李錦偉 王 劍 曾 欣 王曉航 李建奇 謝渭芬*
第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬長(zhǎng)征醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科1(200003) 上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬同仁醫(yī)院老年科2上海市磁共振重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 華東師范大學(xué)物理系3
大鼠肝硬化模型中門靜脈壓力無創(chuàng)評(píng)估的初步探討
李錦偉1,2王 劍1曾 欣1王曉航1李建奇3謝渭芬1*
第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬長(zhǎng)征醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科1(200003) 上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬同仁醫(yī)院老年科2上海市磁共振重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 華東師范大學(xué)物理系3
肝硬化; 門靜脈壓; 無創(chuàng)評(píng)估; 模型,動(dòng)物
各種慢性肝病進(jìn)展至肝硬化后常發(fā)生門靜脈高壓,門靜脈高壓可進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致腹水、脾功能亢進(jìn)、食管胃底靜脈曲張、肝性腦病等一系列并發(fā)癥,嚴(yán)重影響患者預(yù)后。其中,食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血是導(dǎo)致肝硬化患者死亡的重要原因[1]。因此,門靜脈壓力的測(cè)定對(duì)了解肝硬化患者的病情變化、判斷預(yù)后以及評(píng)估治療效果具有重要意義[2]。目前,肝靜脈壓力梯度(HVPG)是評(píng)價(jià)門靜脈壓力的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3-5]。但由于技術(shù)難度大、存在一定創(chuàng)傷性等問題,HVPG難以在臨床中大規(guī)模應(yīng)用[6]。近年越來越多的研究聚焦于門靜脈壓力的無創(chuàng)評(píng)估領(lǐng)域。
已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血清學(xué)指標(biāo)可用來預(yù)測(cè)門靜脈高壓的存在,聯(lián)合使用不同的血清學(xué)指標(biāo)建立數(shù)學(xué)模型甚至可直接評(píng)估門靜脈壓力的大小[7-8]。但由于血清學(xué)指標(biāo)經(jīng)常受到全身炎癥反應(yīng)、其他系統(tǒng)疾病等因素的影響,其檢測(cè)門靜脈壓力的準(zhǔn)確性尚存在疑問。多項(xiàng)研究[9-12]表明,肝脾體積、門靜脈系統(tǒng)管徑、肝臟纖維化程度等參數(shù)可反映門靜脈壓力。本研究通過制備大鼠肝硬化模型,并分析與門靜脈壓力密切相關(guān)的參數(shù),旨在為臨床無創(chuàng)診斷門靜脈高壓提供依據(jù)。
一、實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物、主要試劑
6周齡雄性Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠20只,體質(zhì)量約180~200 g,購(gòu)自上海斯萊克實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物有限公司,飼養(yǎng)于第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心(清潔級(jí))。
硫代乙酰胺購(gòu)自國(guó)藥集團(tuán)化學(xué)試劑有限公司,羥脯氨酸試劑盒購(gòu)自南京建成生物工程研究所。
二、研究方法
1. 肝硬化動(dòng)物模型制備:將大鼠隨機(jī)分成對(duì)照組和模型組,每組各10只。模型組大鼠予以硫代乙酰胺0.2 g/kg腹腔注射,每周注射3~4次,隔天注射。對(duì)照組大鼠給予腹腔注射0.9% NaCl溶液。連續(xù)注射20周完成模型制備。
2. 門靜脈橫徑(PVD)測(cè)量:成功制備模型后麻醉大鼠,使用動(dòng)物線圈行MRI(Magnetom Trio Tim; Siemens Medical Solutions)TOF序列掃描[13]。掃描結(jié)束后利用后處理軟件測(cè)量大鼠門靜脈左右分支處的最大橫徑長(zhǎng)度。TOF序列成像參數(shù):重復(fù)時(shí)間11 ms,回波時(shí)間4.2 ms,翻轉(zhuǎn)角度18°,平面分辨率0.4 mm×0.3 mm,層厚0.7 mm,層數(shù)30層。
在此之前,收斂了昂揚(yáng)姿態(tài)的王樹林在看電視。他在等辛娜的出浴。眼脧著屏幕,耳朵一直在浴室的響動(dòng)中。他的手里拿著手機(jī)若有所思。很快浴室的水聲停止了,他收起手機(jī),快步來到浴室門外。略一遲疑,伸手?jǐn)Q開了浴室的門,一股香波味兒撲鼻彌香,淡薄的水汽里辛娜正抬腿擦拭,晶瑩的水珠在光潔豐腴的后腰閃耀著誘人的光點(diǎn)。不假思索,王樹林躬身抱起了出水芙蓉,驚得辛娜哎呀一聲一下子攬住了王樹林的脖子。兩條修長(zhǎng)白皙的大腿不停在半空踢踏,別有一番情調(diào)。
3. 直接穿刺測(cè)壓法測(cè)定門靜脈壓力[14]:打開測(cè)壓包,將玻璃管兩端分別與頭皮針、橡皮管連接,檢查裝置氣密性后,將玻璃管內(nèi)注滿0.9% NaCl溶液,排除氣泡,血管鉗夾閉橡皮管。大鼠麻醉后,打開腹腔,穿刺并插管至門靜脈主干,松開血管鉗,待玻璃管內(nèi)水柱穩(wěn)定后讀數(shù)。測(cè)量3次,取均值。
4. 一般情況和組織學(xué)檢查:大鼠處死后稱取體質(zhì)量,打開腹腔分離肝臟和脾臟并稱重和測(cè)量體積。取肝組織,部分組織以中性甲醛溶液固定,石蠟包埋,制備石蠟切片,行HE染色。其余肝臟標(biāo)本-80 ℃冰箱凍存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
5. 堿水解法測(cè)定組織羥脯氨酸含量[15]:精確稱量肝組織,加入水解液混勻,調(diào)整pH值。將空白管、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)管和待測(cè)管依次加入0.5 mL試劑1、試劑2、試劑3混勻,60 ℃水浴15 min,冷卻后離心,取上清于550 nm波長(zhǎng)處檢測(cè)各管吸光度值,計(jì)算樣品羥脯氨酸含量。
6. 天狼星紅染色和膠原面積比例計(jì)算:石蠟切片脫蠟至水,天狼星紅-苦味酸染色1 h后。1%乙酸溶液分化2 s,脫水、透明、封片。每張切片隨機(jī)選取4個(gè)低倍視野,用圖像分析系統(tǒng)測(cè)量染色后的膠原面積并自動(dòng)計(jì)算與總面積的百分比,取均值。
三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
一、 肝臟組織學(xué)
大體觀察示模型組大鼠肝臟表面呈結(jié)節(jié)樣增生;對(duì)照組大鼠肝臟表明光滑,色澤飽滿,未見結(jié)節(jié)樣增生。HE染色可見模型組大鼠肝臟實(shí)質(zhì)纖維組織增生、假小葉形成;對(duì)照組肝臟實(shí)質(zhì)為正常小葉、門管區(qū)和小葉間隔。天狼星紅染色示模型組大鼠大量膠原沉積,對(duì)照組僅在正常小葉間隔和門管區(qū)有膠原沉積(圖1)。
二、 各參數(shù)檢測(cè)結(jié)果
模型組大鼠門靜脈壓力為11.3~19.0 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa),對(duì)照組為8.4~14.0 cm H2O。與對(duì)照組相比,模型組大鼠門靜脈壓力顯著升高(P<0.001),體質(zhì)量顯著下降(P<0.001),肝臟重量、肝臟體積、脾臟重量、PVD、肝臟體積與體質(zhì)量比(LV/BW)、脾臟體積與體質(zhì)量比(SV/BW)、羥脯氨酸含量以及膠原面積比例均顯著升高(P<0.05)(表1)。
三、不同參數(shù)與門靜脈壓力的相關(guān)性分析
門靜脈壓力與LV/BW和肝臟膠原面積比例成正相關(guān)(r=0.649,P=0.042;r=0.699,P=0.026)(圖2),而與其余參數(shù)無明顯相關(guān)性。
圖2 LV/BW、膠原面積比例與門靜脈壓力關(guān)系的散點(diǎn)圖
圖1 大鼠肝臟組織HE染色和天狼星紅染色結(jié)果(×50)
參數(shù)對(duì)照組模型組P值門靜脈壓力(cmH2O)11.11±1.5816.40±2.90<0.001體質(zhì)量(g)536.20±25.74441.30±40.33<0.001肝臟重量(g)14.49±1.7318.99±2.34<0.001脾臟重量(g)0.82±0.141.26±0.31<0.001肝臟體積(mL)14.90±1.2919.20±2.35<0.001脾臟體積(mL)0.93±0.291.15±0.240.080LV/SV17.88±7.3117.20±3.460.790LV/BW(cm3/kg)27.88±3.1843.50±4.00<0.001SV/BW(cm3/kg)1.75±0.552.64±0.65<0.050PVD(mm)2.29±0.123.15±0.28<0.001羥脯氨酸含量(μg/g)0.31±0.060.73±0.16<0.001膠原面積比例(%)0.47±0.2711.75±3.81<0.001
無創(chuàng)診斷門靜脈高壓是慢性肝病研究領(lǐng)域的熱點(diǎn)問題[16]。聯(lián)合不同血清學(xué)指標(biāo)建立數(shù)學(xué)模型可評(píng)估門靜脈壓力。由天冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(AST)和血小板計(jì)數(shù)(PLT)構(gòu)成的APRI指數(shù)與門靜脈壓力顯著相關(guān)[17]。Berzigotti等[18]通過回顧性分析發(fā)現(xiàn)聯(lián)合使用白蛋白、ALT、INR三個(gè)指標(biāo)可用于診斷有臨床意義的門靜脈高壓癥。但血清學(xué)檢查波動(dòng)較大,容易受其他系統(tǒng)疾病的影響,因此用于無創(chuàng)診斷門靜脈高壓存在較大局限性。近年隨著影像學(xué)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展,利用影像學(xué)參數(shù)評(píng)估肝硬化程度和門靜脈壓力不斷受到重視。Hayashi等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)利用CT測(cè)量脾臟體積是診斷門靜脈高壓的較敏感指標(biāo)。瞬時(shí)彈性成像測(cè)定的肝臟硬度與HVPG之間具有極好的相關(guān)性,當(dāng)肝臟硬度值>8.74 kPa,診斷門靜脈高壓的敏感性和特異性可分別達(dá) 90.0%和81.0%[10]。此外,Colecchia等[19]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),利用MRE測(cè)量脾臟硬度值可評(píng)估和監(jiān)測(cè)門靜脈高壓,甚至還可預(yù)測(cè)食管靜脈曲張的發(fā)生。Iranmanesh等[20]的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),利用CT掃描獲取肝脾體積等指標(biāo)建立的數(shù)學(xué)診斷模型可較為準(zhǔn)確地反映HVPG。但目前建立的無創(chuàng)預(yù)測(cè)模型尚不成熟,不同的門靜脈壓力預(yù)測(cè)公式所使用的參數(shù)不盡相同。因此,利用大鼠肝硬化模型進(jìn)行門靜脈壓力相關(guān)參數(shù)分析將對(duì)臨床探索無創(chuàng)診斷門靜脈高壓以及為現(xiàn)有預(yù)測(cè)公式的修正提供重要參考。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在大鼠肝硬化模型中,LV/BW和肝臟組織膠原面積比例與門靜脈壓力成線性正相關(guān)。在臨床中,肝臟體積的測(cè)量簡(jiǎn)單易行,可通過CT、MRI等影像學(xué)手段以及后處理技術(shù)獲取。肝臟組織膠原面積比例與門靜脈壓力成線性正相關(guān)更佐證了肝臟組織變化能反映門靜脈壓力水平。脾臟腫大是門靜脈高壓引起的常見并發(fā)癥之一,多項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)脾臟體積可間接反映門靜脈壓力。但本研究中脾臟體積與門靜脈壓力無明顯相關(guān)性。其原因可能與大鼠脾臟體積較小、實(shí)驗(yàn)中測(cè)量方法誤差較大有關(guān),故關(guān)于此項(xiàng)參數(shù)在評(píng)估門靜脈壓力中的意義尚需行進(jìn)一步實(shí)驗(yàn)探討。
綜上所述,本研究利用動(dòng)物模型對(duì)肝硬化條件下能反映門靜脈壓力變化情況的相關(guān)因素進(jìn)行了初步分析,有望為臨床探索無創(chuàng)診斷門靜脈高壓提供重要依據(jù)。
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(2016-12-12收稿;2016-12-24修回)
Primary Study on Non-invasive Evaluation of Portal Vein Pressure in Model of Liver Cirrhosis in Rats
LIJinwei1,2,WANGJian1,ZENGXin1,WANGXiaohang1,LIJianqi3,XIEWeifen1.
1DepartmentofGastroenterology,ChangzhengHospital,SecondMilitaryMedicalUniversity,Shanghai(200003);2DepartmentofGeratology,TongRenHosipital,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Shanghai;3ShanghaiKeyLaboratoryofMagneticResonanceandDepartmentofPhysics,EastChinaNormalUniversity,Shanghai
XIE Weifen, Email: weifenxie@medmail.com.cn
Liver Cirrhosis; Portal Pressure; Non-Invasive Evaluation; Models, Animal
10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2017.03.004
*本文通信作者,Email: weifenxie@medmail.com.cn
Background: The measurement of portal vein pressure (PVP) is important for the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and prognosis in patients with liver cirrhosis. Aims: To investigate a non-invasive method for evaluating PVP in model of liver cirrhosis in rats. Methods: Liver cirrhosis model in rats was induced by intraperitoneal injection with thioacetamide. Magnetic resonance imaging with TOF sequence was used to measure portal vein diameter (PVD). PVP was detected directly by transvenous catheterization of portal vein. Body weight, liver weight, spleen weight, liver volume and spleen volume were determined. The hydroxyproline content in liver was determined by alkaline hydrolysis assay, proportion of collagen area in liver was detected by Sirius red staining. Results: Liver cirrhosis model in rats was successfully established after intraperitoneal injection for 20 weeks. Compared with control group, mean PVP, liver weight, liver volume, spleen weight, PVD, liver volume/body weight (LV/BW) ratio, spleen volume/body weight (SV/BW) ratio, hydroxyproline content and proportion of collagen area were significantly increased in model group (P<0.05), and body weight was significantly decreased (P<0.001). PVP was positively correlated with LV/BW ratio and proportion of collagen area (P<0.05). Conclusions: LV/BW and proportion of collagen area can indirectly reflect the PVP, and may provide a non-invasive approach for evaluation of portal hypertension.