郭珊珊,田 雨,王松田
飛秒激光與機(jī)械板層刀制瓣LASIK矯正高度近視術(shù)后高階像差變化的比較
郭珊珊1,田 雨2,王松田1
目的比較飛秒激光和機(jī)械板層刀制瓣準(zhǔn)分子激光原位角膜磨鑲術(shù)(laser in situ keratomileusis,LASIK)矯正高度近視術(shù)后角膜高階像差的變化。方法采用回顧性分析的方法,選取2015-03至2016-03在解放軍某醫(yī)院眼視光中心分別接受飛秒激光和機(jī)械板層刀制瓣LASIK矯正高度近視的患者103例(200眼);其中接受飛秒激光制瓣記為A組(n=100);接受機(jī)械板層刀制瓣記為B組(n=100)。應(yīng)用Nidek OPD SCAN波前像差分析儀在暗室環(huán)境下分別測量術(shù)前,術(shù)后10 d、1個月、3個月、6個月時的總高階像差、球差、彗差、三葉草像差。結(jié)果術(shù)后A、B兩組像差都有所增加,增幅:(1)兩組內(nèi)術(shù)后6個月與術(shù)前比較,差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);(2)兩組間總高階像差、彗差及球差在術(shù)后10 d及1個月時差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);(3)兩組三葉草差在術(shù)后第10天增幅差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論飛秒激光和機(jī)械角膜板層刀制瓣LASIK術(shù)后像差均有所增加,飛秒激光原位角膜磨鑲術(shù)在矯正高度近視方面對減少術(shù)后角膜高階像差更具優(yōu)勢,利于提高術(shù)后視覺質(zhì)量,可能是一種比較理想的手術(shù)方式。
飛秒激光;機(jī)械板層刀;準(zhǔn)分子激光原位角膜磨鑲術(shù)
準(zhǔn)分子激光原位角膜磨鑲術(shù)(laser in situ keratomileusis, LASIK)術(shù)后一些患者裸眼視力達(dá)到1.0甚至更好,但視物時仍然有眩光、光暈、夜間視力降低等不良癥狀[1],隨著基礎(chǔ)研究的逐漸深入,目前已經(jīng)認(rèn)識到像差與術(shù)后視覺質(zhì)量下降有很大關(guān)系[2,3]。本研究采用角膜波前像差引導(dǎo)的LASIK手術(shù)對兩組等數(shù)量的高度近視患者進(jìn)行治療,對比分析兩組術(shù)前及術(shù)后不同時間段角膜高階像差的變化,為臨床客觀評價飛秒激光制瓣與機(jī)械角膜板層刀制瓣LASIK術(shù)后視覺質(zhì)量變化,以更合適的手術(shù)方式矯正高度近視提供角膜像差變化方面的理論依據(jù),現(xiàn)報告如下。
1.1對象 2015-03至2016-03在解放軍某院眼視光中心接受飛秒激光制瓣LASIK為A組和板層刀制瓣LASIK為B組矯正近視散光共103例(200眼),A組51例,男24例(47眼),女27例(53眼),年齡18~33歲,B組52例,男26例(51眼)女26例(49眼),年齡18~34歲兩組年齡均在18歲以上且屈光度在近兩年內(nèi)穩(wěn)定。常規(guī)術(shù)前檢查排除了圓錐角膜、眼部活動性炎性疾病、嚴(yán)重干眼、自身免疫疾病、視網(wǎng)膜脫離等手術(shù)禁忌證。
1.2術(shù)前檢查 術(shù)前檢查包括裸眼視力(uncorrected visua1 acuit, UCVA)、綜合驗(yàn)光、最佳矯正視力(Bestcorrected visual acuit,BSCVA)、眼壓、眼前段、眼底、淚液分泌、角膜地形圖、眼軸長度、角膜超聲測厚等常規(guī)檢查。
1.3手術(shù)方法 術(shù)前常規(guī)消毒,沖洗結(jié)膜囊后表面麻醉,飛秒LASIK:根據(jù)患者角膜參數(shù)制作角膜瓣,蒂位于鼻側(cè),預(yù)設(shè)厚度110 μm,掀開角膜瓣,行虹膜定位小光斑激光切削后沖洗基質(zhì)床,角膜復(fù)位。板層刀制瓣LASIK:水平微型板層刀制作直徑為8.0 mm帶蒂角膜瓣(蒂位于鼻側(cè)),掀開角膜瓣,行虹膜定位小光斑激光切削后沖洗基質(zhì)床,角膜復(fù)位,給予角膜硬性繃帶鏡固定角膜瓣,手術(shù)結(jié)束。兩種手術(shù)均由具有豐富手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的醫(yī)師完成。術(shù)后0.5%左氧氟沙星滴眼液和0.1%氟米龍滴眼液各滴1滴于術(shù)眼,包扎眼罩。
1.3.1觀察指標(biāo) 像差是指眼球?qū)嶋H成像和理想成像相比的缺陷。像差分為低階像差和高階像差。低階像差是指傳統(tǒng)意義如散光等屈光問題。高階像差指不規(guī)則散光等光學(xué)缺陷。高階像差包括慧形像差、球面像差、三葉草像差等。球面像差指通過透鏡周邊的光線較進(jìn)軸光線更接近于透鏡形成焦點(diǎn),這種現(xiàn)象又叫球差;慧差入射光線與主光軸形成一定角度時,在像平面上得到的是一系列交錯疊加的光斑,尖端亮度大,形似彗星,簡稱為慧差;三葉草像差又稱為三葉草樣散光。屈光手術(shù)治療近視使實(shí)際成像與理想成像之間的像差增加進(jìn)而出現(xiàn)視覺質(zhì)量問題。本次實(shí)驗(yàn)通過對比術(shù)后與術(shù)前總高階像差、慧差、球差和三葉草差等影響視覺質(zhì)量的主要因素,為更好的指導(dǎo)屈光手術(shù)提供參考。
1.4統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理 應(yīng)用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計軟件進(jìn)行處理,計量資料以表示。對兩組資料進(jìn)行正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn);服從正態(tài)分布的資料,同一組內(nèi)比較采用配對t檢驗(yàn),兩組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);兩組間比較資料滿足正態(tài)分布,如果方差不齊采用t'檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。術(shù)后兩組間不同時期總高階像差、彗差、三葉草差和球差比較采用Bonferroni法,對應(yīng)的檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)調(diào)整為P<0.05/4
2.1一般資料比較 A組51例(100眼),男24例,女27例,年齡18~33歲, B組52例(100眼),男26例,女26例,年齡18~34歲,表1。
表1 A、B兩組術(shù)前一般情況
2.2術(shù)后兩組像差變化的比較 A與B組術(shù)后6個月各時期像差較術(shù)前均有不同程度的增加(表2)。A組術(shù)后6個月各像差較術(shù)前比較,差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t=-2.256,P=0.013;t=-2.087,P=0.020;t=-1.81,P=0.037;t=-1.720,P=0.044)。B組術(shù)后6個月各像差較術(shù)前比較,差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t=-2.634,P=0.005;t=-2.182,P=0.016;t=-1.097,P=0.030;t=-1.926,P=0.028)。
2.3術(shù)后兩組不同時期各像差增幅對比 術(shù)后A組各時期總高階像差、彗差、三葉草像差和球差均小于B組??偢唠A像差、彗差及球差的中A組術(shù)后10 d與術(shù)后1個月均小于B組,差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義;在三葉草差中A組術(shù)后10 d小于B組,差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,見表2。
經(jīng)過大量的基礎(chǔ)和臨床論證LASIK具有手術(shù)時間短、痛苦小、感染率低、術(shù)后具有良好及穩(wěn)定的遠(yuǎn)期效果等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[4-6]。但是,一些患者在術(shù)后裸眼視力雖然達(dá)到1.0甚至更好,但視物時仍然有眩光、光暈、夜間視力降低等不良癥狀。在早期并不知發(fā)病緣由,隨著基礎(chǔ)研究的逐漸深入,眾多研究表明,像差和視覺質(zhì)量有很大的關(guān)系[7,8],各高價像差中球差和彗差的影響較大[9]。
人眼是一種近乎完美的光學(xué)系統(tǒng),但像差一直存在于人眼的屈光系統(tǒng)中。人眼像差主要由角膜像差和眼內(nèi)像差(房水、玻璃體、晶狀體像差) 組成,屈光手術(shù)后像差的變化是評估視覺質(zhì)量的重要結(jié)構(gòu)[10],低階像差一般很少影響人眼的視覺質(zhì)量,影響主要來自高階像差,通常情況下人眼是可以克服這些像差的,因此對視覺質(zhì)量影響不大。假若這些像差增大到人眼難以克服的程度,那么視覺質(zhì)量就會下降。Morence-Barriuso等[11]和Mrochen等[12]指出像差在術(shù)后較術(shù)前明顯增大,彗差和球差占主要部分;像差的增大是術(shù)后視覺質(zhì)量下降的重要因素。關(guān)于屈光手術(shù)造成角膜高階像差增大的原因有很多,如患眼本身固有的像差、術(shù)后角膜曲率的改變、角膜形狀不規(guī)則、術(shù)后角膜瓣愈合反應(yīng)等[13]。角膜瓣會導(dǎo)致高階像差增大,Pallikaris等[14]研究證明,只做角膜瓣,不行激光切削,術(shù)后的屈光度雖然無改變,但高階像差是術(shù)前的1.3倍,證明了LASIK的角膜瓣會導(dǎo)致高階像差增大。
表2 術(shù)后兩組間不同時期總高階像差、彗差、三葉草差和球差情況
表2 術(shù)后兩組間不同時期總高階像差、彗差、三葉草差和球差情況
注: A組,飛秒激光制瓣;B組,板層刀制瓣;①組內(nèi)與術(shù)前比較,P<0.05
本研究證實(shí)術(shù)后飛秒組和板層刀組內(nèi)高階像差在不同時期均有所增大,且與術(shù)前相比有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義;其中以高階像差、球差、彗差較顯著。飛秒組術(shù)后早期像差增加更為明顯,這可能與術(shù)后早期角膜瓣愈合反應(yīng)造成的角膜上皮水腫較重有關(guān)。本研究中術(shù)后兩組像差隨著時間推移逐漸減小,在術(shù)后6個月時兩組高階像差基本恢復(fù)到術(shù)前水平;但飛秒組術(shù)后各時期像差增幅的均數(shù)值小于板層刀組,不少研究報道了飛秒制瓣Lasik比機(jī)械板層刀制瓣在術(shù)后像差增幅的均值更小[15,16],與本文研究結(jié)果相一致。這是由于飛秒激光制作的角膜瓣較薄[17],切削后剩余的角膜基質(zhì)較厚,術(shù)后對角膜生物學(xué)特性影響較小,角膜的曲率術(shù)前、術(shù)后變化較?。煌瑫r飛秒激光的熱效應(yīng)小,使用其在制作角膜瓣時不會損傷制瓣區(qū)域以外的組織,術(shù)后角膜愈合反應(yīng)輕,角膜瘢痕Hase不易形成,角膜表面光滑,像差較小。機(jī)械角膜板層刀制瓣厚薄不均,尤其在矯正高度近視時為了保留足夠厚的角膜基質(zhì)而減少角膜切削的深度,造成切削區(qū)與非切削區(qū)異常陡峭,術(shù)后角膜曲率變化較大,引入的像差較大。所以其在矯正高度近視方面對減少術(shù)后角膜高階像差更具優(yōu)勢,利于提高術(shù)后視覺質(zhì)量,可能是一種比較理想的手術(shù)方式。本研究觀察的時間較短、樣本少,以后會進(jìn)一步對飛秒激光制瓣LASIK矯正高度近視進(jìn)行研究。
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(2017-01-10收稿2017-03-10修回)
(本文編輯 宋宮儒)
Comparison between the changes of high-order aberrations after femtosecond laser versus mechanical microkeratome for fl ap cutting in LASIK for correction of high myopia
GUO Shanshan1, TIAN Yu2, and WANG Songtian1. 1. Graduate Office, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453000, China; 2. Department of Ophthalmology, No. 91 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Jiaozuo 454000, China
Corresponding author: WANG Songtian, E-mail: jzwst9629@163.com
ObjectiveThis study objective was to compare the changes of high-order aberrations after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) with femtosecond laser and mechanical microkeratome for flap cutting for correction of high myopia.MethodsA retrospective analysis method was used for this study, a total study sample of 103 patients (200 eyes) that presented to the ophthalmology centre of a liberation army hospital between March 2015 and March 2016 were analysed. The sample was divided into two equal groups (group A and group B), 51 high myopia patients (100 eyes) of group A were treated with femtosecond laser for flap cutting, and 52 high myopia patients (100 eyes) of the group B were treated with mechanical microkeratome for flap cutting. The wave-front aberration analyser Nidek OPD SCan was applied to measure the total higher-order, spherical, coma, and wave-front aberrations in a dark room before the surgery, at 10 days, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after surgery.ResultsPostoperative aberrations in group A and group B were both increased. Rate of increase: (1) as compared with those before surgery, the intra-group difference in aberrations six months after surgery in both two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05); (2) The difference in the total higher-order, coma and spherical aberrations 10 days and 1 month after surgery between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). (3) There was a statistically significant difference between the changes of wave-front aberration of the two groups 10 days after the surgery (P<0.05).ConclusionsThe aberrations after femtosecond laser and mechanical microkeratome for flap cutting in LASIK were both increased. Femtosecond LASIK is more suitable for the correction of high myopia, is helpful to improve the postoperative visual quality, and may be an ideal surgical method.
femtosecond laser; mechanical layer plate knife; laser in situ keratomileusis
R779.63
10.13919/j.issn.2095-6274.2017.04.007
1. 453000,河南省新鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)學(xué)院研究生處;2. 454000 焦作,解放軍91中心醫(yī)院眼科
王松田,E-mail:jzwst9629@163.com