李 佳 威力江·賽買提 帕洛克·迪力木拉提 迪亞爾·地里木拉提阿衣丁·西熱亞孜旦 王玉杰
鈥激光技術(shù)治療后尿道瓣膜疾病的療效觀察
李 佳 威力江·賽買提 帕洛克·迪力木拉提 迪亞爾·地里木拉提阿衣丁·西熱亞孜旦 王玉杰
目的探討鈥激光治療后尿道瓣膜疾病的療效,總結(jié)臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn),推廣鈥激光在后尿道瓣膜疾病中的應(yīng)用。 方法 29例后尿道瓣膜癥患者,均為男性,行膀胱尿道造影、靜脈尿路造影、經(jīng)尿道輸尿管鏡檢查診斷。均采用全麻,取膀胱截石位,運(yùn)用鈥激光電視監(jiān)視下將后尿道瓣膜逐個(gè)點(diǎn)燒灼切除,再次檢查后尿道,后尿道通暢,撤鏡。擠壓恥骨上膀胱體表處,見沖水樣尿液從尿道流出,尿線較前明顯增粗。術(shù)后給予抗炎、補(bǔ)液及對癥處理。留置導(dǎo)尿管2 d~1周不等,并留置膀胱造瘺管。 結(jié)果
行鈥激光后尿道瓣膜切除術(shù),術(shù)中診斷后尿道瓣膜類型均為I型,手術(shù)幾乎無出血,手術(shù)時(shí)間短,操作方便。術(shù)后隨訪3個(gè)月至2年,24例行經(jīng)尿道膀胱輸尿管鏡鈥激光手術(shù)治療1次后,排尿費(fèi)力癥狀緩解,延緩上尿路擴(kuò)張損害。表現(xiàn)為:雙腎積水改善,B超隨訪雙腎及輸尿管擴(kuò)張情況均不同程度好轉(zhuǎn),殘余尿均較小,術(shù)后半年隨訪尿流率,最大尿流率、平均尿流率均明顯高于術(shù)前,排尿時(shí)間較術(shù)前明顯縮短。5例癥狀無改善,行二次鈥激光后尿道瓣膜切除術(shù),術(shù)后尿流率在7~18 mL/s范圍。本組病例術(shù)后尿動(dòng)力學(xué)檢查結(jié)果示:29例中,16例(占94.1%)存在不同程度膀胱功能損害,尿動(dòng)力學(xué)檢查表現(xiàn)為順應(yīng)性降低,逼尿肌不穩(wěn)定(占37.9%),10例(占34.5%)殘余尿增多。 結(jié)論 經(jīng)尿道鈥激光治療后尿道瓣膜是一種安全、微創(chuàng)、有效治療后尿道瓣膜的手段,值得推廣。
尿道梗阻;激光手術(shù);麻醉;治療結(jié)果
后尿道瓣膜癥是男童先天性下尿路梗阻的最常見病因,也是兒童終末期腎病的常見原因,早期發(fā)現(xiàn)并切除瓣膜可顯著提高患兒生存率,也可以避免日后上尿路的手術(shù)修復(fù)。經(jīng)尿道鈥激光治療尿道瓣膜是該病的主要治療方法。本院2006年12月至2014年6月收治新生兒后尿道瓣膜患兒共29例,采用經(jīng)尿道鈥激光治療并隨訪觀察治療效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
一、一般資料
本研究29例后尿道瓣膜癥患者,均為男性,平均年齡為4.7歲,其共同臨床表現(xiàn)為排尿費(fèi)力、尿不成線、尿滴瀝等,手術(shù)前尿流率在1~9 mL/s范圍。其中5例上尿路擴(kuò)張積水,無膀胱輸尿管反流,靜脈尿路造影未見明顯上尿路梗阻情況;10例單側(cè)膀胱輸尿管反流I-IV級;11例雙側(cè)膀胱輸尿管反流IV-V級別;3例無上尿路積水,膀胱未見明顯受損,無小梁小室形成。尿道瓣膜癥診斷方法:行膀胱尿道造影、靜脈尿路造影、經(jīng)尿道輸尿管鏡檢查、尿動(dòng)力學(xué)檢測。
二、治療方法
所有患兒入院后均留置導(dǎo)尿管,同時(shí)給予抗感染和支持治療。患兒腎功能好轉(zhuǎn),水電解質(zhì)失衡糾正后進(jìn)行手術(shù)治療。術(shù)前平均住院時(shí)間9 d。造影檢查仍不能明確診斷的患兒,尿道鏡檢查和手術(shù)同步進(jìn)行。均采用全麻,取膀胱截石位。用手術(shù)采12F或8F小兒腎鏡。經(jīng)尿道口置入尿道。尿道內(nèi)注入適量丁卡因膠漿。明確診斷并了解膀胱和輸尿管開口情況。如診斷明確,確定瓣膜位置,厚度及與精阜關(guān)系。鈥激光輸出功率為10~15 W,能量1J,頻率10~15 Hz,貼進(jìn)瓣膜,電視監(jiān)視下將后尿道瓣膜12點(diǎn),對10點(diǎn),2點(diǎn),7點(diǎn),5點(diǎn),逐個(gè)點(diǎn)燒灼切除,最后是4點(diǎn)部位的殘余瓣膜組織處理,所以殘余的游離漂浮瓣膜組織無需處理,再次檢查后尿道,后尿道通暢,撤鏡。膀胱內(nèi)注入0.9%氯化鈉溶液適量,擠壓恥骨上膀胱體表處,見沖水樣尿液從尿道流出,尿線較前明顯增粗。留置導(dǎo)尿管。術(shù)后給予抗炎、補(bǔ)液及對癥處理。留置導(dǎo)尿管2 d至1周不等,并留置膀胱造瘺管。新生兒后尿道瓣膜往往較厚,腎鏡進(jìn)鏡時(shí)阻力較大,即選擇退鏡至瓣膜遠(yuǎn)端,用鈥激光將精卓及尿道12點(diǎn)處瓣膜切平,手術(shù)結(jié)束后按壓膀胱,可見尿液流出通暢。
三、隨訪時(shí)間及內(nèi)容
本研究所有患兒通過門診隨訪,隨訪時(shí)間為3個(gè)月至2年。隨訪復(fù)查排泄期造影、泌尿系B超、尿動(dòng)力學(xué)檢測。
四、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
行鈥激光后尿道瓣膜切除術(shù),術(shù)中診斷后尿道瓣膜類型均為I型,手術(shù)幾乎無出血,手術(shù)時(shí)間短,操作方便。術(shù)畢留置導(dǎo)尿,膀胱造瘺。3周后間斷夾畢膀胱造瘺管,排尿通暢后,拔除膀胱造瘺管。隨訪3個(gè)月至2年,24例行經(jīng)尿道膀胱輸尿管鏡鈥激光手術(shù)治療1次后,排尿費(fèi)力癥狀緩解,延緩上尿路擴(kuò)張損害。表現(xiàn)為:雙腎積水改善,B超隨訪雙腎及輸尿管擴(kuò)張情況均不同程度好轉(zhuǎn),殘余尿均較小,術(shù)后半年隨訪尿流率,最大尿流率、平均尿流率均明顯高于術(shù)前,排尿時(shí)間較術(shù)前明顯縮短,見表1,差異經(jīng)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析有意義(P<0.05),5例癥狀無改善,行二次鈥激光后尿道瓣膜切除術(shù),術(shù)后尿流率在7~18 mL/s范圍。本組術(shù)后尿動(dòng)力學(xué)檢查結(jié)果示:29例中,16例(占94.1%)存在不同程度膀胱功能損害,尿動(dòng)力學(xué)檢查表現(xiàn)為順應(yīng)性降低,逼尿肌不穩(wěn)定(占37.9%),10例(占34.5%)殘余尿增多。
表1 治療前后尿流率檢測結(jié)果比較(±s)Table 1 Comparison of urinary flow rate in patients before and after operation(±s)
表1 治療前后尿流率檢測結(jié)果比較(±s)Table 1 Comparison of urinary flow rate in patients before and after operation(±s)
分組 最大尿流率 平均尿流率 排尿時(shí)間術(shù)前(n=2 9) 7.4 ± 1.8 3.4 ± 1.0 1 5.4 ± 3.3術(shù)后(n=2 7) 1 3.0 ± 2.5 5.8 ± 1.9 9.1 ± 1.6 t值 5 0.8 3 9.1 4 0.5 P值 P<0.0 5 P<0.0 5 P<0.0 5
表2 術(shù)后尿動(dòng)力學(xué)檢查結(jié)果Table 2 Postoperative results of urodynamic examinations
后尿道瓣膜可導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重下尿路梗阻和繼發(fā)性上尿路功能損害,未能及時(shí)治療患兒在青春期前就會(huì)出現(xiàn)不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的腎功能衰竭。隨著國內(nèi)超聲技術(shù)的發(fā)展,約65%的后尿道梗阻可以通過產(chǎn)前超聲檢查發(fā)現(xiàn),而且這一比例還在上升[1-2,12]。
后尿道瓣膜癥患兒的臨床表現(xiàn)與年齡和梗阻程度相關(guān)。新生兒患者的典型表現(xiàn)為雙腎積水,膀胱擴(kuò)張,后尿道擴(kuò)張和膀胱壁增厚。患兒生后即出現(xiàn)排尿費(fèi)力,尿滴瀝和急性尿潴留。由于腎積水和膀胱輸尿管反流導(dǎo)致的泌尿系感染和水電解質(zhì)紊亂也較常見,排泄性膀胱尿道造影可以診斷,對于有明顯下尿路梗阻癥狀以及產(chǎn)前檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)雙腎積水和輸尿管擴(kuò)張患兒均應(yīng)施行。典型病例可發(fā)現(xiàn)后尿道擴(kuò)張延長,造影劑中斷或突然變細(xì)。由于新生兒不合作,針對部分VCUG仍不能明確診斷的患兒,應(yīng)進(jìn)一步行尿道鏡檢查[3-6]。
本組29例全部為YoungⅠ型。它占引起梗阻瓣膜的95%。是一對瓣膜象大三角帆樣,起自精阜,遠(yuǎn)端走向前外側(cè)瓣膜部尿道的近側(cè)緣,雙側(cè)在中線匯合,僅留一孔隙,可逆行插入導(dǎo)尿管,但排尿時(shí),瓣膜膨大突人膜部尿道,甚至可達(dá)球部尿道,導(dǎo)致梗阻。瓣膜組織結(jié)構(gòu)為單一膜性組織。諸多研究者認(rèn)為其屬中腎管發(fā)育不正常,進(jìn)入泄殖腔比正常位置靠前形成了后尿道瓣膜Ⅰ型。
術(shù)后尿動(dòng)力結(jié)果提示,后尿道瓣膜患兒解除梗阻后膀胱功能損害仍然存在,尿動(dòng)力學(xué)改變主要為順應(yīng)性、最大逼尿肌收縮壓降低,逼尿肌不穩(wěn)定發(fā)生率、殘余尿量升高,需術(shù)后密切隨訪[7-10]。
激光的運(yùn)用在小兒尿道疾病有明顯的優(yōu)勢,鈥激光是一種高能固體激光,近年來在腔內(nèi)泌尿外科領(lǐng)域有了廣泛的使用,鈥激光切后尿道瓣膜有出血少,損傷臨近組織少,具有精確切割、凝固止血、汽化組織的優(yōu)勢,國內(nèi)外有個(gè)例報(bào)道鈥激光治療輸尿管、尿道狹窄、瓣膜的案例,手術(shù)效果良好[13-16]。目前小兒后尿道瓣膜的最廣泛的治療是運(yùn)用小兒電切鏡電切治療,治療方法包括尿道擴(kuò)張、經(jīng)會(huì)陰瓣膜切除、冷刀內(nèi)切開術(shù)及電切術(shù)等。尿道擴(kuò)張僅適用于Ⅲ型,效果不佳,且極易復(fù)發(fā);經(jīng)會(huì)陰瓣膜切除術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大,并發(fā)癥較多;冷刀內(nèi)切開術(shù)相對安全,但不具備止血功能,切開瓣膜組織時(shí)出血對術(shù)野影響較大,操作存在一定的盲目性,易傷及海綿體,且無法切除瓣膜,復(fù)發(fā)率高;電切術(shù)可徹底切除瓣膜組織,是目前治療該病的首選術(shù)式,但熱損傷較大,易導(dǎo)致新的瘢痕形成,且患兒尿道內(nèi)徑小,兒童電切鏡尚不普及,成人電切鏡外鞘較粗(常用20 F以上),強(qiáng)行進(jìn)入可能引起尿道黏膜損傷,造成遠(yuǎn)期全段尿道狹窄[11-14]。但因基層地區(qū)小兒電切鏡較少,臨床實(shí)現(xiàn)較為困難,鈥激光相比電切鏡治療后尿道瓣膜優(yōu)勢是出血少視野清晰,操作方便,臨床方便,鈥激光較電切鏡有較高尿道熱損傷導(dǎo)致的尿道狹窄,因此術(shù)中需避免盲目暴力操作,建議視野清晰操作,本研究運(yùn)用鈥激光治療小兒后尿道瓣膜治療效果理想,并為增加術(shù)后尿道狹窄,尿失禁等并發(fā)癥,可臨床給予推廣,為基層治療小兒后尿道瓣膜給予更多方向。
經(jīng)尿道鈥激光治療后尿道瓣膜是一種安全、微創(chuàng)、有效治療后尿道瓣膜的手段,值得推廣?;純耗I功能均可恢復(fù)到正常水平,但在部分患者腎積水和膀胱輸尿管反流持續(xù)存在,治療后膀胱功能損害仍然存在,需要密切隨訪和腎功能檢查。
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Holm ium laser treatment of posterior urethral valve disease.
.Li Jia,Wilijia Caimaiti,Paruh Dilmurat,Diar Dilmurat,Aidin Xieryazidan,Wang Yujie.Department of Pediatric Surgery,F(xiàn)irst Affiliated Hospital,Xinjiang Medical University,Wulumuqi830054,China Corresponding author:Wang Yujie,Email:493879845@qq.com
ObjectiveTo explore the efficacy of holmium laser for posterior urethral valve disease. M ethods A total of 29 cases of posterior urethral valve disease were diagnosed by cystoscopy,intravenous urography and transurethral ureteroscopy.After general anesthesia,a position of lithotomy was adopted.Transurethral insertion of a 12F or 8F pediatric kidney endoscope was attempted.If the diagnosiswas definite,valve position,thickness and its relationship with caruncle was determined.Holmium laser was employed formonitoring posterior urethral valve.Posterior urethra was unobstructed and removed.After squeezing the surface of suprapubic bladder,water sample was visible,urine oozed out of urethra and urinary line became thicker than before.Indwelling catheter,anti-inflammation,fluid replacement and symptomatic treatment were performed postoperatively.The duration of indwelling catheter was 2 days to 1 week.Bladder fistula was reserved. Results After transurethral resection,the type of posterior urethral valve was Young I.Operation had minimal bleeding and a short operative duration.At week 3 after indwelling catheterization,urinary bladder fistula was removed.During the follow-up period of 3~24 months,24 patients underwent transurethral ureteroscopic holmium laser surgery once and their symptoms of micturition became alleviated and dilatation of upper urinary tractwas delayed.There was improvement of hydronephrosis.Ultrasonic follow-ups of double kidney and urethral dilatation improved to differentextents and residual urinewas lower after6months.Urine flow rate,maximal flow rate and average urinary flow rate were significantly higher than preoperative values and voiding time significantly shortened.No symptomatic improvement was found in 5 cases.Urethral resection was performedafter two sessions of holmium laser.The postoperative urinary flow ratewas7~18mL/s.The results of postoperative urodynamic examination indicated that16/29 cases(94.1%)had varying degrees of bladder dysfunction and lowered compliance of detrusor instability(37.9%).And 10 cases(34.5%)had increased residual urine.Conclusion Transurethral Holmium laser treatment is safe,mini-invasive and effective for posterior urethral valve disease.And its wider popularization is recommended.
Urethral Obstruction;Laser Surgery;Anesthesia;Treatment Outcome
2017—01—17)
(本文編輯:王愛蓮 仇 君)
10. 3969/j.issn.1671—6353.2017.04.020.
10.3969/j.issn.1671—6353.2017.04.020
新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院小兒外科二病區(qū) (新疆烏魯木齊市,830054)
王玉杰,Email:493879845@qq.com
本文引用格式:李佳,威力江·賽買提,帕洛克·迪力木拉提,等.鈥激光治療后尿道瓣膜疾病的療效評價(jià)[J].臨床小兒外科雜志,2017,16(4):399—402.
Citing this article as:Li Jia,Wilijia Caimaiti,Paruh Dilmurat,Diar Dilmurat,etal.Holmium laser treatment of posterior urethral valve disease[J].J Clin Ped Sur,2017,16(4):399—402.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1671—6353.2017.04. 020.