋小腦角池、橋前池等蛛網(wǎng)膜界面內(nèi)進(jìn)行。

1.3 監(jiān)測方法 使用美國尼高力(Nicolet Endeavor CR16)通道監(jiān)護(hù)儀,監(jiān)測患者的面神經(jīng)自由肌電和間斷刺激器電流誘發(fā)電位。記錄電極(針型電極)分別刺入雙側(cè)眼輪匝肌和口輪匝肌,以貼膜固定電生理監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)。手術(shù)過程中對疑為神經(jīng)的組織以刺激探頭刺激,刺激量0.1~0.5 mA,結(jié)合監(jiān)測術(shù)中持續(xù)自發(fā)面神經(jīng)自由肌電圖,準(zhǔn)確向術(shù)者反饋各神經(jīng)信息。肌電圖的分析時(shí)間100 ms,靈敏度35 μV,濾波20~1 500 Hz。

1.4 術(shù)后評估 (1)術(shù)后第1天復(fù)查MRI平掃及增強(qiáng),了解腫瘤的切除程度。(2)面神經(jīng)功能評定:對患者均進(jìn)行術(shù)后6~12個(gè)月復(fù)診時(shí)再次面神經(jīng)功能評定,按照House-Brackmann(H-B)面神經(jīng)功能分級系統(tǒng)[3]確定面神經(jīng)功能。(H-B)標(biāo)準(zhǔn):Ⅰ級為功能正常;Ⅱ級為輕度功能障礙;Ⅲ級為中度功能障礙;Ⅳ級為重度功能障礙;Ⅴ級為嚴(yán)重功能障礙;Ⅵ級為完全麻。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 DTI結(jié)果 11例聽神經(jīng)瘤面神經(jīng)可通過DTI技術(shù)顯示,面神經(jīng)均位于腫瘤腹側(cè)(見圖1),7例位于腫瘤中部1/3,2例位于腫瘤下部1/3,2例位于腫瘤上部1/3,術(shù)前定位結(jié)果與術(shù)中所見吻合率為100%。

2.2 術(shù)后情況 術(shù)后復(fù)查MRI平掃及增強(qiáng)示10例腫瘤全部切除,1例內(nèi)聽道部分腫瘤殘余(見圖2)。術(shù)中面神經(jīng)動(dòng)態(tài)肌電圖監(jiān)測可提示及定位面神經(jīng),主動(dòng)刺激肌電圖監(jiān)測有助于確認(rèn)可疑組織是否為面神經(jīng)、證實(shí)面神經(jīng)完整性(見圖3)。11例面神經(jīng)均解剖保留,保留率為100%。術(shù)后隨訪1~12個(gè)月,面神經(jīng)功能H-B Ⅰ級4例,Ⅱ級6例,Ⅲ級1例。術(shù)后復(fù)查MRI未見腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)。

注:A為橫斷位,B為冠狀位,白色箭頭指示面神經(jīng)位置
圖1 術(shù)前聽神經(jīng)瘤面神經(jīng)DTI
Figure1 Ubiety between the facial nerve and acoustic neuroma detected by DTI preoperatively

注:A為左側(cè)聽神經(jīng)瘤MRI增強(qiáng),B為術(shù)后內(nèi)聽道部分殘留
圖2 術(shù)后左側(cè)聽神經(jīng)瘤MRI
Figure2 Results of left acoustic neuroma surgery detected by MRI postoperatively

注:A為面神經(jīng)位于腫瘤中部1/3,B為術(shù)中面神經(jīng)電刺激肌電圖
圖3 術(shù)中面神經(jīng)位置及面神經(jīng)電刺激肌電圖
Figure3 Position of the facial nerve found during the surgery and manifestations of intraoperative electrical stimulation-evoked facial nerve EMG

3 討論

根據(jù)《聽神經(jīng)瘤多學(xué)科協(xié)作診療中國專家共識》[4]的建議,除完全位于內(nèi)聽道內(nèi)的小腫瘤可考慮觀察、隨訪外,突入橋小腦角區(qū)的腫瘤,除無法耐受手術(shù)建議立體定向放射外科治療,余建議行手術(shù)切除治療。隨著顯微外科技術(shù)進(jìn)步及精準(zhǔn)醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展,聽神經(jīng)瘤手術(shù)腫瘤切除死亡率已不足0.5%[1],但術(shù)后面癱成為影響患者生活質(zhì)量的最重要因素。在聽神經(jīng)瘤中,正常的面神經(jīng)因腫瘤的擠壓、推擠后形態(tài)及位置發(fā)生改變,早期手術(shù)面神經(jīng)的辨認(rèn)和保護(hù)主要靠術(shù)中的解剖標(biāo)志、術(shù)者的經(jīng)驗(yàn)等,準(zhǔn)確率不佳,雖然目前引入神經(jīng)電生理監(jiān)測,但術(shù)中監(jiān)測過程的手術(shù)操作騷擾、牽拉、擠壓面神經(jīng)仍不能避免的存在,甚至監(jiān)測過程中可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生了不可逆性面神經(jīng)損傷,TUREL等[5]報(bào)道部分手術(shù)全程均未能監(jiān)測到面神經(jīng),但術(shù)后患者面神經(jīng)仍具有一定功能,而術(shù)中可記錄到良好的面神經(jīng)肌電圖像,術(shù)后其面癱卻較重,因此術(shù)中監(jiān)測雖可提示面神經(jīng),也許在操作及分離切除腫瘤過程中面神經(jīng)受到損傷。因此術(shù)前初步判斷面神經(jīng)的位置、面神經(jīng)與腫瘤的關(guān)系,然后術(shù)中對于靠近面神經(jīng)時(shí)提醒術(shù)者對腫瘤操作輕柔、謹(jǐn)慎,減少面神經(jīng)的損傷。

DTI技術(shù)始于20世紀(jì)90年代,最近在纖維束示蹤方面的研究逐漸增多。2007年KABASAWA等[6]已經(jīng)對健康人的三叉神經(jīng)、面神經(jīng)等顱底神經(jīng)的DTI有相關(guān)報(bào)道,受制于當(dāng)時(shí)的軟硬件水平,對腦神經(jīng)暴露尚不滿意,而隨著MRI設(shè)備的不斷進(jìn)步和相關(guān)序列的開發(fā)和完善,宋飛等[7]對聽神經(jīng)瘤中面神經(jīng)DTI顯影進(jìn)行研究表明,結(jié)果是可行的。GERGANOV等[8]對22例聽神經(jīng)瘤采用DTI技術(shù)進(jìn)行術(shù)前面神經(jīng)顯影,20例術(shù)中面神經(jīng)位置與術(shù)前DTI吻合。WEI等[9]于DTI定位面神經(jīng)的同時(shí),在部分具有聽力患者的瘤體周圍發(fā)現(xiàn)一些其他神經(jīng)纖維束,當(dāng)時(shí)考慮為耳蝸神經(jīng)可能。國內(nèi)聽神經(jīng)瘤中術(shù)前DTI對面神經(jīng)的顯示率約為78.3%,術(shù)中對囊性聽神經(jīng)瘤面神經(jīng)顯示率低[10]。上述文獻(xiàn)的術(shù)前面神經(jīng)定位與術(shù)中吻合率約為90%,但本組病例中,根據(jù)術(shù)中電生理監(jiān)測及切除腫瘤后面神經(jīng)的位置與術(shù)前DTI定位全部吻合,且全部面神經(jīng)解剖保留,術(shù)后隨訪面神經(jīng)功能(Ⅰ+Ⅱ級功能保留率達(dá)10/11)明顯高于既往文獻(xiàn)。考慮本組11例腫瘤,>4.5 cm的巨型腫瘤僅有1例,其余以中型腫瘤,2~3 cm為主,故術(shù)前DTI對面神經(jīng)顯示良好,術(shù)前了解面神經(jīng)與腫瘤的關(guān)系,術(shù)中切除腫瘤過程中更有的放矢,接近面神經(jīng)時(shí)腫瘤切除無論顯微操作的輕柔度與雙極電凝的功率及使用頻率術(shù)者均異常謹(jǐn)慎。而且術(shù)中電生理監(jiān)測,驗(yàn)證術(shù)前的面神經(jīng)與腫瘤的關(guān)系定位。

目前術(shù)中面神經(jīng)監(jiān)測已成為聽神經(jīng)瘤手術(shù)的常規(guī)技術(shù)。監(jiān)測有:牽拉或操作誘發(fā)的自由肌電圖及探針間斷小電流刺激面神經(jīng)可疑區(qū)產(chǎn)生的刺激肌電圖。記錄面肌的復(fù)合動(dòng)作電位,然后通過計(jì)算機(jī)輔助,根據(jù)曲線判斷面神經(jīng)的位置及功能。動(dòng)態(tài)持續(xù)監(jiān)測神經(jīng)肌電活動(dòng),及時(shí)反饋術(shù)中的危險(xiǎn)操作。在牽拉或擠壓面神經(jīng)時(shí)可誘發(fā)出小的間斷的自發(fā)性面肌電圖,監(jiān)護(hù)儀發(fā)出警報(bào),提醒術(shù)者。雖然面神經(jīng)位于腫瘤背側(cè)的比例<1%[11],但仍然需在切開腫瘤前先用面神經(jīng)監(jiān)測儀探測,確認(rèn)無面神經(jīng)后再切開腫瘤背側(cè)的包膜進(jìn)行腫瘤內(nèi)減壓,通常采用超聲吸引(CUSA)吸除腫瘤減壓,這樣可減少腫瘤的牽拉引起面神經(jīng)的損傷。待腫瘤體積縮小后,橋小腦角池空間增大后通過磨開內(nèi)聽道內(nèi)尋找面神經(jīng)或于腦干端尋找面神經(jīng),或二者相結(jié)合的方式。當(dāng)分離瘤壁牽拉面神經(jīng)時(shí),連續(xù)監(jiān)測可誘發(fā)出肌電圖,表現(xiàn)為連續(xù)收縮的波形,結(jié)合小電流(通常0.1 mA)電刺激可對面神經(jīng)的走行進(jìn)行定位。在操作時(shí)牽拉腫瘤或可疑的神經(jīng)組織時(shí)需停止操作,尤其需等面神經(jīng)警報(bào)消失后,才能進(jìn)行下一步操作。術(shù)中監(jiān)測的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)在切除內(nèi)聽道內(nèi)或近腦干端腫瘤時(shí)。當(dāng)面神經(jīng)與腫瘤包膜在顯微鏡下難以分辨時(shí),面神經(jīng)刺激肌電圖監(jiān)測是尋找和確認(rèn)面神經(jīng)的唯一手段。腫瘤切除完畢,刺激肌電圖還可以證實(shí)面神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能完整與否,同時(shí)結(jié)合術(shù)前DTI面神經(jīng)與腫瘤的關(guān)系,進(jìn)行主動(dòng)電刺激,驗(yàn)證及判斷面神經(jīng)的位置,更好地保護(hù)面神經(jīng)的功能。

通過面神經(jīng)DTI技術(shù),術(shù)前初步確定面神經(jīng)的走形、相對位置及與腫瘤的關(guān)系,有助于術(shù)中對重點(diǎn)區(qū)域更加謹(jǐn)慎的操作,在相關(guān)區(qū)域增加電生理監(jiān)測,尤其是主動(dòng)電刺激驗(yàn)證及判斷面神經(jīng)的位置。當(dāng)然在特定的環(huán)境下電生理監(jiān)測可能存在不準(zhǔn)確,此時(shí)面神經(jīng)DTI技術(shù)提供面神經(jīng)的走形及位置對手術(shù)指導(dǎo)意義更大,因此,術(shù)前面神經(jīng)DTI定位、術(shù)中電生理監(jiān)測技術(shù)的聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,即全程的面神經(jīng)監(jiān)測,可相互驗(yàn)證,提高面神經(jīng)解剖及功能保留率。

本研究意義:

目前術(shù)后面癱仍然是聽神經(jīng)瘤外科手術(shù)的難點(diǎn)與困惑,在聽神經(jīng)瘤中,正常的面神經(jīng)因腫瘤的擠壓、推擠導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)位置的改變,既往主要靠術(shù)中的解剖、術(shù)者的經(jīng)驗(yàn)等進(jìn)行辨認(rèn)和保護(hù),主觀性強(qiáng)。本研究通過面神經(jīng)磁共振彌散張量成像(DTI)在術(shù)前初步確定面神經(jīng)的走形、相對位置及與腫瘤的關(guān)系,術(shù)中通過電生理監(jiān)測驗(yàn)證及判斷面神經(jīng)的位置,相輔相成,保護(hù)面神經(jīng)。但本研究病例數(shù)少,且為單一回顧性總結(jié)研究,未進(jìn)行對照研究,因此后期仍需隨機(jī)對照研究。

作者貢獻(xiàn):宋海民進(jìn)行文章的構(gòu)思與設(shè)計(jì)、研究的實(shí)施與可行性分析、數(shù)據(jù)整理、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理、撰寫論文、論文的修訂;宋海民、吳至武、馮開明、羅德芳進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)收集;宋海民、蔣秋華進(jìn)行結(jié)果的分析與解釋、負(fù)責(zé)文章的質(zhì)量控制及審校、對文章整體負(fù)責(zé),監(jiān)督管理。

本文無利益沖突。

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[11]SAMPATH P,RINI D,LONG D M.Microanatomical variations in the cerebellopontine angle associated with vestibular schwannomas(acoustic neuromas):a retrospective study of 1006 consecutive cases[J].J Neurosurg,2000,92(1):70-78.DOI:10.3171/jns.2000.92.1.0070.

FacialNerveMonitoringfortheProtectionofFacialNerveduringtheAcousticNeuromaSurgery

SONGHai-min,WUZhi-wu,FENGKai-ming,LUODe-fang,JIANGQiu-hua*

DepartmentofNeurosurgery,GanzhouHospitalAffiliatedtoNanchangUniversity,GanzhouPeople′sHospital,Ganzhou314000,China

*Correspondingauthor:JIANGQiu-hua,Chiefphysician,Mastersupervisor;E-mail:276309587@qq.com

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of facial nerve monitoring by preoperative facial nerve imaging(FNI) via diffusion tensor imaging(DTI),combined with intraoperative electrophysiologic facial nerve monitoring for the protection of facial nerve during the acoustic neuroma surgery.MethodsThe enrolled participants were 11 consecutive cases of acoustic neuroma who

treatment in Ganzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University from January 2016 to January 2017.All of them underwent DTI for examining the ubiety between the facial nerve and acoustic neuroma preoperatively,and facial nerve dynamic electromyography(ECG) and electrical stimulation-evoked facial nerve EMG intraoperatively.The position of the facial nerve detected by DTI was tested during the surgery.And the function of the facial nerve was assessed postoperatively.ResultsBy using DTI,it was found that,the facial nerve of all the cases was at the ventral side of the acoustic neuroma,specifically,it was at the middle part of the acoustic neuroma in 7 cases,at the lower part in 2 cases and at the upper part in 2 cases,all these were the same as those found in the surgery.Ten cases achieved total resection,but 1 case had internal auditory canal tumor residues.Intraoperative facial nerve dynamic EMG monitoring indicated the facial nerve and it′s position.The facial nerve of all the patients were anatomically preserved in the surgery with a preservation rate of 100%.The results of 1-12-month follow-up showed that,there were 4 cases of House-Brackmann grade Ⅰ,6 cases of grade Ⅱ and 1 case of grade Ⅲ.ConclusionPreoperative FNI via DTI combined with intraoperative electrophysiologic facial nerve monitoring are helpful to locate and protect the facial nerve during surgery,and improve the anatomical and functional preservation rates of the facial nerve in acoustic neuroma surgery.

Neuroma,acoustic;Facial nerve;Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging;Electrophysiologic monitoring

R 739.43

A

10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2017.07.y21

2017-05-04;

2017-06-15)

(本文編輯:賈萌萌)

江西省科技廳重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(20161BBG70025)

314000江西省贛州市,南昌大學(xué)附屬贛州醫(yī)院 贛州市人民醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科

*通信作者:蔣秋華,主任醫(yī)師,碩士生導(dǎo)師;E-mail:276309587@qq.com

宋海民,吳至武,馮開明,等.全程面神經(jīng)監(jiān)測在聽神經(jīng)瘤術(shù)中面神經(jīng)保護(hù)的應(yīng)用研究[J].中國全科醫(yī)學(xué),2017,20(29):3699-3702.[www.chinagp.net]

SONG H M,WU Z W,FENG K M,et al.Facial nerve monitoring for the protection of facial nerve during the acoustic neuroma surgery[J].Chinese Genera Practice,2017,20(29):3699-3702.

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