王開偉,朱國松,林洪啟
(鄭州大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院麻醉科,鄭州450003)
基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)
羥考酮對(duì)大鼠單肺通氣后急性肺損傷的影響*
王開偉,朱國松,林洪啟△
(鄭州大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院麻醉科,鄭州450003)
目的 探討羥考酮對(duì)大鼠單肺通氣后急性肺損傷的影響及機(jī)制。方法 32只成年清潔級(jí)SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為4組:對(duì)照組、模型組、生理鹽水組、羥考酮組,各8只。插管過深法建立大鼠急性肺損傷模型,取大鼠左肺上葉測(cè)量肺組織含水量;取大鼠部分左肺下葉進(jìn)行HE染色,觀察肺組織的病理學(xué)改變;酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法(ELISA)檢測(cè)炎癥因子白細(xì)胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、白細(xì)胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)和腫瘤壞死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)等指標(biāo)。結(jié)果 光鏡下觀察HE染色后的肺組織,對(duì)照組肺組織形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)基本正常,未見明顯病理學(xué)改變;模型組和生理鹽水組肺組織中可見大量滲出及炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),肺間質(zhì)增厚且充血明顯,肺泡變小,肺實(shí)質(zhì)增加顯著;羥考酮組肺組織可觀察到少量滲出及炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),肺組織病理學(xué)改變較輕,輕度充血。與對(duì)照組相比較,模型組和生理鹽水組肺組織的含水量、病理學(xué)評(píng)分,炎性因子IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α等指標(biāo)均上升,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);與模型組相比較,羥考酮組肺組織的含水量、病理學(xué)評(píng)分,炎性因子IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α等指標(biāo)均下降明顯,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 羥考酮能夠抑制SD大鼠單肺通氣后急性肺損傷,其機(jī)制可能與其減輕炎癥反應(yīng)有關(guān)。
急性肺損傷;羥考酮;單肺通氣;炎癥反應(yīng)
隨著外科和麻醉水平的提高,單肺通氣(one-lung ventilation, OLV)技術(shù)已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于胸科手術(shù)中。單肺通氣常見且嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥是急性肺損傷。研究結(jié)果[1]發(fā)現(xiàn),炎性因子觸發(fā)急性炎癥反應(yīng),引起全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致全身多個(gè)器官急性損傷,包括急性肺損傷。羥考酮是純阿片受體激動(dòng)劑,通過激動(dòng)μ和κ受體起鎮(zhèn)痛作用,可調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞因子水平,抑制炎癥反應(yīng)和氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)[2]。本研究擬探討羥考酮對(duì)清潔級(jí)SD大鼠單肺通氣后急性肺損傷的影響并探討可能的機(jī)制。
1.1 材料 雄性清潔級(jí)SD大鼠,由鄭州大學(xué)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心提供,SD大鼠合格證號(hào):SCXK(豫)2010-0002。此研究方案由鄭州大學(xué)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。HX-100E小動(dòng)物呼吸機(jī)由中國成都泰盟公司提供。羥考酮注射液由英國NAPP PHARMACEUTICALS LIMITED生產(chǎn)。白細(xì)胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、白細(xì)胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)和腫瘤壞死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)檢測(cè)試劑盒購自南京凱基生物科技發(fā)展有限公司。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)分組 32只成年清潔級(jí)雄性大鼠隨機(jī)分為4組:對(duì)照組、模型組、生理鹽水組、羥考酮組,各8只。6%水合氯醛麻醉大鼠后置于仰臥位并固定四肢,氣管切開后氣管插管。對(duì)照組進(jìn)行雙肺通氣2 h。其他3組用插管過深法將氣管導(dǎo)管插入右側(cè)主支氣管,連接HX-100E小動(dòng)物呼吸機(jī)行右側(cè)單肺通氣1.5 h后,退氣管導(dǎo)管至主氣管,再雙肺通氣0.5 h[3]。呼吸機(jī)參數(shù)調(diào)整為I∶E為1∶1,氧流量100%,單肺通氣時(shí)呼吸頻率80次/min,潮氣量6 ml/Kg,雙肺通氣時(shí)呼吸頻率為60次/min,潮氣量10 ml/Kg。行大鼠股動(dòng)脈穿刺置管測(cè)壓,檢測(cè)大鼠的心率和血壓。大鼠急性肺損傷造模成功。尾部靜脈穿刺置管,輸液給藥。動(dòng)物專用電熱毯和溫箱進(jìn)行保溫。羥考酮組在開始機(jī)械通氣時(shí)靜脈給予4 mg/Kg羥考酮,生理鹽水組給予相應(yīng)劑量的生理鹽水進(jìn)行處理[3],未給予藥物的為模型組。待實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束后,取大鼠的左肺組織進(jìn)行相關(guān)指標(biāo)的檢測(cè)。
1.2.2 肺含水率測(cè)定 取左肺上葉,用濾紙吸去肺組織中的水分,稱質(zhì)量即濕質(zhì)量。然后在80 ℃烤箱內(nèi),烘烤24 h后稱質(zhì)量即干質(zhì)量。肺含水率(%)=(濕質(zhì)量-干質(zhì)量)/濕質(zhì)量×100 %。
1.2.3 組織病理學(xué)檢查和組織肺病理學(xué)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 取左肺下葉,多聚甲醛液固定,石蠟包埋,切片后行HE 染色,中性樹脂封片。采用盲法,由同一個(gè)病理科醫(yī)生在光鏡下觀察肺病理學(xué)改變。肺損傷病理評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4]:①白細(xì)胞在肺組織中的浸潤(rùn)范圍: 0=0%,1=1%~25%,2=26%~50%,3=51%~75%,4=76%~100%。②肺泡腔白細(xì)胞量:0=無,1=偶有,2=大量白細(xì)胞,3=肺泡腔幾乎充滿白細(xì)胞,4=肺泡腔被白細(xì)胞充滿并擴(kuò)張。③肺泡腔滲出物的量,包括纖維素、透明膜、水腫液;0=無滲出物,1=偶見滲出物,2=清晰可見滲出物,3=幾乎充滿滲出物,4=肺泡腔被滲出物充滿并擴(kuò)張。④根據(jù)肺實(shí)質(zhì)組織和空肺泡所占面積的百分比判斷肺損傷的程度,0=正常,肺實(shí)質(zhì)組織面積<15%,空泡面積>85%;1=肺實(shí)質(zhì)組織面積15%~25%,空泡面積75%~85%;2=肺實(shí)質(zhì)組織面積 25%~50%,空泡面積50%~75%;3=肺實(shí)質(zhì)組織面積 50%~75%,空泡面積25%~50%;4=肺實(shí)質(zhì)組織面積75%~100%,空泡面積0%~25%。
1.2.4 肺組織IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α檢測(cè) 采用ELISA法檢測(cè)肺組織勻漿中IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α的濃度。
2.1 肺含水率和組織病理學(xué)評(píng)分 與對(duì)照組相比較,模型組和生理鹽水組的肺含水率明顯升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);與模型組和生理鹽水組相比較,羥考酮組的肺含水率明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。與對(duì)照組相比較,模型組和生理鹽水組病理學(xué)評(píng)分明顯升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。與模型組和生理鹽水組相比較,羥考酮組病理學(xué)評(píng)分明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.2 肺組織病理學(xué)檢測(cè) 光鏡下觀察HE染色后的肺組織,對(duì)照組肺組織形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)基本正常,未見明顯病理學(xué)改變;模型組和生理鹽水組肺組織中可見大量的滲出及大量炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),肺間質(zhì)增厚且充血明顯,肺泡變小;羥考酮組肺組織可觀察到少量滲出及炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),肺組織病理學(xué)改變較輕,輕度充血。見圖1。
表1 單肺通氣后肺含水率和病理學(xué)評(píng)分±s)
注:與對(duì)照組比較,1)P<0.05;與模型組和生理鹽水組比較,2)P<0.05。
圖1 4組肺病理圖片(HE,×200)
2.3 肺組織勻漿中IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α水平比較 模型組和生理鹽水組肺組織中IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α水平較對(duì)照組升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);羥考酮組肺組織中IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α水平較模型組、生理鹽水組明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
表2 4組肺組織中IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α水平比較
注:與對(duì)照組比較,1)P<0.05;與模型組和生理鹽水組比較,2)P<0.05。
多種因素諸如氧化應(yīng)激、缺血再灌注、細(xì)胞凋亡和炎癥反應(yīng)等均可引起急性肺損傷。缺血再灌注可引起全身炎癥反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致器官損傷[5]。研究[6-7]發(fā)現(xiàn),細(xì)胞因子介導(dǎo)的炎癥反應(yīng)在急性肺損傷中發(fā)揮重要作用,IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α是參與肺部炎癥損傷的重要炎性因子。與雙肺通氣相比較,單肺通氣更易引起急性肺損傷,可能是因?yàn)榉稳毖俟嘧⒁约胺挝輳?fù)張?jiān)斐蒣8]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,對(duì)照組肺組織形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)基本正常,未見明顯病理學(xué)改變,炎性因子IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α水平較低,未發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯的肺損傷。而在模型組和生理鹽水組中,肺組織中可見大量滲出及炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),肺間質(zhì)增厚且充血明顯,肺泡變小,肺實(shí)質(zhì)增加顯著,炎性因子水平升高,肺組織水腫嚴(yán)重,炎癥反應(yīng)損傷明顯。而經(jīng)過羥考酮干預(yù)后,肺組織中炎性因子IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α明顯下降,肺組織水腫和炎癥損傷都明顯減輕。
可能是由于羥考酮具有抑制炎性反應(yīng)和氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的作用[3]。同時(shí)也能調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞因子水平,維持促炎與抗炎細(xì)胞因子平衡[9]。有研究結(jié)果[10]證實(shí),羥考酮可降低細(xì)胞內(nèi)cAMP水平,干擾細(xì)胞炎性因子的合成和釋放。但羥考酮對(duì)單肺通氣后急性肺損傷作用機(jī)制尚不明確。本研究結(jié)果提示,單肺通氣前給予4 mg/Kg的羥考酮可明顯減輕急性肺損傷,其機(jī)制可能是通過抑制炎性因子的釋放,發(fā)揮抗炎作用,減輕SD大鼠單肺通氣后急性肺損傷。
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[責(zé)任編輯:馬香芹]
Influence of Oxycodone on Acute Lung Injury Following One-lung Ventilation in Rats
WANG Kai-wei, ZHU Guo-song, LIN Hong-qi
(DepartmentofAnesthesiology,People’sHospitalofZhengzhouUniversity,ZhengzhouHenan450003,China)
Objective To discuss the influence and mechanism of Oxycodone on acute lung injury following one-lung ventilation in rats.Methods Thirty-two adult male Sprangue-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group, model group, saline group and Oxycodone group, with 8 rats each group. Acute lung injury model was esteblished with deep intubation; the water content in lung tissue was determined through taking the upper lobe of left lung; HE was stained through taking the lower lobe of left lurg to abserve the pathological changes of lung tissue; inflammatory facotr, interleukine-6, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis facotr-α were measured with anzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results After HE staining, in control group, there was no obvious pathological change of lung tissue, occasionally there were inflammatory cells and exudates. In model group and saline group, there were a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration and alveolar exudates. Pulmonary interstitial was obviously hyperemia and hemorrhage. However, in Oxycodone Group, the pathological change of lung tissue were relieved significantly. Compared with control Group, in model Group and saline Group, the content of lung water increased significantly (P<0.05); lung tissue pathological score increased significantly (P<0.05); the content of IL-6,IL-1β and TNF-α in lung tissue increased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with model Group, in Oxycodone Group, the content of lung water decreased significantly (P<0.05); lung tissue pathological score decreased significantly (P<0.05); the content of IL-6,IL-1βand TNF-α in lung tissue decreased significantly (P<0.05). Conclusion Oxycodone can alleviate acute lung injury induced by OLV, and the mechanism may be in evolve inhibition of inflammatory reaction.
acute lung injury; Oxycodone; one-lung ventilation; inflammatory reaction
2016-06-08
河南省科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(122300410408)。
王開偉(1975-),男,河南省信陽市人,學(xué)士,副主任醫(yī)師,從事臨床麻醉工作。
△通信作者:林洪啟, E-mail: lhq9988@126.com。
R 364.1+1
A
1008-9276(2017)02-0107-04