◎王 春
小學(xué)英語(yǔ)常態(tài)課提問(wèn)策略
◎王 春
古希臘學(xué)者普羅塔戈(Plutarch)早在3000年以前就指出:“頭腦不是一個(gè)需要被填滿的容器,而是一把需要被點(diǎn)燃的火把?!敝逃姨招兄壬f(shuō):“發(fā)明千千萬(wàn),起點(diǎn)是一問(wèn)。智者問(wèn)得巧,愚者問(wèn)得笨?!必惱耍˙elarck)通過(guò)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),課堂教學(xué)過(guò)程的核心是教師提問(wèn),學(xué)生回答,然后是教師對(duì)學(xué)生的回答做出反應(yīng)。提問(wèn)被視為有效教學(xué)的核心。巧妙的課堂提問(wèn),能點(diǎn)燃學(xué)生思想火花,掀起感情波瀾,調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)的積極性與主動(dòng)性,讓常態(tài)課燃起課堂的精彩。
在講授話題“vacation and travel”時(shí),我采用“五W—when—where—who—what—how”提問(wèn)法創(chuàng)設(shè)情境。我充分利用學(xué)校曾經(jīng)組織的一次呼倫貝爾大草原夏令營(yíng)這一學(xué)情資源,提問(wèn):
(who)Our classmate.
(when)Summer Holiday.
(how)By plane.
(where)Hulunbuir Grasslands.
(what)
Question 1:What did you see?
S1:Snow white sheep were here and there like the beautiful clouds in the sky.The large and wide grassland was like a green sea.
Question 2:What happened?
S2:Suddenly,the baby sheep fell down——baa!The mother sheep turned back quickly and ran to baby sheep like a wind…
Question 3:What do you think?
S3:What a great mother’s love!
通過(guò)提問(wèn)(see),眼前仿佛呈現(xiàn)出一幅只用綠色渲染、不用墨線勾勒的中國(guó)畫(huà)。雪白的羊群像天上的云朵,美不勝收。學(xué)生的思維更是“海闊憑魚(yú)躍,天高任鳥(niǎo)飛”。(happened)小羊兒突然摔倒——咩,羊媽媽立刻飛速跑回小羊身邊。(think) 更是引導(dǎo)出“母愛(ài)情深”這一高遠(yuǎn)立意,引人無(wú)限遐想。
(一)“柳暗花明又一村”式的啟發(fā)式提問(wèn)——針對(duì)文章主旨和主要知識(shí)點(diǎn)的提問(wèn)
在分析故事Snow White時(shí),提出幾個(gè)問(wèn)題,提綱挈領(lǐng),理清脈絡(luò),凸顯主旨。
Who is the most beautiful woman in the world, Snow White or the Evil Queen?
Did the magic mirror say right?
Who did Snow White meet in the forest?
Who saved Snow White at last?
Snow White is kind,isn’t she?Do you love her?
(二)“一石激起千層浪”式的遞進(jìn)式提問(wèn)、反問(wèn)、追問(wèn)
在分析新句型“She is so honest that everybody trusts her.”時(shí),提問(wèn)Do you know the meaning of this sentence?再問(wèn)Why does everybody trust her?引導(dǎo)學(xué)生答出Because she is so honest.循循善誘,啟發(fā)學(xué)生思維,讓其自主理解so…that…句型的含義用法——引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。
(三)“千樹(shù)萬(wàn)樹(shù)梨花開(kāi)”式的分層式提問(wèn)
把握學(xué)情,因材施“問(wèn)”。在講授時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),提問(wèn)What did you do yesterday?(昨天)What do you usually do everyday?(每天) What are you doing now?(現(xiàn)在)What will you do tomorrow?(明天)幾個(gè)問(wèn)題把一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)集中在一起比較學(xué)習(xí)。以動(dòng)詞swim為例,有swam、swim、swimming、will swim等幾種變化。進(jìn)一步提問(wèn)What did you do the day before yesterday?(前天) What do you do every night?(每天晚上)What were you doing then?(那時(shí)) What will you do the day after tomorrow?(后天)從而充分操練時(shí)態(tài)。
(四)“秋日勝春朝”式的比較式提問(wèn)
對(duì)于形似、聲似、意似的單詞、詞組、句型、語(yǔ)篇,運(yùn)用對(duì)比、類比、聯(lián)想等手法來(lái)提問(wèn),幫助學(xué)生理解知識(shí)點(diǎn)中的相似點(diǎn)和不同點(diǎn)。
1.語(yǔ)法的比較
在講解形容詞詞綴-ing和-ed時(shí),提問(wèn)How to spell the word“interesting”?What’s the meaning of“interesting”?(有趣的)What’s the meaning of“interested”?(感興趣的) How to translate the sentence“I’m interested in the interesting film.”?(我對(duì)這部有趣的電影很感興趣。) Can you make similar sentence?I’m very excited when I heard the exciting news.(我聽(tīng)到這振奮人心的消息時(shí)非常激動(dòng)。) Can you find the differences between“-ing”and“-ed”?通過(guò)比較,總結(jié)出作為形容詞詞綴時(shí),-ed修飾人,意為“感到……”;-ing修飾物,意為“令人……”。
2.內(nèi)容的比較
在語(yǔ)篇教學(xué)時(shí),提問(wèn)Can you find the differences between the two characters?(你能找到兩個(gè)人物的不同點(diǎn)嗎?)Are hot dogs dogs?(熱狗是狗嗎?)
(五)“百花齊放、百家爭(zhēng)鳴”式的發(fā)散式提問(wèn)
教師要善于鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生質(zhì)疑并大膽提出疑問(wèn),引導(dǎo)學(xué)生掌握分析問(wèn)題的過(guò)程。教師要借助回憶、聯(lián)想、假設(shè)、邏輯推理等方法,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的發(fā)散思維能力。
在講授magic power話題時(shí),提問(wèn)If you have magic power,what would you do?Why do you think so?S1:I want a lot of books,because I love reading.S2:I want a big house,because my home is too small.S3:I want a beautiful dress because my mother’s clothes aretoo old for too long.(我想為媽媽買一身新衣服,因?yàn)樗囊路┑锰茫f了。)
孔子曰:“不憤不啟,不悱不發(fā)。舉一隅不以三隅反,則不復(fù)也。”不到學(xué)生努力想弄明白、但仍然想不透的程度時(shí),先不要去開(kāi)導(dǎo)他;不到學(xué)生心里明白,卻又不能完善表達(dá)出來(lái)的程度時(shí),也不要去啟發(fā)他。如果他不能舉一反三,就先不要往下進(jìn)行了。適時(shí)而問(wèn),把握時(shí)機(jī),講究藝術(shù)性;恰當(dāng)掌握提問(wèn)的火候;巧妙設(shè)疑,提倡一題多解,舉一反三,允許反問(wèn)、追問(wèn);提問(wèn)在“最近發(fā)展區(qū)”,真正體現(xiàn)學(xué)生的主體性地位,不讓問(wèn)題留死角。
在講授Ugly Duckilng時(shí),針對(duì)丑小鴨的成長(zhǎng)境遇和情感兩條主線精巧設(shè)疑——ugly/sad——cold/ lonely——fly/swan/happy,總結(jié)出努力就會(huì)成功的寓意。
Question 1:If you were the ugly duckling,when the Mother Duck says:“You are not like the other ducklings.You are big and ugly!”What do you think?(丑小鴨被排擠時(shí),怎樣想?)
S1:I am sad.——悲傷
Question 2:When the winter came,the ugly duckling was freezing and the children were bad to him.If you were him,how do you feel?(丑小鴨凍僵了,孩子們欺負(fù)它時(shí),什么感受?)
S2:It is cold there.(crying)I am alone.I am lonely.——寒冷、孤獨(dú)。
Question 3:Soon winter was past.It was spring. The Ugly Duckling ran and ran.He spread his wings.He can fly!What does he think?(丑小鴨奔跑著,振翅高飛時(shí),內(nèi)心感受是怎樣的?)
S3:He feels happy.He isn’t an ugly duckling any more.He is a swan now?。ú辉偈浅笮▲?,成為白天鵝)——高興!
Question 4:What truth does the Ugly Ducking tell us?(故事告訴我們什么?)
S4:Efforts will be successful.——努力定會(huì)成功。
S5:If you study hard,you will success.——努力學(xué)習(xí),一定成功!
(一)梯度
在講授話題My Bedroom時(shí),我圍繞重點(diǎn)句型There be…句型設(shè)計(jì)具有梯度的判斷性提問(wèn)、選擇性提問(wèn)、描述性提問(wèn),難度層層遞進(jìn),全面有效地操練了重點(diǎn)句型。
判斷性提問(wèn):Is there a football under the bed?Is there a computer on the table?——根據(jù)話題內(nèi)容用Yes./No.回答。
選擇性提問(wèn):Where's my photos?A.On the wall. B.On the table.C.In the bag.根據(jù)話題內(nèi)容,利用There be…句型選擇性回答。
描述性提問(wèn):How many books are there in my schoolbag?描述性回答。
(二)廣度
設(shè)計(jì)“小記者采訪”活動(dòng),通過(guò)提問(wèn)What will you do in the future?討論理想。又問(wèn)Do you want to be a teacher?Do you want to be a doctor?談?wù)撀殬I(yè)夢(mèng)想。再問(wèn)How to realize your dream?You have to study hard to make your dream come true,don't you?引申到勵(lì)志勤學(xué)、實(shí)現(xiàn)人生理想,體現(xiàn)問(wèn)題的拓展性。如此,既訓(xùn)練了語(yǔ)言點(diǎn),又寓德育教育于語(yǔ)言教學(xué)之中,可謂一箭雙雕。
(三)深度
在語(yǔ)音辨析wish,life,time,fine時(shí),我提問(wèn)What is the same letter in these words?再問(wèn)How to pronounce the letter“i”?學(xué)生回顧以往所學(xué),life,time,fine為相對(duì)開(kāi)音節(jié),i讀[ai]。wish為重讀閉音節(jié),i讀[i]。問(wèn)題提升了學(xué)生的思維能力,促進(jìn)自主探究。
(四)量度
杜絕“滿堂問(wèn)”“隨堂答”,注重提問(wèn)的質(zhì)量、效率。
(作者單位:阜新市清河門(mén)區(qū)新北小學(xué))
(責(zé)任編輯:史曉紅)