周春花+袁松泉++李美珍
[摘要]目的 探討血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)+936C/T基因多態(tài)性與結(jié)直腸癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的相關(guān)性。方法 檢索PubMed、EMBase和MEDLINE數(shù)據(jù)庫,檢索時(shí)間截止至2016年10月,應(yīng)用Review Manager 4.2和Stata 11軟件進(jìn)行全面的Meta分析。結(jié)果 最終10篇病例對照研究文章納入分析,包含疾病組2860例和健康對照組3080例。計(jì)算和比較各組OR值及95%CI,分析VEGF+936C/T基因多態(tài)性與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間的相關(guān)性,并基于種族進(jìn)行亞組分析。合并分析結(jié)果表明,在所有模型中,即T vs. C模型[OR=1.04,95%CI(0.87,1.25),P=0.63],CT+TT vs. CC模型[OR=1.06,95%CI(0.86,1.30),P=0.61],TT vs. CC+CT模型[OR=1.10,95%CI(0.85,1.41),P=0.47],和TT vs. CC模型[OR=1.17,95%CI(0.91,1.52),P=0.22],VEGF+936C/T多態(tài)性與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間均無顯著相關(guān)性。在歐洲人群和亞洲人群中,也未發(fā)現(xiàn)該基因多態(tài)性與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)具有顯著相關(guān)性。結(jié)論 VEGF+936C/T基因多態(tài)性與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不相關(guān)。為了更客觀地評估二者的關(guān)聯(lián)性,仍需擴(kuò)大樣本以進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步研究。
[關(guān)鍵詞]結(jié)腸直腸癌;基因多態(tài)性;血管內(nèi)皮生長因子;Meta分析
[中圖分類號] R735.37 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1674-4721(2017)05(b)-0007-06
Correlation between vascular endothelial growth factor +936C/T polymorphism and colorectal cancer risk:a Meta analysis
ZHOU Chun-hua1 YUAN Song-quan2 LI Mei-zhen3
1.Department of Pulmonary/Gastrointestinal Diseases,Hunan Cancer Hospital (the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine,Central South University) in Hunan Province,Changsha 410013,China;2.Zhuzhou Foreign Language School in Hunan Province,Zhuzhou 412000,China;3.Research Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Central South University in Hunan Province,Changsha 410000,China
[Abstract]Objective To investigate the association between the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene +936C/T polymorphisms and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk.Methods Relevant published case-control studies were searched in PubMed,Embase and Medline databases,and all documents were updated to October 2016.A comprehensive meta-analysis was then performed with Review Manager 4.2 and Stata 11.0 software in this work.Results Finally 10 studies including 2860 cases and 3080 controls were brought into our meta-analysis.The association between VEGF+936C/T polymorphisms and CRC risk were calculated with OR and their corresponding 95%CI,and stratified analysis was also conducted with respect to ethnicity.Combined analysis revealed that no significant association between VEGF+936C/T polymorphism and CRC risk was identified in all comparison models including T allele vs. C allele [OR=1.04,95%CI(0.87,1.25),P=0.63],CT+TT vs. CC [OR=1.06,95%CI(0.86,1.30),P=0.61],TT vs. CC+CT [OR=1.10,95%CI(0.85,1.41),P=0.47],and TT vs. CC [OR=1.17,95%CI(0.91,1.52),P=0.22].Moreover,a similar result was obtained in the subgroup analysis that no significant association with CRC risk was found in all comparison models of VEGF+936C/T polymorphism in both Caucasian and Asian populations.Conclusion It has been proved that VEGF+936C/T polymorphism might not be a risk factor for colorectal cancer,but further studies with larger sample sizes are required to make a better assessment of above association.
[Key words]Colorectal cancer;Polymorphism;Vascular endothelial growth factor;Meta-analysis
近年來,結(jié)直腸癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)已成為全球的主要死亡原因之一[1]。通過監(jiān)測合適的生物標(biāo)志物可以對CRC進(jìn)行及時(shí)預(yù)測和診斷,利于患者盡早了解疾病潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并采取針對措施[2]。因此,對潛在的生物標(biāo)志物的評估越來越重要[3]。血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)是一種血管通透性因子[4]。VEGF基因的表達(dá)可以調(diào)節(jié)CRC的某些病理過程,與CRC的預(yù)后有一定聯(lián)系[5]。該基因具有多個(gè)已識別的單核苷酸多態(tài)性(SNPs)位點(diǎn),部分位點(diǎn)的多態(tài)性對體外VEGF特異性表達(dá)起著重要的作用[6-8]。故推測該基因可作為CRC患者的潛在生物標(biāo)志物[9]。VEGF+936C/T作為最常見的VEGF基因多態(tài)性位點(diǎn)之一,其基因(rs3025039)多態(tài)性與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)聯(lián)性已被廣泛研究[10-19]。目前,國內(nèi)尚無研究者采用Meta分析探討上述關(guān)聯(lián)性。而國外的研究缺乏足夠符合條件的亞洲人群樣本,不足以對上述關(guān)聯(lián)性作出準(zhǔn)確評估,其結(jié)論無法在亞洲人群(特別是中國人群)中得到有效的運(yùn)用[20-21]。因此,本Meta分析納入最新的研究結(jié)果,增加了大量亞洲人群樣本,以期為VEGF+936C/T基因多態(tài)性與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)聯(lián)性提供最準(zhǔn)確的評價(jià),現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1文獻(xiàn)檢索
檢索CBM、CNKI、萬方、PubMed、EMBase和MEDLINE數(shù)據(jù)庫,并對所有納入文章的參考文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)追蹤。評估VEGF +936C/T多態(tài)性與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)系。檢索條件如下:(“vascular endothelial growth factor a”[MeSH Terms]OR“vascular endothelial growth factor a”[All Fields]OR“vegf”[All Fields])AND(“polymorphism,genetic”[MeSH Terms]OR(“polymorphism”[All Fields]AND“genetic”[All Fields])OR“genetic polymorphism”[All Fields]OR“polymorphism”[All Fields])AND(“colorectal neoplasms”[MeSH Terms]OR(“colorectal”[All Fields]AND“neoplasms”[All Fields])OR“colorectal neoplasms”[All Fields]OR(“colorectal”[All Fields] AND“cancer”[All Fields])OR“colorectal cancer”[All Fields])。同時(shí)通過手動搜索綜述和相關(guān)研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)其他符合納入條件的研究。檢索時(shí)間截止至2016年10月。語言僅限于英語。
1.2納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①病例對照研究對CRC病例與對照組進(jìn)行比較;②研究評估了VEGF+936C/T多態(tài)性與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的相關(guān)性;③提供了充分的VEGF+936C/T多態(tài)性的基因型數(shù)據(jù)。
1.3排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①研究缺少基因型頻率和等位基因的信息;②非病例對照研究;③研究包含綜述、信件、個(gè)案報(bào)道和社論文章;④以家族為基礎(chǔ)的實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)。
1.4數(shù)據(jù)提取
數(shù)據(jù)提取由兩位研究者分別進(jìn)行,如有分歧,通過達(dá)成共識或由第三位研究者決定。提取的數(shù)據(jù)包含以下信息:第一作者、發(fā)表時(shí)間、種族、病例來源,對照來源,發(fā)病組例數(shù),對照組例數(shù),以及VEGF+936C/T基因多態(tài)性數(shù)據(jù)。具體細(xì)節(jié)問題通過郵件聯(lián)系相應(yīng)的研究者解決。
1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
采用Cochrane風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏倚評估工具對入選文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量進(jìn)行評價(jià),依據(jù)評價(jià)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行判定,最終依據(jù)“低度偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”、“偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)部確定”和“高度偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”確定入選文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量。采用Stata 11.0(Stata Corporation,College Station,TX,USA)和Review Manager 4.2(由Cochrane Collaboration提供)兩種軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。利用OR和95%CI評估相關(guān)性,以Z檢驗(yàn)P<0.05判定OR是否具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。 Meta分析模型的選取取決于各研究間的異質(zhì)性程度,異質(zhì)性通過Q檢驗(yàn)和I2檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行評價(jià)。當(dāng)Q檢驗(yàn)顯示P<0.10或I2>50%時(shí),表明各研究間存在異質(zhì)性,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行OR分析;相反,采用固定效應(yīng)模型。在評價(jià)相關(guān)性之前,先通過χ2檢驗(yàn)評價(jià)對照組的基因型分布是否符合遺傳平衡定律(Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,HWE)[22]。同時(shí)根據(jù)種族不同進(jìn)行亞組分析。在敏感性分析中,連續(xù)排除單個(gè)研究以觀察最終結(jié)果的穩(wěn)定性,從而進(jìn)行相應(yīng)評價(jià)[23]。發(fā)表偏倚使用Begg′s漏斗圖進(jìn)行評價(jià)[24]。本研究所涉及的假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)均采用雙側(cè)檢驗(yàn),檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α=0.05,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1納入研究的基本特征和質(zhì)量評價(jià)
初次檢索PubMed,Embase和Medline數(shù)據(jù)庫,共檢索到相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)69篇,以及7篇納入文獻(xiàn)的參考文獻(xiàn)。排除重復(fù)文獻(xiàn)后,獲得69篇相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。通過查看標(biāo)題和摘要,排除55篇無關(guān)文獻(xiàn),其中包括45篇不含936C/T基因多態(tài)性的研究,6篇非病例對照研究,4篇不含基因型頻率和等位基因數(shù)據(jù)的研究。進(jìn)一步查看全文后,排除4篇,最終將符合條件的10篇文獻(xiàn)納入本次研究[10-19]。采用Cochrane風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏倚評估工具對入選文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量進(jìn)行評價(jià),判定結(jié)果均為“低度偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”,入選文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量較高,可以用于分析。
總共納入了2008年到2016年間發(fā)表的10個(gè)病例對照研究,包含CRC組2860例,正常對照組3080例。按照種族分層后,有5篇文獻(xiàn)涉及亞洲人群,包括CRC組1438例,正常對照組1579例;另外5篇文獻(xiàn)針對歐洲人群,包括CRC組1422例,正常對照組1505例。這10篇文獻(xiàn)所涵蓋的信息十分豐富,包括CRC病例組和對照組中等位基因C、T的數(shù)量。所納入研究的基本信息詳見表1。
2.2 Meta分析結(jié)果
2.2.1 T vs C與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)關(guān)系的Meta分析結(jié)果 在合并分析中,T vs. C(I2=70.1%,P異質(zhì)性=0.0004)兩個(gè)模型間存在明顯的研究間異質(zhì)性,故選擇隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。T vs. C[OR=1.04,95%CI(0.87,1.25),P=0.63][10-19]與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)沒有顯著的相關(guān)性。在亞組分析中,亞洲人群T vs. C[OR=1.04,95%CI(0.75,1.45),P=0.81][10,11,16,18,19] 和歐洲人群T vs. C[OR=1.05,95%CI(0.85,1.29),P=0.63][12-15,17]與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均未見顯著的相關(guān)性(圖1)。
2.2.2 TT+CT vs CC與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)關(guān)系的Meta分析結(jié)果 在合并分析中,TT+CT vs. CC(I2=70.6%,P異質(zhì)性=0.0003)兩個(gè)模型間存在明顯的研究間異質(zhì)性,故選擇隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。TT+CT vs. CC[OR=1.06,95%CI(0.86,1.30),P=0.61][10-19]與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)沒有顯著的相關(guān)性。在亞組分析中,亞洲人群TT+CT vs. CC[OR=1.05,95%CI(0.81,1.35),P=0.73][10,11,16,18,19]和歐洲人群TT+CT vs. CC[OR=1.07,95%CI(0.74,1.55),P=0.72][12-15,17]與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均未見顯著的相關(guān)性(表2)。
2.2.3 TT vs CC+CT與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)關(guān)系的Meta分析結(jié)果 TT vs. CC+CT(I2=0%,P異質(zhì)性=0.58)兩個(gè)模型間具有同質(zhì)性,選擇固定效應(yīng)模型。TT vs. CC+CT[OR=1.10,95%CI(0.85,1.41),P=0.47][10-19]與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)沒有顯著的相關(guān)性。在亞組分析中,亞洲人群TT vs. CC+CT[OR=0.96,95%CI(0.61,1.51),P=0.87][10,11,16,18,19] 和歐洲人群TT vs. CC+CT[OR=1.16,95%CI(0.86,1.56),P=0.33][12-15,17]與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均未見顯著的相關(guān)性(表2)。
2.2.4 TT vs CC與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)關(guān)系的Meta分析結(jié)果 TT vs. CC(I2=3.7%,P異質(zhì)性=0.41)兩個(gè)模型間具有同質(zhì)性,選擇固定效應(yīng)模型。TT vs. CC[OR=1.17, 95%CI(0.91,1.52),P=0.22][10-19]與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)沒有顯著的相關(guān)性。在亞組分析中,亞洲人群TT vs. CC[OR=0.98,95%CI(0.63,1.55),P=0.95][10,11,16,18,19] 和歐洲人群TT vs. CC[OR=1.28,95%CI(0.93,1.75),P=0.13][12-15,17]與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均未見顯著的相關(guān)性(表2)。
2.3發(fā)表偏倚評估
在本次Meta分析中,通過Begg′s漏斗圖檢測發(fā)表偏倚。漏斗圖基本對稱,說明該研究存在發(fā)表偏移的可能性較?。≒=0.655)(圖2)。
3 討論
血管生成是實(shí)體腫瘤生長和惡化的關(guān)鍵[25-27]。VEGF通過促進(jìn)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞生長、遷移和有絲分裂來調(diào)節(jié)血管生成,參與腫瘤的發(fā)病、進(jìn)展和轉(zhuǎn)移[28-30]。VEGF基因含有8個(gè)外顯子和7個(gè)內(nèi)含子,與VEGF的表達(dá)調(diào)控緊密相關(guān)[31]。臨床研究表明,VEGF的高表達(dá)對各種實(shí)體腫瘤的診斷具有重要意義[28-29]。其中,對CRC而言,VEGF的表達(dá)能調(diào)節(jié)該疾病的某些病理過程,這種調(diào)節(jié)作用與CRC的診斷及預(yù)后緊密相關(guān)[5]。
基因多態(tài)性可以通過改變蛋白表達(dá)水平,從而對疾病進(jìn)展產(chǎn)生重大影響[32]。越來越多的研究結(jié)果提示,VEGF基因多態(tài)性很有可能會影響CRC患者的VEGF表達(dá)[31]。3′-非編碼區(qū)的VEGF +936C/T(rs3025039)是最常見的VEGF多態(tài)性位點(diǎn)之一,大量研究對該基因多態(tài)性與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)聯(lián)性進(jìn)行了評價(jià)[10-19],以期尋找新的生物標(biāo)志物,用于臨床CRC的預(yù)測及診斷。但是,其中一些研究涉及的樣本量相對較小,其結(jié)果仍然存在爭議,所得結(jié)果對于臨床實(shí)際運(yùn)用及指導(dǎo)其它相關(guān)研究,意義有限。因此,為了提高評價(jià)的準(zhǔn)確性,對現(xiàn)有的單一研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行整理和綜述,從而進(jìn)行基于大樣本數(shù)據(jù)的Meta分析十分必要。
本次Meta分析納入最新發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn),包含大量亞洲人群樣本量,旨在為VEGF+936C/T多態(tài)性與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)聯(lián)性提供更加準(zhǔn)確的評價(jià)。本研究納入了已發(fā)表的全部10篇病例對照研究,包括CRC組2860例和正常對照組3080例。分析結(jié)果顯示,在所有T vs. C、CT+TT vs. CC、TT vs. CC+CT和TT vs. CC模型中,VEGF+936C/T基因多態(tài)性與CRC發(fā)病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均不存在相關(guān)性。在基于種族的亞組分析中,所以模型均表明CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在歐洲人群和亞洲人群中不存在顯著相關(guān)性?;谝陨辖Y(jié)果可知,現(xiàn)有證據(jù)表明VEGF+936C/T基因多態(tài)性與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間沒有顯著相關(guān)性,VEGF+936C/T基因多態(tài)性暫不能作為新的生物標(biāo)志物用于CRC的發(fā)病預(yù)測及臨床診斷。
本研究尚存在一些局限性。首先,盡管已經(jīng)納入所有已發(fā)表的相關(guān)研究,但研究的樣本量(研究和研究對象數(shù)量)依舊有限,并且部分研究中的陰性結(jié)果很有可能被忽略,因此仍需納入更多的樣本量,從而獲得更加準(zhǔn)確的結(jié)果。其次,現(xiàn)有研究中研究對象的異質(zhì)性難以解決,雖然未見明顯的發(fā)表偏倚,但潛在的發(fā)表偏倚或許會扭轉(zhuǎn)Meta分析的結(jié)果。最后,受年齡、性別或其他環(huán)境因素影響所產(chǎn)生的相關(guān)效應(yīng),可能由于原始數(shù)據(jù)不完整或者發(fā)表文獻(xiàn)的局限性而無法被評估。雖然存在以上局限性,但是本Meta分析是有關(guān)VEGF +936C/T基因多態(tài)性與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)性的最新分析,在數(shù)據(jù)上比其他任何單一研究更有說服力,并且所得結(jié)論在現(xiàn)有研究中最為準(zhǔn)確,可以指導(dǎo)其他相關(guān)研究。
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(收稿日期:2017-03-06 本文編輯:馬 越)