李坊銘,陳嘉榮,余增榮,陳國(guó)健,林劍毅,王羽,程霞
(江門(mén)市中心醫(yī)院腫瘤科,廣東江門(mén)529030)
N0期鼻咽癌調(diào)強(qiáng)放療上頸部亞臨床靶區(qū)優(yōu)化后對(duì)腮腺功能保護(hù)的劑量學(xué)分析
李坊銘,陳嘉榮,余增榮,陳國(guó)健,林劍毅,王羽,程霞
(江門(mén)市中心醫(yī)院腫瘤科,廣東江門(mén)529030)
目的初步探討N0期鼻咽癌調(diào)強(qiáng)放療(IMRT)技術(shù)行上頸部臨床靶區(qū)(CTV2)優(yōu)化后對(duì)腮腺功能保護(hù)的劑量學(xué)分布,為臨床實(shí)踐提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。方法2016年3~10月,收集江門(mén)市中心醫(yī)院T1~4N0M0鼻咽癌患者10例,按鼻咽癌靶區(qū)和危及器官勾畫(huà)原則進(jìn)行靶區(qū)和危及器官的勾畫(huà),每例患者均進(jìn)行常規(guī)上頸部(Ⅱ區(qū))亞臨床靶區(qū)勾畫(huà)(C-CTV2)和優(yōu)化后的上頸部(Ⅱ區(qū))亞臨床靶區(qū)勾畫(huà)(O-CTV2)。對(duì)勾畫(huà)腮腺做以下定義:分別勾畫(huà)左右全腮腺,并以第一頸椎側(cè)塊下緣為界,勾畫(huà)左上半腮腺(Lup-Pa)、右上半腮腺(Rup-Pa)和左下半腮腺(Lin-Pa)、右下半腮腺(Rin-Pa),每例患者均按常規(guī)上頸部臨床靶區(qū)勾畫(huà)和優(yōu)化的上頸部臨床靶區(qū)勾畫(huà)設(shè)計(jì)2套調(diào)強(qiáng)計(jì)劃,即常規(guī)調(diào)強(qiáng)計(jì)劃(C-IMRT)和優(yōu)化調(diào)強(qiáng)計(jì)劃(O-IMRT),共20個(gè)調(diào)強(qiáng)放療計(jì)劃,比較各靶區(qū)及腮腺的各部分在兩組調(diào)強(qiáng)計(jì)劃中的劑量學(xué)分布差異。結(jié)果O-IMRT組中左、右全腮腺的Dmean、D20、V33、V40分別為(26.62±0.36)Gy和(26.49±0.39)Gy、(30.99±1.75)Gy、(30.69±1.32)Gy和(13.61±3.42)%、(13.52±3.46)%、(7.86±2.95)%、(7.80±2.66)%,明顯低于C-IMRT組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);同樣,O-IMRT組的左、右下半部分腮腺Dmean、D20、V33、V40分別為(31.95±3.59)Gy、(31.48±3.63)Gy、(36.89±5.01)Gy、(36.44±4.73)Gy和(54.76±15.54)%、(54.76±14.82)%、(16.90±10.87)%、(17.60± 10.30)%,均明顯低于C-IMRT組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);O-IMRT組中左、右上半腮腺的Dmean、D20、V33、V40未優(yōu)于C-IMRT組,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);同樣,兩組調(diào)強(qiáng)計(jì)劃的各治療靶區(qū)(GTV、CTV1、CTV2)的V95%比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論N0鼻咽癌患者優(yōu)化后的上頸部臨床靶區(qū)上界勾畫(huà)到第一頸椎側(cè)塊下緣對(duì)腮腺,尤其是下半部分腮腺的保護(hù)有一定的劑量學(xué)優(yōu)勢(shì)。
鼻咽腫瘤;放射療法;調(diào)強(qiáng)放療;腮腺;放射治療劑量
放射治療是鼻咽癌首要的治療手段,而放射性后遺癥卻是放療后患者不可避免的,并對(duì)鼻咽癌患者生活質(zhì)量造成顯著的影響,放射性口干是常見(jiàn)的放療后遺癥之一[1-2]。三大涎腺器官(腮腺、舌下腺、頜下腺)是分泌涎液的主要器官,而腮腺分泌占其中的80%,因此,放射治療中為預(yù)防或減少放射性口干的發(fā)生,對(duì)腮腺的保護(hù)顯得尤為重要[3]。相對(duì)常規(guī)放療,調(diào)強(qiáng)放療有劑量學(xué)優(yōu)勢(shì),但由于腮腺臨近兩大鼻咽癌的高危淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移區(qū),即上頸部淋巴區(qū)及咽旁間隙,因此,調(diào)強(qiáng)放療在考慮保護(hù)腮腺和對(duì)以上兩大高危區(qū)的劑量覆蓋的平衡上,存在劑量學(xué)難點(diǎn)和取舍。2014年RTOG/EOTRC頭頸部淋巴結(jié)分區(qū)原則是目前鼻咽頸部臨床靶區(qū)勾畫(huà)的指南[4],該指南對(duì)頸部Ⅱ區(qū)作了新的規(guī)定,并明確對(duì)于N0頭頸部鱗癌患者,Ⅱ區(qū)臨床靶區(qū)的勾畫(huà)上界從第一頸椎側(cè)塊下緣開(kāi)始,下界勾畫(huà)至第四頸椎,而這一勾畫(huà)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的改變,必然會(huì)對(duì)相鄰的雙側(cè)腮腺受照劑量產(chǎn)生影響。筆者擬對(duì)N0鼻咽癌患者按2014RTOG規(guī)定勾畫(huà)頸部臨床靶區(qū),并制定調(diào)強(qiáng)放療計(jì)劃,初步探討頸部臨床靶區(qū)Ⅱ區(qū)優(yōu)化前后的腮腺劑量學(xué)分布,為鼻咽癌頸部臨床靶區(qū)勾畫(huà)的優(yōu)化提供科學(xué)依據(jù),現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下:
1.1 一般資料2016年3~10月,選擇10例病理確診T1~4N0M0初治鼻咽癌患者制定調(diào)強(qiáng)放療(intensitymodulated radiotherapy,IMRT)計(jì)劃。全組患者年齡22~72歲,中位年齡41歲,男性6例,女性4例;根據(jù)AJCC2010年第七版的分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn),Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期分別有2例、6例、2例。
1.2 調(diào)強(qiáng)放療每例患者均制定2套調(diào)強(qiáng)計(jì)劃(即C-IMRT和O-IMRT)共20個(gè)治療計(jì)劃,鼻咽腫瘤和頸部淋巴引流區(qū)均采用IMRT,過(guò)程如下:
1.2.1 體位固定和CT掃描采用頭頸肩架加頭頸肩面膜加真空袋固定裝置,患者取自然舒適仰臥體位,避免肩膀過(guò)聳和頭部過(guò)仰,雙上手于身體兩側(cè)緊握真空袋兩側(cè)緣。頭頸肩面膜在恒溫電水箱加熱2~3 min軟化后用毛巾輕輕吸除水份并試探面膜溫度是否適宜,迅速扣緊面膜后即用手輕壓額部、鼻根、下頜骨、雙側(cè)肩部及胸骨柄處,使面膜緊貼體表,待面膜冷卻15 min完全塑形后行CT掃描,CT掃描采用平掃和增強(qiáng)掃描兩套圖像。根據(jù)鼻咽腫瘤局部侵犯情況從額竇或頭頂至鎖骨頭下2 cm以3 mm層厚行CT掃描。CT圖像通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)傳至VARIAN Eclipse調(diào)強(qiáng)計(jì)劃系統(tǒng)。
1.2.2 靶區(qū)勾畫(huà)和定義參照ICRU62號(hào)及50號(hào)報(bào)告及發(fā)表的有關(guān)文獻(xiàn)[5-7]。勾畫(huà)如下主要靶區(qū):鼻咽腫瘤大體體積(gross tumor volume,GTV),亞臨床病灶區(qū)1(CTV1),亞臨床病灶區(qū)2(CTV2),CTV2的勾畫(huà)作以下定義:分別進(jìn)行常規(guī)勾畫(huà)(C-CTV2)和優(yōu)化后的勾畫(huà)(O-CTV2),即勾畫(huà)兩套CTV2,C-CTV2從頸靜脈孔開(kāi)始勾畫(huà)Ⅱ區(qū)的頸部引流區(qū),O-CTV2從第一頸椎側(cè)塊下緣水平開(kāi)始勾畫(huà)Ⅱ區(qū)的頸部引流區(qū),C-CTV2和O-CTV2其余部分的勾畫(huà)相同。PTV由Eclipse計(jì)劃系統(tǒng)按不確定因素自動(dòng)生成,分別為PGTVnx、PTV1、PTV2。主要危及器官主要的勾畫(huà)參考相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)[6],對(duì)腮腺的勾畫(huà)作以下規(guī)定:以第一頸椎側(cè)塊下緣為界,分別勾畫(huà)左右側(cè)全腮腺(the left parotid gland,L-Pa和the right parotid gland,R-Pa)、左右側(cè)上半腮腺(the left upper parotid gland,Lup-Pa和the right upper parotid gland,Rup-Pa)和左右下半腮腺(the left inferior parotid gland,Lin-Pa和the right inferior parotid gland,Rin-Pa)。CTV2的常規(guī)勾畫(huà)和優(yōu)化后勾畫(huà)代表層面分別見(jiàn)圖1和圖2。
圖1 常規(guī)勾畫(huà)組CTV1和C-CTV2勾畫(huà)的典型CT橫斷層面(紫色代表CTV1,深藍(lán)色代表C-CTV2)
圖2 優(yōu)化后勾畫(huà)組CTV1和O-CTV2勾畫(huà)的典型CT橫斷層面(紫色代表CTV1,淺藍(lán)色代表O-CTV2)
1.2.3 處方劑量及計(jì)劃設(shè)計(jì)所有患者采用同步推量照射技術(shù)(simultaneous modulated accelerated radiation therapy boost,SMART boost)[8],設(shè)計(jì)兩套調(diào)強(qiáng)計(jì)劃,即常規(guī)C-CTV2勾畫(huà)的調(diào)強(qiáng)計(jì)劃(常規(guī)組計(jì)劃,C-IMRT)和改進(jìn)后的O-CTV2勾畫(huà)的調(diào)強(qiáng)計(jì)劃(研究組計(jì)劃,O-IMRT),共20個(gè)放療計(jì)劃。采用美國(guó)VARIAN公司生產(chǎn)的IX直線加速器,射線能量為6MV,分別給予PGTVnx、PTV1、PTV2的處方劑量為68 Gy/30次、60 Gy/30次、54 Gy/30次,5次/周,6周內(nèi)完成整個(gè)放療計(jì)劃。設(shè)計(jì)7野或9野的共面逆向治療計(jì)劃,對(duì)計(jì)劃系統(tǒng)計(jì)算的結(jié)果進(jìn)行優(yōu)化并得出最合理的劑量分布[9],采用劑量體積直方圖(dose volume histograms,DVH)評(píng)價(jià)治療計(jì)劃的優(yōu)劣。比較兩組調(diào)強(qiáng)放療計(jì)劃中腫瘤各靶體積、雙側(cè)腮腺和其他主要危及器官的劑量學(xué)分布特點(diǎn)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法應(yīng)用SPSS13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x-±s)表示,組間計(jì)量資料比較采用t檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 兩組調(diào)強(qiáng)計(jì)劃腫瘤靶區(qū)照射劑量學(xué)比較在靶體積受照劑量上,GTVnx的Dmean和V95%、CTV1的Dmean和V95%、CTV2的Dmean和V95%,O-IMRT組與C-IMRT組比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
表1 兩組調(diào)強(qiáng)計(jì)劃靶區(qū)劑量學(xué)比較
表1 兩組調(diào)強(qiáng)計(jì)劃靶區(qū)劑量學(xué)比較
注:aCTV2:C-IMRT組的CTV2代表的是C-CTV2,O-IMRT組的CTV2代表的是O-CTV2。
靶區(qū)GTVnx Dmean(Gy) V95%vol(%) CTV1 Dmean(Gy) V95%vol(%) CTV2aDmean(Gy) V95%vol(%) C-IMRT組O-IMRT組t值P值71.02±0.45 99.67±0.24 70.98±0.45 98.65±0.21 0.232 0.129 0.819 0.899 69.01±0.47 99.17±0.20 69.96±0.45 99.25±0.29 0.240 -0.660 0.813 0.518 63.05±1.01 98.65±0.37 62.95±0.94 98.75±.035 0.226 -0.58 0.824 0.569
2.2 兩組調(diào)強(qiáng)計(jì)劃腮腺及其他危及器官照射劑量學(xué)比較C-IMRT組與O-IMRT組中左側(cè)腮腺的Dmean、D20、V33、V40的比較,無(wú)論是受照劑量及劑量覆蓋,O-IMRT組明顯低于C-IMRT,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);同樣,兩組調(diào)強(qiáng)計(jì)劃右側(cè)腮腺的Dmean、D20、V33、V40的比較,O-IMRT組明顯低于C-IMRT,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);O-IMRT組左右下半腮腺的Dmean、D20、V33、V40均明顯低于C-IMRT組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組左、右上半腮腺的Dmean、D20、V33、V50比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表2。而腦干、脊髓、左右視神經(jīng)、左右晶體等最大受照劑量,O-IMRT和C-IMRT組相比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);左右顳頜關(guān)節(jié)、左右下頜骨的平均劑量,兩組調(diào)強(qiáng)計(jì)劃比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表3。
表2 兩組調(diào)強(qiáng)計(jì)劃雙側(cè)腮腺劑量學(xué)比較
表2 兩組調(diào)強(qiáng)計(jì)劃雙側(cè)腮腺劑量學(xué)比較
t值C-IMRT組O-IMRT組P值雙側(cè)腮腺左側(cè)腮腺(L-Pa) Dmean(Gy) V33(%) V40(%) D20(Gy)左側(cè)上半腮腺(Lup-Pa) Dmean(Gy) V33(%) V40(%) D20(Gy)左側(cè)下半腮腺(Lin-Pa) Dmean(Gy) V33(%) V40(%) D20(Gy)右側(cè)腮腺(R-Pa) Dmean(Gy) V33(%) V40(%) D20(Gy)右側(cè)上半腮腺(Rup-Pa) Dmean(Gy) V33(%) V40(%) D20(Gy)右側(cè)下半腮腺(Rin-Pa) Dmean(Gy) V33(%) V40(%) D20(Gy) 29.41±0.55 23.86±1.43 13.83±2.35 36.91±1.31 26.62±0.36 13.61±3.42 7.86±2.95 30.99±1.75 13.35 8.76 5.01 8.57 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 27.42±0.77 10.13±1.20 4.66±1.43 30.19±0.76 26.97±0.87 9.39±1.15 4.25±1.25 29.80±1.02 1.22 1.39 0.678 0.96 0.238 0.182 0.506 0.352 39.79±2.27 84.62±7.13 54.67±13.35 44.81±2.60 31.95±3.59 54.76±15.54 16.90±10.87 36.89±5.01 5.82 5.53 6.94 4.43 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 29.51±0.94 23.95±1.90 14.00±2.30 36.83±1.69 26.49±0.39 13.52±3.46 7.80±2.66 30.69±1.32 9.36 7.92 5.57 9.06 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 27.31±0.92 10.39±0.99 4.31±1.26 30.41±1.85 26.96±0.87 10.12±0.82 4.01±1.17 30.15±2.01 0.86 0.67 0.55 0.30 0.397 0.511 0.592 0.767 39.56±1.99 83.32±7.39 55.17±13.11 44.09±2.54 31.48±3.63 54.76±14.82 17.60±10.30 36.44±4.73 6.17 5,46 7.13 4.51 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001
表3 兩組調(diào)強(qiáng)計(jì)劃其他危及器官劑量學(xué)比較
表3 兩組調(diào)強(qiáng)計(jì)劃其他危及器官劑量學(xué)比較
其他危及器官C-IMRT組O-IMRT組t值P值左顳頜關(guān)節(jié)Dmean(Gy)右顳頜關(guān)節(jié)Dmean(Gy)左下頜骨Dmean(Gy)左下頜骨Dmean(Gy)脊髓Dmax(Gy)腦干Dmax(Gy)左視神經(jīng)Dmax(Gy)右視神經(jīng)Dmax(Gy)左側(cè)晶體Dmax(Gy)右側(cè)晶體Dmax(Gy) 35.51±3.7935.03±3.890.2380.789 35.48±3.7635.03±3.870.2630.795 36.52±3.1536.58±2.90-0.0410.968 36.54±2.8636.69±2.74-0.1180.907 38.95±0.6839.22±0.48-1.0420.311 51.85±2.9551.65±3.040.1500.882 52.85±1.0952.66±1.200.3490.731 52.94±0.9252.84±0.940.1750.863 9.27±1.108.23±2.661.1390.270 9.22±1.198.25±2.721.0300.317
由于鼻咽癌常規(guī)兩野對(duì)穿照射致雙側(cè)腮腺接受到高劑量的照射,腮腺不可避免受到損傷[10],導(dǎo)致腮腺分泌功能顯著下降,患者出現(xiàn)口腔干燥癥等急慢性后遺癥,致其放療后的生存質(zhì)量受到明顯影響。隨著精確放療技術(shù)的發(fā)展,腮腺功能的保護(hù)日益受到重視。調(diào)強(qiáng)放療(IMRT)是21世紀(jì)初發(fā)展起來(lái)并應(yīng)用于臨床的精確放療技術(shù),該技術(shù)在進(jìn)一步提高照射靶區(qū)劑量的同時(shí),包括腮腺、腦干、脊髓等受照靶區(qū)周?chē)鞴俳邮芨賱┝康恼丈洌瑥亩谷俚谋Wo(hù)成為可能。Chao等[11]的研究認(rèn)為調(diào)強(qiáng)放療技術(shù)在不降低腫瘤治療效果的同時(shí),顯著減少了雙側(cè)腮腺的照射劑量,從而明顯降低唾液腺的晚期損傷。Kam等[12]分析了經(jīng)調(diào)強(qiáng)放療的63例初治鼻咽癌患者,認(rèn)為IMRT技術(shù)使鼻咽癌局部控制率明顯提高,且放療副反應(yīng)較常規(guī)放療明顯減輕。
鼻咽癌靶區(qū)勾畫(huà)指南規(guī)定,鼻咽癌三維適形放療和調(diào)強(qiáng)放療進(jìn)行靶區(qū)勾畫(huà)時(shí),均需勾畫(huà)頸部亞臨床靶區(qū)(CTV2),而以影像為基礎(chǔ)的頸部淋巴結(jié)分區(qū)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是鼻咽癌頸部CTV2勾畫(huà)的依據(jù)。1999年,Som等[13]提出的頸部淋巴影像學(xué)分區(qū)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),將Ⅱ區(qū)定義為上頸淋巴結(jié)區(qū),其上界、下界、前界、后界分別為顱底、舌骨體下緣、下頜下腺后緣、胸鎖乳突肌后緣。之后又出現(xiàn)多種版本的分區(qū)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),比如鹿特丹分區(qū)、布魯塞爾分區(qū)等分區(qū)法[14-15],為了便于國(guó)際間的合作交流,在2013年,北美及歐洲更新了RTOG頸部淋巴分區(qū)指南[4],該指南定義Ⅱ區(qū)的上界、下界、前界、后界分別為C1側(cè)塊下緣、舌骨體下緣、下頜下腺后緣和二腹肌后腹后緣、胸鎖乳突肌后緣;經(jīng)過(guò)多次頸部淋巴結(jié)分區(qū)法修改完善后,Ⅱ區(qū)上界從原先的顱底變更為目前的C1側(cè)塊下緣。筆者基于最新的頸部淋巴結(jié)分區(qū)指南,對(duì)N0鼻咽癌患者勾畫(huà)頸部CTV2(優(yōu)化后CTV2),同時(shí)按照舊版本再勾畫(huà)頸部CTV2,形成兩組CTV2的勾畫(huà)方案,比較兩組靶區(qū)勾畫(huà)對(duì)腮腺劑量學(xué)的影響。本研究結(jié)果顯示,C-IMRT與O-IMRT組中左、右側(cè)腮腺的Dmean、D20、V33、V40相比較,無(wú)論是受照劑量及劑量覆蓋,O-IMRT組明顯低于C-IMRT,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);;O-IMRT組左、右下半腮腺的Dmean、D20、V33、V40均明顯低于C-IMRT組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組左、右上半腮腺的Dmean、D20、V33、V50未比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。因此,O-IMRT組對(duì)腮腺有更好的保護(hù),尤其是對(duì)雙側(cè)下半腮腺的保護(hù)。而腦干、脊髓、左右視神經(jīng)、晶體、顳頜關(guān)節(jié)、下頜骨等的受照劑量,O-IMRT和C-IMRT相比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。兩組靶體積間受照劑量的比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。Munter等[16]采用IMRT治療18例頭頸部癌患者的結(jié)果,提示對(duì)腮腺功能起到明顯保護(hù)的劑量為不高于26~30 Gy。Eisbrush等[17]研究了行放療患者的腮腺流量與劑量體積直方圖(DVH)間的相互關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)88例頭頸部腫瘤患者的腮腺平均受照劑量≤26 Gy時(shí)對(duì)腮腺流量起到保護(hù)作用,而當(dāng)腮腺平均受照劑量≥26 Gy時(shí)腮腺流量顯著減少,并且不隨時(shí)間恢復(fù)。分析本研究組資料顯示,優(yōu)化組左右側(cè)腮腺的Dmean分別為接近26 Gy,與相關(guān)報(bào)道相近。
因此,為利于設(shè)計(jì)調(diào)強(qiáng)放療計(jì)劃,明確體積閾值與照射劑量間的關(guān)系是必要的;在保證腫瘤靶區(qū)劑量的同時(shí),盡量降低腮腺受照體積和劑量,對(duì)放療后腮腺功能的恢復(fù)有利[18-20]。
2013版RTOG指南是基于歐美國(guó)家頭頸部鱗癌的證據(jù)而提出的,而我國(guó)的鼻咽癌病理類(lèi)型有別于歐美國(guó)家,我國(guó)鼻咽癌95%以上均為WHOⅡ/Ⅲ,這一病理類(lèi)型的生物學(xué)行為與歐美鼻咽癌不同,因此,將頸部淋巴結(jié)Ⅱ區(qū)上界定義為C1側(cè)塊下緣仍有爭(zhēng)議[21-23]。舒誠(chéng)榮等[24]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)頸部Ⅱ區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)大都分布在第二頸椎(C2)、第三頸椎(C3)水平,C1水平受累僅8%。福建省腫瘤醫(yī)院放療科的小靶區(qū)照射認(rèn)為:如果鼻咽癌患者Ⅱ區(qū)的第一頸椎(C1)側(cè)塊以上區(qū)域無(wú)陽(yáng)性淋巴結(jié),可以將Ⅱ區(qū)上界定義在第一頸椎(C1)側(cè)塊下緣水平。Lin等[25]報(bào)道的323例鼻咽癌小靶區(qū)IMRT的結(jié)果顯示,3年LC、RC率和OS率分別為95%、98%和90%;該研究更新的結(jié)果提示413例鼻咽癌小靶區(qū)IMRT患者5年LC率、RC率和OS率分別為95.3%、97.2%和82.0%[26]。王麗君等[27]報(bào)道的122例鼻咽癌患者中,符合入組標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的患者的Ⅱ區(qū)上界僅勾畫(huà)至C1側(cè)塊,隨訪結(jié)果顯示這部分患者3年OS、LC、DMFS率和DFS率與對(duì)照組相近,總的不良事件發(fā)生率兩組也相近。回顧性研究已表明,將Ⅱ區(qū)上界縮減至C1側(cè)塊可降低同側(cè)腮腺受量[28]。因此,對(duì)Ⅱ區(qū)無(wú)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移患者,RTOG定義的Ⅱ區(qū)范圍是可行的,這也是本文選擇N0鼻咽癌患者進(jìn)行劑量學(xué)分析的依據(jù)之一。
綜上所述,優(yōu)化后的上頸部臨床靶區(qū)(CTV2)的勾畫(huà)并設(shè)計(jì)調(diào)強(qiáng)計(jì)劃(O-IMRT)后,雙側(cè)腮腺受照劑量減少,尤其是雙側(cè)下半部分腮腺受照劑量和體積明顯減少,為今后進(jìn)一步臨床試驗(yàn)提供了科學(xué)依據(jù)。
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Dosimetric analysis of the parotid gland protection after optimization of the upper neck subclinical target volume for N0nasopharyngeal carcinoma with intensity modulated radiotherapy.
LI Fang-ming,CHEN Jia-rong,YU Zeng-rong,CHEN Guo-jian,LIN Jian-yi,WANG Yu,CHENG Xia.Department of Oncology,Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen 529030,Guangdong,CHINA
ObjectiveTo explore the dosimetric distribution of the protection for parotid gland after optimizaition of the upper neck subclinical target volume(CTV2)for N0nasopharyngeal carcinoma with intensity modulated radiotherapy(IMRT),and to provide some scientific suggestions for the clinical practice.MethodsForm Mar.2016 to Oct.2016,10 patients of T1-4 N0M0nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)were collected from Jiangmen Certral Hospital. According to the delineation guidelines of targets and organs for NPC,both conventional CTV2(the upper edge of CTV2 is delineated on the base of skull,C-CTV2)and optimized CTV2(the upper edge of CTV2 is delineated on the lower edge of lateral mass of the first cervical vertebra,O-CTV2)were delineated in each patient.The parotid gland was divided into the upper parotid gland(Up-Pa)and the inferior parotid gland(In-Pa)on the lower edge of later mass of the first cervical vertebra.Both conventional IMRT(C-IMRT)and optimized IMRT(O-IMRT)were planned for each case,and all20 plans were analyzed for Dmean,D20,V33,V40 of both the upper and inferior part of the parotid gland.ResultsThe Dmean,D20,V33,V40 of the left and right parotid glands were(26.62±0.36)Gy and(26.49±0.39)Gy,(30.99±1.75)Gy and (30.69±1.32)Gy,(13.61±3.42)%and(13.52±3.46)%,(7.86±2.95)%and(7.80%±2.66)%in O-IMRT group,which were significantly lower than those in the C-IMRT group(P<0.05).The Dmean,D20,V33,V40 of both the left In-Pa and right In-Pa were(31.95±3.59)Gy and(31.48±3.63)Gy,(36.89±5.01)Gy and(36.44±4.73)Gy,(54.76±15.54)%and(54.76± 14.82)%,(16.90±10.87)%and(17.60±10.30)%in O-IMRT group,which were also significantly lower those in C-IMRT group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference for the Dmean,D20,V33,V40 of the left Up-Pa and right Up-Pa between the two IMRT groups(P>0.05).The V95 and Dmeanfor GTV,CTV1,CTV2 showed no significant difference between two IMRT groups(P>0.05).ConclusionThe parotid glands,especially the inferior part of the parotid gland,may be better protected with the optimized subclinical target volume(O-CTV2)for N0nasopharyngeal carcinoma with IMRT.
Nasopharyngeal neoplasms;Radiotherapy;Intensity-modulated radiotherapy;Parotid gland;Radiotherapy dosage
R739.63
A
1003—6350(2017)14—2274—05
10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2017.14.012
2017-02-26)
李坊銘。E-mail:342674168@qq.com