陳艮文 孫劍勇
復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科(200032)
環(huán)狀RNA在消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤中作用的研究進(jìn)展
陳艮文 孫劍勇*
復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科(200032)
環(huán)狀RNA(circRNA)是一類廣泛存在于多種細(xì)胞中的非編碼RNA(ncRNA),其在不同物種間高度保守,可充當(dāng)微RNA(miRNA)海綿,調(diào)控基因表達(dá)。越來越多的研究表明circRNA在消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展中發(fā)揮重要作用,可作為腫瘤診斷的生物標(biāo)記物和評估預(yù)后的指標(biāo),但其功能仍需更深入的研究來驗證。本文就circRNA在消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤中作用的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
環(huán)狀RNA; 消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤; 生物學(xué)標(biāo)記; 診斷
環(huán)狀RNA(circRNA)是一類新發(fā)現(xiàn)的非編碼RNA(ncRNA),廣泛存在于各類細(xì)胞中,具有充當(dāng)競爭性內(nèi)源RNA(ceRNA)、調(diào)控轉(zhuǎn)錄等多種生物學(xué)功能。circRNA主要由外顯子構(gòu)成[1],不具有5’帽狀結(jié)構(gòu)和3’腺苷酸尾,并有一定的組織、時序、疾病特異性[2]。本文就circRNA在消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤中作用的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
circRNA于1976年首次在植物病毒中被發(fā)現(xiàn)[3],于1979年首次在真核細(xì)胞中被檢測到[4]。隨著高通量測序技術(shù)的發(fā)展,circRNA陸續(xù)在真核生物中被發(fā)現(xiàn)[5],并引起廣泛關(guān)注。Jeck等[5]提出circRNA的兩種合成方式:①套索驅(qū)動環(huán)化(lariat-driver circularization):與外顯子跳讀(exon skipping)有關(guān),外顯子3’端剪接供體與5’端剪接受體共價結(jié)合后形成閉合環(huán)狀結(jié)構(gòu),并切除內(nèi)含子而形成;②內(nèi)含子配對驅(qū)動環(huán)化(intron-pairing-driven circulation):RNA前體的內(nèi)含子通過共價結(jié)合后形成環(huán)狀結(jié)構(gòu),并切除內(nèi)含子而形成,這種形成方式與內(nèi)含子側(cè)翼包含大量重復(fù)序列有關(guān)[6]。
circRNA發(fā)揮生物學(xué)功能的最經(jīng)典途徑是充當(dāng)微RNA(miRNA)海綿[7]。多項研究[1,8]發(fā)現(xiàn)小鼠腦中存在大量circRNA,其中小腦變性相關(guān)蛋白1反義轉(zhuǎn)錄物(CDR1as)表達(dá)尤為豐富;CDR1as有70余個miRNA-7應(yīng)答元件,可充當(dāng)miRNA-7海綿,調(diào)控靶基因功能。來源于性別決定基因(SRY)的circRNA序列中包含16個miRNA-138應(yīng)答元件,可通過充當(dāng)miRNA-138海綿,調(diào)控其靶基因功能[7,9]。
circRNA可通過調(diào)控基因轉(zhuǎn)錄來發(fā)揮生物學(xué)功能。一些內(nèi)含子來源的circRNA,如錨蛋白重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)域52(ci-ankrd52),可通過結(jié)合參與ankrd52基因轉(zhuǎn)錄的RNA聚合酶Ⅱ,調(diào)控ankrd52基因表達(dá)[10]。
circRNA可通過編碼蛋白質(zhì)來發(fā)揮其功能。大部分circRNA來源于外顯子,具有開放閱讀框(ORF)。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),具有內(nèi)部核糖體進(jìn)入位點(IRES)的circRNA可招募核糖體,并可能啟動翻譯,而缺乏IRES的circRNA則無法編碼蛋白質(zhì)[11]。最新研究[12-13]發(fā)現(xiàn),一些circRNA(如circMbl)經(jīng)N6-methyladenosine(m6A)修飾后,可被翻譯成蛋白質(zhì)。
1.circRNA與肝癌:我國肝癌的發(fā)病率較高。不少circRNA已被證實在肝癌中存在差異性表達(dá),發(fā)揮重要生物學(xué)功能。hsa_circ_0005075表達(dá)在肝癌組織中特異性升高,且與腫瘤體積有關(guān),是潛在的診斷標(biāo)記物[14]。Li等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn)在肝癌細(xì)胞株MHCC-LM3外泌體中circRNA/線性RNA比值顯著高于細(xì)胞內(nèi)比值;通過轉(zhuǎn)染外泌體來源的CDR1as可減弱miRNA-7的抑制細(xì)胞增殖作用。 Zheng等[16]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)circRNA circHIPK3可競爭性抑制多種miRNA(如miRNA-124、miRNA-338等)功能,促進(jìn)靶基因表達(dá);通過分析6種癌組織和癌旁組織中circRNA表達(dá),發(fā)現(xiàn)circHIPK3含量在肝癌中明顯升高;下調(diào)circHIPK3水平可抑制肝癌細(xì)胞株Huh7增殖及其DNA合成,而下調(diào)HIPK3 mRNA水平對細(xì)胞增殖和DNA合成無影響。ZKSCAN1是鋅指家族基因,肝癌組織中ZKSCAN1 mRNA和circRNA circZKSCAN1表達(dá)均降低,前者僅與腫瘤體積有關(guān),而后者與腫瘤數(shù)量、肝硬化、血管浸潤、微血管侵犯、腫瘤分級等均有關(guān);下調(diào)ZKSCAN1 mRNA或circZKSCAN1表達(dá)可促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖、遷移、侵襲,而過表達(dá)ZKSCAN1 mRNA或circZKSCAN1可抑制腫瘤生長[17]。
2.circRNA與胃癌:Li等[18]利用數(shù)據(jù)庫篩選出可能與胃癌相關(guān)的circRNA,并通過qRT-PCR在101例胃癌組織及其配對癌旁組織中驗證,發(fā)現(xiàn)circRNA has_circ_002059表達(dá)在胃癌組織中降低;36例胃癌組織切除10 d后血漿has_circ_002059表達(dá)升高,與患者性別、年齡、胃癌分期以及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān),提示其可作為胃癌診斷的潛在標(biāo)記物。Chen等[19]通過高通量測序技術(shù)篩選出胃癌中高表達(dá)的circRNA circPVT1,下調(diào)其表達(dá)可抑制胃癌細(xì)胞增殖;熒光素酶報告基因?qū)嶒灠l(fā)現(xiàn)circPVT1可結(jié)合miRNA-125,減弱后者的抑制細(xì)胞增殖作用;circPVT1表達(dá)可作為評估胃癌預(yù)后的獨立指標(biāo)。Sui等[20]利用基因芯片和qRT-PCR檢測胃癌和癌旁組織中circRNA和mRNA的表達(dá),并利用數(shù)據(jù)庫預(yù)測circRNA可能結(jié)合的miRNA,探討circRNA、mRNA和miRNA的相互作用并參與胃癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展的可能機(jī)制。Zhang等[21]利用circRNA芯片篩選出胃癌和癌旁組織中表達(dá)顯著差異的circRNA,以其中4種(has_circRNA_101308、has_circRNA_10433、has_circRNA_104916、has_circRNA_100269)構(gòu)建分類模型,用于評估患者早期復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險,兩個試驗中心的測試顯示該模型AUC可達(dá)0.763和0.711,通過增加TNM分期可使AUC增加到0.866和0.818,說明基于circRNA的預(yù)測模型是胃癌根治術(shù)后早期復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險的有效評估手段。
3.circRNA與食管癌:一項多中心研究[22]通過檢測684例食管鱗狀上皮細(xì)胞癌(ESCC)患者癌組織及其配對癌旁組織中circRNA表達(dá),發(fā)現(xiàn)circRNA cir-ITCH在癌組織中表達(dá)顯著低于癌旁組織;cir-ITCH可競爭性抑制miRNA-7、miRNA-214、miRNA-17功能,促進(jìn)ITCH基因表達(dá),并通過調(diào)控Wnt信號通路活性來影響細(xì)胞增殖,從而發(fā)揮腫瘤抑制作用。
circRNA還可調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤放療敏感性。Su等[23]利用circRNA芯片檢測放射抗拒性食管癌細(xì)胞株KYSE-150R及其親代細(xì)胞株KYSE-150中circRNA表達(dá)譜,發(fā)現(xiàn)circRNA可能通過影響Wnt信號通路來調(diào)節(jié)癌細(xì)胞放療敏感性。這種調(diào)控模式為今后腫瘤放療敏感性的研究提供了新方向。
4.circRNA與結(jié)直腸癌:circRNA在結(jié)直腸癌中的作用是目前的研究熱點。Bachmayr-Heyda等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn),結(jié)腸癌組織中circRNA表達(dá)顯著低于正常組織;通過比較特發(fā)性肺纖維化患者肺組織與正常肺組織、卵巢腫瘤細(xì)胞與正常卵巢上皮細(xì)胞之間的circRNA表達(dá)水平,證實circRNA豐度與細(xì)胞增殖呈負(fù)相關(guān)。Zhu等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn)circRNA circ-BANP表達(dá)在結(jié)直腸癌組織中明顯增高,下調(diào)circ-BANP表達(dá)可抑制結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞增殖。Li等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)直腸癌患者血清外泌體中67種circRNA表達(dá)缺失,并檢測到257種新的circRNA,提示circRNA有望成為腫瘤診斷的新型生物標(biāo)記物。Xie等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn)circRNA has_circ_001569表達(dá)在結(jié)直腸癌組織中升高,且與腫瘤體積、TNM分期以及患者預(yù)后相關(guān);結(jié)直腸癌組織中has_circ_001569表達(dá)與miRNA-145水平呈負(fù)相關(guān),與miRNA-145靶基因E2F5、BAG4、FMNL2水平呈正相關(guān);利用生物信息學(xué)預(yù)測has_circ_001569可結(jié)合miRNA-145,通過調(diào)控E2F5、BAG4、FMNL2基因表達(dá),促進(jìn)結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞增殖和侵襲,進(jìn)而影響結(jié)直腸癌進(jìn)展。Weng等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn)circRNA ciRS-7表達(dá)在結(jié)直腸癌組織中顯著升高,且與患者低生存率相關(guān),可作為結(jié)直腸癌的獨立危險因素,用于評估患者預(yù)后;過表達(dá)ciRS-7可減弱miRNA-7的腫瘤抑制作用,激活癌基因EGFR、RAF1,進(jìn)而增強(qiáng)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞株HCT116、HCT29的侵襲程度。Hsiao等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn)circRNA circCCDC66在癌組織和息肉組織中表達(dá)升高,與預(yù)后不良相關(guān);體外實驗證實,通過抑制circCCDC66表達(dá)可顯著降低裸鼠瘤體體積;circCCDC66可充當(dāng)miRNA-33b、miRNA-93海綿,調(diào)控靶基因表達(dá),促進(jìn)結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞增殖、遷移和侵襲。Huang等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)直腸癌組織cir-ITCH表達(dá)顯著低于癌旁組織,cir-ITCH可通過調(diào)節(jié)Wnt信號通路來抑制癌細(xì)胞增殖。
5.circRNA與胰腺癌:Qu等[30]利用circRNA芯片分析并比較胰腺癌組織及其配對癌旁組織中circRNA的表達(dá)譜,提示circRNA有望成為胰腺癌診斷標(biāo)記物。但目前circRNA在胰腺癌中作用的研究較少,有待進(jìn)一步研究加以證實。
總之,circRNA在消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤中的作用已得到越來越多研究的證實。一些臨床研究已證實circRNA可作為消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤的診斷標(biāo)記物和預(yù)后評估指標(biāo),但其功能仍需更深入的研究來驗證。隨著circRNA提取、檢測等技術(shù)的發(fā)展,其有望成為消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤早期診斷的標(biāo)記物和治療的新靶點。
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(2017-04-07收稿;2017-05-22修回)
AdvancesinStudyonRoleofCircularRNAinDigestiveSystemNeoplasms
CHENGenwen,SUNJianyong.
DepartmentofGastroenterology,ZhongshanHospital,FudanUniversity,Shanghai(200032)
SUN Jianyong,Email:sun_jianyong1986@163.com
Circular RNA (circRNA),a class of non-coding RNA (ncRNA),widely exists in various kinds of cells.CircRNA is highly conserved in different species and can act as a miRNA sponge to regulate gene expression.More and more studies showed that circRNA plays an important role in pathogenesis and development of digestive system neoplasms,and can be used as a biomarker for diagnosis and prediction of prognosis.However,its function still needs further research to verify.This article reviewed the advances in study on role of circRNA in digestive system neoplasms.
Circular RNA; Digestive System Neoplasms; Biological Markers; Diagnosis
10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2017.10.011
*本文通信作者,Email:sun_jianyong1986@163.com