崔彩云++李會(huì)聯(lián)++柳鋒
摘要:我國(guó)PPP項(xiàng)目物有所值評(píng)價(jià)尚處于起步階段,基本理論和方法尚不成熟,設(shè)計(jì)合理的評(píng)價(jià)程序能夠進(jìn)一步發(fā)揮VFM評(píng)價(jià)的作用。本文首先分析我國(guó)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目決策立項(xiàng)程序和PPP項(xiàng)目操作流程;接著在分析國(guó)外VFM評(píng)價(jià)體系的基礎(chǔ)上,總結(jié)出VFM評(píng)價(jià)主體具備的良好的評(píng)價(jià)環(huán)境、具備一定的技術(shù)支持職能、與職責(zé)相匹配的行政權(quán)力、充分利用第三方咨詢機(jī)構(gòu)等特征,并得出地方政府行業(yè)主管部門適宜作為我國(guó)VFM評(píng)價(jià)主體的結(jié)論。最后,本文設(shè)計(jì)出包括項(xiàng)目識(shí)別、項(xiàng)目準(zhǔn)備、項(xiàng)目采購(gòu)、項(xiàng)目執(zhí)行和項(xiàng)目移交五個(gè)階段的VFM評(píng)價(jià)程序,具體包括每一階段VFM評(píng)價(jià)的操作過程、判定方法和退出方式,其中項(xiàng)目識(shí)別階段包括定性評(píng)價(jià)、定量評(píng)價(jià)和敏感性分析以確保PPP項(xiàng)目決策的科學(xué)性,項(xiàng)目執(zhí)行階段進(jìn)行循環(huán)VFM評(píng)價(jià)以確保PPP項(xiàng)目過程監(jiān)控的有效性。
Abstract: In china, the theory and method of VFM assessment are still not very clear, which need a more mature assessment procedure to achieve effectiveness. On the basis of the analysis of the infrastructure projects decision-making procedure, PPP project operating processe in China, and the features of VFM assessment subject in other countries, this paper summarizes the VFM assessment subject has the characteristics of good evaluation environment, a certain technical support functions, responsibilities to match the administrative power, full use of the third party advisory bodies and others, and it founds that department of industry in local government is the proper VFM assessment subject in China.VFM assessment procedure is also designed which includes operation process, judgment method and withdrawing way in five different stages. The project identification stage includes qualitative evaluation, quantitative evaluation and sensitivity analysis to ensure the scientific nature of the PPP project decision-making, and the cycle VFM assessment of the project implementation phase is to ensure the effectiveness of PPP project process monitoring.
關(guān)鍵詞:政府與社會(huì)資本合作;物有所值評(píng)價(jià);評(píng)價(jià)程序;決策立項(xiàng);評(píng)價(jià)主體
Key words: public private partnership;value for money;assessment procedure;decision-making;assessment subject
中圖分類號(hào):F810.2 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):1006-4311(2017)05-0240-04
0 引言
隨著PPP(Public-Private Partnership)模式在我國(guó)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目中應(yīng)用的推廣,物有所值評(píng)價(jià)(Value for Money, VFM)作為PPP項(xiàng)目采購(gòu)模式選擇的有效方法[1]在PPP項(xiàng)目決策立項(xiàng)中發(fā)揮著巨大的作用[2]。完備的評(píng)價(jià)程序是PPP項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行VFM評(píng)價(jià)的基本前提,VFM評(píng)價(jià)程序的設(shè)計(jì)必須與現(xiàn)有基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目立項(xiàng)程序和PPP項(xiàng)目操作流程有機(jī)結(jié)合,使VFM評(píng)價(jià)能夠在PPP項(xiàng)目實(shí)施的關(guān)鍵節(jié)點(diǎn)發(fā)揮作用。本文主要以基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施PPP項(xiàng)目立項(xiàng)及操作流程分析為基礎(chǔ),完成VFM評(píng)價(jià)過程的設(shè)計(jì)。
1 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目決策立項(xiàng)流程分析
我國(guó)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目立項(xiàng)流程通常分為立項(xiàng)建議和立項(xiàng)審批兩個(gè)階段[3]。在項(xiàng)目立項(xiàng)申請(qǐng)之前,通常要進(jìn)行投資機(jī)會(huì)研究、項(xiàng)目建議書、可行性研究等工作,在發(fā)改委立項(xiàng)審批之前通常還要經(jīng)過環(huán)保部門的環(huán)保審批、規(guī)劃部門的選址意見、國(guó)土資源部門的用地預(yù)審,有時(shí)還要經(jīng)過消防部門的消防審批。具體立項(xiàng)流程如圖1所示。
在項(xiàng)目立項(xiàng)建議階段,投資機(jī)會(huì)研究是指政府相關(guān)部門以公共利益需求的角度,從錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜環(huán)境中選擇立項(xiàng)機(jī)會(huì),經(jīng)過方案分析選擇,再將這種立項(xiàng)機(jī)會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)入項(xiàng)目建議書階段??尚行匝芯吭u(píng)價(jià)是立項(xiàng)建議階段主要的實(shí)質(zhì)性評(píng)價(jià)階段,以預(yù)測(cè)項(xiàng)目未來成本和收入為基礎(chǔ)分析項(xiàng)目財(cái)務(wù)可行性;以分析項(xiàng)目對(duì)國(guó)家進(jìn)出口的影響為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)價(jià),論證項(xiàng)目從國(guó)家角度的經(jīng)濟(jì)可行性;以研究項(xiàng)目與所在地互適性、文化影響、生活水平影響等為內(nèi)容進(jìn)行社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià),以測(cè)評(píng)建設(shè)和使用階段對(duì)環(huán)境的影響為目的進(jìn)行環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià),為后續(xù)選擇項(xiàng)目是否采用PPP模式奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
2 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施PPP項(xiàng)目操作流程分析
2014年11月29日,財(cái)政部《關(guān)于印發(fā)政府和社會(huì)資本合作模式操作指南(試行)的通知》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“PPP指南”)中[4],將PPP項(xiàng)目的操作流程分為了項(xiàng)目識(shí)別、項(xiàng)目準(zhǔn)備、項(xiàng)目采購(gòu)、項(xiàng)目執(zhí)行和項(xiàng)目移交五個(gè)階段,具體過程如圖2所示。