楊慧,馬培,林明寶,侯琦
(中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院藥物研究所,北京100050)
紫蘇葉化學(xué)成分、抗炎作用及其作用機制研究進展
楊慧,馬培,林明寶,侯琦
(中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院藥物研究所,北京100050)
紫蘇葉為我國傳統(tǒng)清熱解毒中藥,具有解表散寒、宣肺化痰、行氣和胃之功效,臨床廣泛應(yīng)用于炎癥性疾病的治療。為明確紫蘇葉藥理活性的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)及其抗炎活性機制,本文依據(jù)近年來紫蘇葉提取物及主要化學(xué)成分藥理活性的相關(guān)文獻,對紫蘇葉中揮發(fā)油類、黃酮和花色苷類、酚酸類、苷類、三萜類和甾體等主要化學(xué)成分、紫蘇葉提取物的抗炎活性及其調(diào)控固有免疫細胞活性和功能、調(diào)節(jié)輔助性T細胞平衡等主要作用機制進行了綜述,旨在為研發(fā)以紫蘇葉為原料的抗炎新藥提供參考。
紫蘇葉;化學(xué)成分;炎癥
紫蘇(Perilla frutescens)是原衛(wèi)生部公布的藥食同源植物之一,其不同藥用部位紫蘇葉(Folium Perillae)、紫蘇梗和紫蘇子均被《中國藥典》收載。紫蘇葉應(yīng)用歷史悠久,具有解表散寒、宣肺化痰、行氣和胃等功效[1],主要臨床適應(yīng)證為炎癥性疾病,包括急慢性支氣管炎、胃炎、腎炎和體表化膿性炎癥[2]。藥理學(xué)研究表明,紫蘇葉提取物對大、小鼠的急、慢性炎癥,局部組織和全身炎癥有良好的緩解作用,這與其調(diào)控免疫細胞的活性和功能、抑制炎癥介質(zhì)的釋放和活性、調(diào)控活性氧簇(reactive oxy?gen species,ROS)和一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)水平等作用機制有關(guān)[3-4],抗炎作用活性物質(zhì)為揮發(fā)油、黃酮和酚酸等化合物[5-7]。本文對紫蘇葉化學(xué)成分和抗炎藥理活性研究進展進行綜述,以期明確其發(fā)揮抗炎作用的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)和抗炎機制,為臨床用藥和開發(fā)新藥提供理論基礎(chǔ)。
1.1 揮發(fā)油
揮發(fā)油是紫蘇葉主要成分和特異香氣的來源,含有單萜、倍半萜、二萜、芳香類和脂肪族類等多種化合物,成分的種類和含量因品種、產(chǎn)地等因素而差異較大[8]。無環(huán)單萜的基本骨架是月桂烷(dodecane),包括芳樟醇、乙酸芳樟酯、乙酸橙花酯、乙酸香葉酯、枸櫞醛、香葉醛、香草醇、白蘇酮、異白蘇酮、紫蘇酮、紫蘇烯和香薷酮[2,9-10]。單環(huán)單萜有薄荷烷(menthane)型的左旋檸檬烯、γ-松油烯、異松油烯、乙酸松油酯、1-甲基-4-(1-甲基亞乙基)環(huán)己烷、對聚傘花素、α-松油醇、4-萜烯醇、紫蘇醛、紫蘇醇、二氫紫蘇醇、薄荷醇、薄荷酮、1,8-桉葉素和反式-2-對-薄荷烯-7-醇[1,2,9-12];還包括環(huán)香葉烷(cyclogera?niane)型的4-羥基-α-紫羅蘭酮和(+)-異黑麥草內(nèi)酯(isololiolide)和(-)-黑麥草內(nèi)酯(loliolide)[1,13]。雙環(huán)單萜有蒎烷(pinane)型的蒎烯。側(cè)柏烷(thu?jane)型的香檜烯和莰烷(camphane)型的樟烯[9-10]。無環(huán)倍半萜的基本骨架為金合歡烷(farne?sane),包括金合歡烯、法呢醇和橙花叔醇[1,9,12,14]。單環(huán)倍半萜有蛇麻烷(humulane)型的α-蛇麻烯、沒藥烷(bisabolane)型的β-紅沒藥烯、欖香烷(elemane)型的欖香烯、megastimane型的去氫催吐蘿芙木醇和吉馬烷(germacrane)型的吉馬烯[9,13-14]。雙環(huán)倍半萜有桉葉烷(salinane)型的β-芹子烯,丁香烷(caryophyllane)型的石竹烯和石竹酮,杜松烷(cadinane)型的杜松醇、δ-杜松烯和表位-雙環(huán)倍半水芹烯,檀香烷(santalane)型的β-檀香烯以及菖蒲烷(acorane)型的去氫白菖烯[9-10,12,14]。三環(huán)倍半萜有蓽澄茄烷(cubebane)型的α-蓽澄茄油烯、長葉烷(longfolane)型的刺柏烯和異長葉烯、香木蘭烷(aromadendrane)型的藍桉醇及胡椒烷(copane)型的α-胡椒烯[9-10,14]。二萜化合物有植醇和穿心蓮內(nèi)酯[1-2]。芳香類成分有甲基丁香酚、芹菜腦、肉豆蔻醚、細辛腦、蒔蘿油腦、黃樟素、苯乙烯、鄰苯二甲酸二甲酯和1,3-二甲基苯[1-2,11,14-15]。脂肪族類成分有新植二烯、7-辛烯-4-醇和茉莉酮[1,10]。揮發(fā)油類成分基本骨架見圖1。
1.2 黃酮(flavone)和花色苷(anthocyanin)類
紫蘇葉中黃酮類成分包括芹菜素、芹菜素-7-葡萄糖苷、芹菜素-7-O-雙葡萄糖酸苷、芹菜素-7-咖啡酰葡萄糖苷、木犀草素、木犀草素-7-葡萄糖苷、木犀草素-7-O-雙葡萄糖酸苷、木犀草素-7-咖啡酰葡萄糖苷、金圣草黃素、高黃芩素、高黃芩素-7-O-雙葡萄糖酸苷、野黃芩苷和黃芩素-7-甲醚[2,13,16]。黃酮醇(flavonol)類成分有槲皮素[16]。黃烷酮類(flava?none)成分有8-羥基-6,7-二甲氧基黃烷酮和5,8-二羥基-7-甲氧基黃烷酮[17]?;ㄉ疹惓煞职ㄌ祗每?、天竺葵苷、矢車菊素、芍藥素、芍藥素-3-葡萄糖苷、芍藥素-3-(6’-乙酰)葡萄糖苷、咖啡?;ㄉ剀?、紫蘇寧、順式-紫蘇寧、丙二酸單酰紫蘇寧、丙二酸單酰-順式-紫蘇寧、咖啡?;釂熙;ㄉ剀?、矮牽牛素、矮牽牛素-3,5-二葡萄糖苷、矮牽牛素-3-(6’-?;┢咸烟擒铡w燕草色素、飛燕草素-3-阿拉伯糖苷、錦葵花素和錦葵花素-3-(6’-?;┢咸烟擒眨?,16,18-19]。豐富的黃酮和花色苷類化合物及其含量差異是紫蘇顏色多樣性的主要原因,也是紫蘇顯著的抗氧化活性、抑制炎癥和慢性疾病的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。黃酮類成分基本骨架見圖2。
1.3 酚酸類
紫蘇葉中含有豐富的酚酸成分,已報道的有迷迭香酸(rosmarinic acid)衍生物(迷迭香酸、迷迭香酸甲酯、迷迭香酸乙酯和3,3’-乙氧基迷迭香酸),肉桂酸(cinnamic acid)衍生物〔三甲氧基肉桂酸、阿魏酸、阿魏酸甲酯、咖啡酸、咖啡酸甲酯、咖啡酸乙烯酯、(Z,E)-2-(3,5-二羥苯基)-乙烯咖啡酸酯和(Z,E)-2-(3,4-二羥苯基)-乙烯咖啡酸酯〕,咖啡??崴幔╟affeoylquinic acid)類(3-咖啡??崴?、4-咖啡??崴岷?-咖啡酰奎尼酸),和其他化合物(丹參素、3,4-二羥基苯甲酸甲酯、原兒茶醛、原兒茶酸、苯丙酸、對羥基苯甲醛和對羥基苯乙酮)[2,12-13,17,20]。多數(shù)酚酸成分具有兒茶酚(鄰二苯酚)結(jié)構(gòu),因此有較多的活性作用包括抗氧化、抗菌和消炎等[16]。代表性酚酸類成分結(jié)構(gòu)見圖3。
圖1 紫蘇葉單萜與倍半萜的基本骨架.
圖2 紫蘇葉中黃酮和花色苷類的基本骨架.
1.4 苷類
紫蘇葉中含有多樣的苷類化合物,包括單萜苷〔紫蘇苷(perilloside)A~D〕[2],苯丙素苷(紫蘇苷E和citrusin C)[2,21],氰苷〔苦杏仁苷異構(gòu)體、野櫻苷(prunasin)和接骨木苷〕[2],醇苷〔苯甲醇葡萄糖苷(芐基葡萄糖苷,benzyl glucoside),苯戊酸-3-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷和胡蘿卜苷〕[2,18]和8個其他苷類(香草酸-氧-葡萄糖苷、茉莉酸-5’-氧-葡萄糖苷、3-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖氧基-3-表-2-異戊酸、甲基-α-D-半乳糖苷、5’-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖氧基茉莉酸、對羥基肉桂酰葡萄糖苷、葵烯酸-5-吡喃葡萄糖苷和乙酸芳樟醇-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷)[2,20-21]。代表性苷類化合物結(jié)構(gòu)見圖4。
一點看不出變化。王樹林語無倫次地贊賞起來,和你二十歲的時候一樣,光滑結(jié)實,沒有贅肉。王樹林當然說的是腿,他很久沒有親近它們了。他再次表現(xiàn)出少年郎的輕狂勁來,隱秘的內(nèi)心深處開始回放起那晚的停車場,激烈,纏綿而持久。
1.5 三萜類和甾體
紫蘇葉中含有常見的三萜和甾體類化合物,包括齊墩果烷(oleanane)型三萜(齊墩果酸、3-表山楂酸、馬斯里酸、香樹脂醇、augustic acid和絹毛欖仁苷[2,13,22],熊果烷(ursane)型三萜(熊果酸、委陵菜酸、果樹酸、山香二烯酸和科羅索酸)[2]及甾醇類化合物(20-異戊基-孕甾-3β,14α-二醇、β-谷甾醇、豆甾醇和菜油甾醇)[2,22]。代表性三萜類和甾體成分化合物結(jié)構(gòu)見圖5。
1.6 其他
紫蘇葉中還含有香豆素類化合物(6,7-二羥基香豆素和七葉內(nèi)酯)[2,16]和新木脂素類化合物(柳葉玉蘭脂素和andamanicin)[2]。此外,含有有機酸(檸檬酸和茉莉酸)[20],類胡蘿卜素(色素類葉黃素、新黃素、百合黃素、堇菜黃素和β-胡蘿卜素)[2,16],脂肪酸(棕櫚酸、油酸、亞麻酸和亞油酸)[16]和多種維生素和金屬元素等化學(xué)成分[16]。
圖3 紫蘇葉中代表性酚酸類化合物.
圖4 紫蘇葉中代表性苷類化合物.
圖5 紫蘇葉中三萜類的基本骨架.
紫蘇具有豐富的種質(zhì)資源,包括紫蘇原變種(紫蘇和白蘇)、野生紫蘇、回回蘇和耳齒紫蘇。研究結(jié)果表明,紫蘇原變種、野生紫蘇和回回蘇的水提物對耳炎、特應(yīng)性皮炎、肝炎、結(jié)腸炎和腎炎有廣泛而有效的抑制作用,而其不同濃度乙醇和甲醇提取物的抗炎活性研究主要集中在耳炎、皮膚過敏及呼吸系統(tǒng)炎癥(過敏性鼻炎、哮喘、慢性支氣管炎和急性肺損傷等)。
2.1 調(diào)控固有免疫細胞的活性和功能
固有免疫細胞發(fā)揮非特異性抗感染效應(yīng),能對入侵的病原體迅速產(chǎn)生免疫應(yīng)答,亦可清除體內(nèi)損傷、衰老或畸變的細胞。單核/巨噬細胞和中性粒細胞主要通過吞噬作用對病原體進行處理,產(chǎn)生組織細胞損傷并推動炎癥反應(yīng)放大。嗜酸/嗜堿性粒細胞與肥大細胞通過產(chǎn)生并與趨化因子和炎癥介質(zhì)相互作用,促使各類免疫細胞被募集、黏附并遷移到病灶而形成炎癥浸潤,進而發(fā)生免疫和組織損傷作用[23]。
有研究表明,紫蘇水提物表現(xiàn)出很強的抗特應(yīng)性皮炎的活性,可迅速降低2,4-二硝基氟苯誘導(dǎo)的小鼠耳腫脹,相鄰皮膚組織嗜酸性粒細胞水平可降低73.7%[24]。兔抗大鼠胸腺細胞血清誘導(dǎo)的腎小球腎炎大鼠飲用100和500 mg·kg-1回回蘇水提物8 d,單核/巨噬細胞數(shù)及腎小球細胞增殖都顯著降低[25]。野生紫蘇30%乙醇提取物保護性腹腔注射10 d,可減輕卵清蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)誘導(dǎo)過敏性鼻炎小鼠鼻黏膜嗜酸性粒細胞、中性粒細胞和肥大細胞浸潤,降低血清、脾和鼻黏膜的IgE水平[26]。OVA誘導(dǎo)的哮喘小鼠灌胃給予紫蘇95%乙醇提取物80或320 μg 3周,支氣管肺泡灌洗液中炎癥細胞減少及浸潤減輕,嗜酸性粒細胞和內(nèi)皮細胞之間的黏附減少[3]。紫蘇乙醇提取物可通過調(diào)節(jié)Src-家族酪氨酸激酶信號傳導(dǎo)通路并減少Ca2+動員,調(diào)節(jié)N-甲酰-L-甲硫氨酰-L-白氨酰-L苯丙氨酸刺激的中性粒細胞的激活[27]。
2.2 調(diào)控免疫球蛋白
IgA腎病小鼠飲用回回蘇水提物50或500 mg·kg-124 h后,血清IgA水平降低,蛋白尿和腎小球IgA沉積顯著減少[28]。紫蘇95%乙醇提取物可降低哮喘小鼠血清IgE水平,恢復(fù)免疫系統(tǒng)輔助性T淋巴細胞(T helper cells,Th)1/Th2平衡[3]。
2.3 調(diào)控組胺和花生四烯酸代謝物
炎癥反應(yīng)時,細胞膜磷脂中的花生四烯酸可通過環(huán)氧合酶(cyclooxygenase,COX)和脂氧化酶轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榫哂猩锘钚缘那傲邢偎兀╬rostaglandins,PG)、血栓素和白三烯(leukotriene,LT),引起血管擴張和血管通透性增加、水腫和疼痛等反應(yīng)。此外,肥大細胞和嗜堿性粒細胞活化后脫顆粒釋放組胺等,可通過結(jié)合組胺H1受體引起毛細血管擴張和血管通透性增加、平滑肌收縮和瘙癢等過敏反應(yīng)[26]。
佛波醇-12-十四烷酰-13-乙酸酯、花生四烯酸或噁唑酮誘導(dǎo)的耳炎小鼠灌胃給予1 kg·L-1野生紫蘇水提物0.4 mL,可抑制花生四烯酸、PG和LT的產(chǎn)生和組胺釋放,顯著緩解耳腫脹[29]。紫蘇水提物濃度依賴性抑制大鼠腹腔肥大細胞釋放組胺和脫顆粒,IC50為0.42 g·L-1[30-31]。灌胃回回蘇70%乙醇提取物0.28 g·kg-17 d,可拮抗組胺所致大鼠皮膚毛細血管通透性增加[32]。野生紫蘇30%乙醇提取物可降低過敏性鼻炎小鼠的組胺水平和COX-2的表達[26]。紫蘇100%甲醇提取物50和100 mg·L-1和紫蘇70%乙醇提取物100 mg·L-1均可抑制脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides,LPS)刺激的巨噬細胞RAW264.7活化P38絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPK)和NF-κB,產(chǎn)生COX-2和前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2,PGE2)[33-34]。
2.4 調(diào)控炎癥細胞因子和輔助性T細胞平衡
細胞因子是一類重要的炎癥介質(zhì),可分為促炎因子〔白細胞介素1(interleukin-1,IL-1)、IL-2、IL-6、IL-8、IL-12、IL-17、干擾素γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)、單核細胞趨化蛋白1(monocyte chemoattractant?protein-1,MCP-1)和腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor ne?crosis factor-α,TNF-α)等〕和抑炎因子〔IL-4、IL-5、IL-10和轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β(transforming growth fac?tor-β,TGF-β)等〕2類。Th細胞是重要的細胞因子來源,Th1細胞和Th2細胞受各類細胞因子的作用并調(diào)控細胞因子的進一步分泌,它們功能的平衡和消長是免疫調(diào)節(jié)的核心環(huán)節(jié)。
紫蘇水提物3 g·kg-1灌胃可顯著降低動物酒精性肝炎肝組織IL-6表達,并抑制IL-6與其受體作用,阻斷信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription-3,STAT-3)反式信號傳導(dǎo),從而減輕炎癥細胞浸潤,改善肝細胞變性及壞死[35]。葡聚糖硫酸鈉誘導(dǎo)的結(jié)腸炎小鼠飲用0.54%紫蘇水提物溶液10 d,顯著減少血清IL-17A,TNF-α和IL-10的水平,并抑制NF-κB的激活、IL-17A和TNF-α mRNA在遠端結(jié)腸的表達[36]。野生紫蘇70%乙醇提取物(10~100 μmol·L-1)抑制IL-1β誘導(dǎo)的肺上皮細胞A549生成IL-6[37]。紫蘇100%甲醇提取物50 mg·L-1抑制塵螨主要變應(yīng)原Der p2刺激的支氣管上皮細胞BEAS-2B中MAPK和NF-κB活性及促過敏因子(IL-4、IL-5、IL-13和粒細胞-巨噬細胞集落刺激因子)和促炎因子(IL-6,IL-8和MCP-1)的生成[38]。
2.5 調(diào)控ROS和NO水平
抗原抗體復(fù)合物等激活的炎癥細胞產(chǎn)生ROS,造成細胞膜氧化性損傷,產(chǎn)生疼痛介質(zhì)和炎癥因子,并通過脂質(zhì)過氧化產(chǎn)生的次級ROS級聯(lián)放大使細胞功能降低、喪失或死亡。ROS可通過2條途徑產(chǎn)生,一條是NADPH氧化酶反應(yīng),其激活包括膜磷脂酶、Ca2+激活和蛋白激酶C等核心事件;另一條是髓過氧化物酶反應(yīng)。炎癥反應(yīng)中單核巨噬細胞和血管平滑肌細胞等產(chǎn)生的NO,參與細胞因子的調(diào)節(jié),具有細胞毒性和抗炎保護的雙重作用,可降低血小板的聚集和黏附,抑制肥大細胞誘發(fā)的炎癥反應(yīng),減少急性炎癥灶內(nèi)的白細胞聚集。
紫蘇醇提物30 g·kg-1灌胃20 d,可降低慢性支氣管炎大鼠的內(nèi)皮素-1、丙二醛(malondialde?hyde,MDA)含量,提高超氧化物歧化酶(superox?ide dismutase,SOD)活性和NO含量,清除機體自由基,提高機體抗氧化損傷能力,減輕氣道炎癥反應(yīng)[4,39]。紫蘇乙醇提取物(1~10 mg·L-1)濃度依賴性地抑制N-甲酰-L-甲硫氨酰-L-白氨酰-L苯丙氨酸刺激的中性粒細胞ROS產(chǎn)生,彈性蛋白酶釋放,CD11b表達和細胞遷移[27]。紫蘇70%乙醇提取物50或100 mg·L-1降低LPS刺激的RAW 264.7細胞內(nèi)ROS水平,增加SOD、過氧化氫酶和谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶等抗氧化酶活性[34]。紫蘇99.5%甲醇提取物10 mg·L-1抑制低密度脂蛋白刺激的巨噬細胞脂毒性細胞凋亡和未折疊蛋白反應(yīng),拮抗巨噬細胞內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激與動脈粥樣硬化脂毒性信號[40]。
紫蘇葉提取物顯著的抗炎抗過敏活性使其抗炎活性成分成為新的研究關(guān)注點,其豐富的揮發(fā)油成分、黃酮類和酚酸類化合物是其抗炎活性的主要物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。已明確的活性成分有紫蘇醛、異紫蘇酮、木犀草素和迷迭香酸。
3.1 紫蘇醛
紫蘇醛(perillaldehyde)8.54 mg·kg-1灌胃21 d可顯著升高小鼠腹腔巨噬細胞活性、脾和胸腺免疫器官指數(shù),顯著提高脾IL-2和IFN-γ mRNA水平,增加血清中IgG,降低IgM,增強非特異性和特異性免疫[5]。給抑郁樣行為小鼠灌胃紫蘇醛60或120 mg·kg-17 d可改善抑郁行為,小鼠單胺應(yīng)答改變,前額葉5-羥色胺和去甲腎上腺素的濃度增加,且TNF-α和IL-6水平降低[6]。給大腦中動脈閉塞大鼠灌胃紫蘇醛36或72 mg·kg-17 d,大鼠神經(jīng)功能缺損和腦梗死面積減少,腦缺血再灌注誘導(dǎo)的細胞凋亡減少,誘導(dǎo)型NOS活性、NO水平及炎癥細胞因子IL-1β,IL-6和TNF-α水平顯著降低,這與蛋白激酶B磷酸化增加、c-Jun氨基端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)磷酸化減少、細胞凋亡相關(guān)基因Bax和胱天蛋白酶3表達降低有關(guān)[7]。
3.2 異紫蘇酮
異紫蘇酮(isoegomaketone)通過誘導(dǎo)血紅素氧合酶1、抑制STAT-1磷酸化和IFN-β產(chǎn)生,抑制NF-κB與激活蛋白-1的活化,濃度依賴性地抑制LPS刺激的RAW 264.7細胞NO的生成;LPS刺激的小鼠腹腔注射異紫蘇酮5~20 mg·kg-1,血清NO水平呈劑量依賴性降低[41]。
3.3 木犀草素
給小鼠灌胃木犀草素(luteolin)每只0.5 mg可抑制血清TNF-α和細胞間黏附分子1(intercellular adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1)表達及NO和ROS的產(chǎn)生,緩解小鼠耳腫脹[42]。小鼠腹腔注射木犀草素0.2 mg·kg-1,可抑制TNF-α和ICAM-1表達,降低組織白細胞浸潤,顯著提高LPS致死小鼠的存活率[43]。木犀草素可濃度依賴性地抑制人肥大細胞HMC-1中TNF-α和IL-1β的分泌,對皮膚炎癥疾病具有治療作用[44]。木犀草素可抑制3T3-L1脂肪細胞中NF-κB和MAPK的活化,抑制PGE2,NO和IL-6,減弱炎癥反應(yīng)并提高胰島素敏感性[45]。
3.4 迷迭香酸
迷迭香酸25 mg·kg-1可緩解>60%大鼠足爪腫脹,抑制中性粒細胞活性;通過調(diào)節(jié)NF-κB和MMP-9,減少促炎細胞因子的全身性釋放,減輕肝腎肺等多器官功能障礙[46]。OVA誘導(dǎo)的過敏性哮喘小鼠腹腔注射迷迭香酸(5,10和20 mg·kg-1),可劑量依賴性地抑制細胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶、JNK、P38蛋白的磷酸化和NF-κB活化,減少氣道黏液高分泌,抑制支氣管肺泡灌洗液中炎癥細胞和Th2細胞因子的增加,改善氣道高反應(yīng)性并延緩氣道炎癥[47]。迷迭香酸呈濃度依賴性地抑制血小板衍生生長因子誘導(dǎo)的腎小球系膜細胞中TGF-β1、MCP-1和纖連蛋白分泌,促進SOD活性升高,降低MDA含量[48-49]。
紫蘇葉中含有豐富的生物活性成分,其傳統(tǒng)的解表散寒、宣肺化痰、行氣和胃等功效正逐漸被現(xiàn)代藥理學(xué)科學(xué)評價和證實。目前對紫蘇葉的開發(fā)研究主要集中在不同溶劑的提取物,已從機體、細胞、分子水平多個層面上證實了紫蘇葉提取物的抗炎作用和機制。紫蘇葉提取物中單體成分的活性研究已闡明部分主要抗炎活性成分,如揮發(fā)油、黃酮類、酚酸類化合物。然而紫蘇葉提取物的組成成分和含量受產(chǎn)地、季節(jié)、提取方式等影響而差異巨大,提取物除含有一些特定成分外還有其他多種生物活性物質(zhì),這使其藥效物質(zhì)、構(gòu)效關(guān)系和作用機制等研究受到極大地限制。因此,紫蘇葉抗炎作用機制的研究還有較大可深入探索的空間。通過對紫蘇葉提取物尤其是其有效單體抗炎作用機制的研究,有望為進一步研究與開發(fā)以紫蘇葉為原料的抗炎新藥和功能食品提供依據(jù)。
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Research progress in chemical constituents,anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of Folium Perillae
YANG Hui,MA Pei,LIN Ming-bao,HOU Qi
(Institute of Materia Medica,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences&Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050,China)
Folium Perillae(FP)is a traditional Chinese materia medica,which has been used for treating inflammatory diseases.In order to clarify the material basis of FP′s pharmacological activity and anti-inflammatory mechanism,we presented a review about some of the primary chemical components in FP,such as volatile oils,flavonoids,anthocyanins,phenolic acids,glycosides,triterpenes and steroids, and about the anti-inflammatory activity of FP extract and its major mechanism,such as regulating the viability and function of innate immune cells,controlling the balance of helper T cells,based on related research in recent years.This study aims to provide reference for further research and development of new drugs based on FP.
Folium Perillae;chemical constituents;inflammation
LIN Ming-bao,E-mail:mingbaolin@imm.cams.cn,Tel:(010)63165192;HOU Qi,E-mail: houq@imm.ac.cn,Tel:(010)63165191
R285
:A
:1000-3002-(2017)03-0279-08
10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2017.03.012
Foundation item:The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81473398);and CAMS Initia?tive for Innovative Medicine(CAMS-I2M:2016-I2M-2-006)
2016-10-27接受日期:2017-03-22)
(本文編輯:齊春會)
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81473398);中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院醫(yī)學(xué)與健康創(chuàng)新工程-重大協(xié)同創(chuàng)新項目(2016-I2M-2-006)
楊慧,女,碩士研究生,主要從事抗炎免疫藥理學(xué)研究,Tel:(010)63165192,E-mail:yanghui@imm.ac.cn
林明寶,E-mail:mingbaolin@imm.cams.cn,Tel:(010)63165192;侯琦,E-mail:houq@imm.ac.cn,Tel:(010)63165191