蔣維金
(福建農(nóng)林大學(xué)東方學(xué)院, 福州 350715)
作為英國著名的傳教士,蘇慧廉在浙江溫州傳教長達(dá)25年之久。在此期間,他專攻于學(xué)習(xí)和研究溫州方言, 還專門為此編制了詞典, 這也為他的漢學(xué)研究奠定了夯實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。進(jìn)而,蘇慧廉開始逐漸意識(shí)到要想融會(huì)中西文化,為此交流搭起橋梁,那么學(xué)習(xí)和研究中國宗教文化的意義毋庸置疑。除對(duì)中國宗教文化進(jìn)行研究外,他還曾先后翻譯了《論語》、《妙法蓮華經(jīng)》,并編撰了佛學(xué)詞典。晚清之際,學(xué)習(xí)和研究中國傳統(tǒng)文化在新教傳教士中掀起了一股熱流,再也不像當(dāng)年李提摩太、丁韙良那樣單槍匹馬的呼喊。蘇慧廉曾在他的《論語》英譯版緒論中強(qiáng)調(diào):“任何學(xué)習(xí)中文的學(xué)生,至少是所有的傳教士都不能忽略《論語》這部書?!盵1]17蘇慧廉提到了在其之前的四個(gè)《論語》英譯本,它們分別是馬士曼、高大衛(wèi)、理雅各與辜鴻銘的譯本。[1]64蘇慧廉對(duì)理雅各的《論語》譯本給予了較高的肯定,蘇慧廉稱:“我越是讀他的作品,我越是被他的博學(xué)、文字的精確、令人驚嘆的研究以及清晰明了的表達(dá)所吸引?!比欢z憾的是,被蘇慧廉稱作“導(dǎo)師、哲人、朋友”[2]102的理雅各之英譯本在當(dāng)時(shí)卻失傳,研讀他的譯本的學(xué)者寥若星辰。蘇慧廉的《論語》英譯本于1906年橫空出世。對(duì)此,蘇氏有明確提出自己是在沒有參照其他任何譯本的前提下將這部儒學(xué)經(jīng)典著作譯畢, 目的是為了給廣大西方學(xué)者提供一部更為現(xiàn)代化的文本,供其研讀與學(xué)習(xí)。翻譯完之后, 蘇慧廉為了將其譯本進(jìn)一步完善,才開始參照辜鴻銘、理雅各、法國耶穌會(huì)士教士顧賽芬(Séraphin Couvreur)以及意大利耶穌會(huì)士晁德蒞(Angelo Zottoli)的譯本,進(jìn)行了校譯。 校譯過程中,蘇慧廉對(duì)先前各種不同版本中出現(xiàn)的一些欠佳之處提出了自己個(gè)人的見解。[1]96蘇慧廉對(duì)先人理雅各的《論語》英譯本一直給予很高的評(píng)價(jià)與肯定;蘇慧廉稱辜鴻銘《論語》的英譯本價(jià)值不容小覷,因?yàn)樗淖g本是專門為那些不太精通,甚至是對(duì)中國宗教文化知之甚少的西方讀者準(zhǔn)備的;然而,后來蘇慧廉在其著作《中國儒道釋三教》中有明確強(qiáng)調(diào)說辜鴻銘的《論語》英譯本與其說是在翻譯倒不如說是在“解釋”,辜鴻銘別出心裁地翻譯和詮釋《論語》中的思想觀點(diǎn)也“絕非總是孔子的”。[3]102
早在溫州傳教時(shí)期,蘇慧廉對(duì)儒家思想就有著較為深入的研究。蘇慧廉對(duì)孔子的治國方略推崇備至,給予了較高的贊賞。蘇慧廉早在其著作《中國傳教紀(jì)事》中借鑒選用了很多《論語》的內(nèi)容。[4]85,蘇慧廉在其《中國儒道釋三教》一書中融入了比較宗教學(xué)的方法,對(duì)中西宗教思想進(jìn)行了研究。蘇慧廉指出:不像西方各大宗教之間存在的明顯分歧,中國的三大宗教(儒、道、釋三教)并非互相敵對(duì),而是互為補(bǔ)足來共同為中國人提供精神慰藉。[3]280蘇氏還洞察到:儒釋道三教在中國人的生活中擔(dān)負(fù)著不同的功能:“儒教代表今生、公義、正直以及國家;道教代表超自然,對(duì)自然力量的探索,不朽,個(gè)人主義;佛教代表憐憫,冥想,不同于今生的思想和作為來生的預(yù)備。”[3]301在對(duì)待儒家思想是否是宗教的問題上,來華西方傳教士在這個(gè)問題上眾口不一。有的極力主張儒家是宗教,有的卻傾向于認(rèn)為儒家非宗教。大多宗教學(xué)者以及西方漢學(xué)家都不假思索地將儒家視為中國幾大宗教中的一種。蘇慧廉也曾明確將儒家思想、道教及佛教并稱為中國三大宗教,進(jìn)而編撰了《中國儒道釋三教》這部研究中國宗教的著作;理雅各傾其畢生精力將中國經(jīng)典《四書》、“五經(jīng)”譯成英文,并在其所著的《中國的宗教》一書中將儒家認(rèn)定為一種宗教。經(jīng)過多年的中國宗教文化研究,蘇慧廉了解到儒教充當(dāng)了官方宗教(Official Religion)的角色,蘇慧廉有時(shí)會(huì)用國家宗教(State Religion)這術(shù)語取代官方宗教,但兩者所指涉的對(duì)象是相同的,都是儒教。[3]88在蘇慧廉看來,中國古賢哲人的偉大思想智慧都是在歷經(jīng)風(fēng)雨、飽歷憂患后對(duì)真理領(lǐng)悟反思的結(jié)果,這些反思后的結(jié)晶都應(yīng)當(dāng)是人類文化的寶貴遺產(chǎn),因而都應(yīng)得到該有的肯定和尊重。蘇慧廉強(qiáng)調(diào)說,對(duì)待中國宗教不應(yīng)當(dāng)予以任何藐視的態(tài)度,那無非是對(duì)中國古賢哲人反思后的結(jié)晶一種莫大的侮辱。他忠告那些準(zhǔn)備來華的傳教士們,必須懂得“尊重”和“包容”中國的宗教文化。[3]199蘇慧廉以“成全論”為準(zhǔn)繩認(rèn)為基督教能夠提升中國宗教。然而,這并不代表中國宗教要被取締或被揚(yáng)棄,因?yàn)檫@無疑是漠視了中國古賢先哲所遺下的寶貴遺產(chǎn)?!俺扇菑U棄”,是蘇氏理解基督教與中國宗教關(guān)系的前提。蘇慧廉說:
基督不是來毀壞而是成全,他能在中國文化崇高的基礎(chǔ)上建立他的真理。中國所需要的是建立者,而非破壞者。傳教士最大的職責(zé)和樂趣,并不是破壞不太美好的,而是宣講更美好的—基督。[4]305
蘇慧廉曾明確指出:孔子不是一位偉大的宗教領(lǐng)袖,因?yàn)樗麩o法將百姓從墮入迷信的泛神論中解脫出來,無法引導(dǎo)民眾去認(rèn)識(shí)唯一真神上帝。其實(shí),蘇慧廉的這一觀點(diǎn)并不新鮮,理雅各也稱孔子無法跟耶穌基督相比,他曾指責(zé)孔子的思想中缺少基督教的理念。事實(shí)上,傳教士身份的蘇慧廉跟英譯《中國經(jīng)典》時(shí)的理雅各一樣,他們來華首要目的是教育和歸化“異教徒”中國人,他們不會(huì)也不可能對(duì)孔子做出客觀的評(píng)價(jià)。[2]92
“仁”、“禮”是《論語》中最能表現(xiàn)孔子倫理思想的兩個(gè)核心概念,前者是指一種倫理理想,后者是指導(dǎo)人們行為的傳統(tǒng)規(guī)范。[5]45英國漢學(xué)家翟林奈(Lionel Giles)也稱“仁”是孔子用語中最重要的一個(gè)字。[5]45“仁”字在《論語》中出現(xiàn)110次,而“禮”字在《論語》中出現(xiàn)75次。蘇慧廉根據(jù)不同的上下文,分別將“仁”翻譯為:virtue,(be) virtuous,the virtuous,moral[1]178, (be) moral,the moral,the good,goodness,kindness,unselfishness,perfection等。如:
有子曰:“其為人也孝弟,而好犯上者,鮮矣;不好犯上,而好作亂者,未之有也。君子務(wù)本,本立而道生。孝弟也者,其為仁之本與!” (《論語》學(xué)而第一)
The philosopher Yu said: “He who lives a filial and respectful life, yet who is disposed to give offence to those above him is rare; and there has never been any one indisposed to offend those above him who yet has been fond of creating disorder. 2. The genuine philosopher applies himself to the essential, for when that has been formed right courses necessarily evolve; and not filial piety and veneration for the elderly the very ground of an unselfishness life?
“仁”是孔子思想的核心,朱熹解釋說:“仁者,愛之理,心之德也。為仁,猶曰行仁。”這里蘇慧廉既沒有沿襲理雅各的做法,將“仁”譯作 “all benevolent actions”,也沒有像辜鴻銘那樣譯成“a moral life”,而是用“unselfishness life”表達(dá)。又如:
子曰:“巧言令色,鮮矣仁!”(《論語》學(xué)而第一)
The Master said: “Tactical remarks and a flattering act are scarcely concomitant with Virtue.”
這里蘇慧廉將“仁”譯作Virtue,理雅各譯作true virtue,而辜鴻銘譯成moral character。還有:
子曰:“仁遠(yuǎn)乎哉?我欲仁,斯仁至矣?!?(《論語》述而第七)
The Master said: “Is virtue really far away? I aspire for Virtue and Virtue is approaching.”
子曰:“志士仁人,無求生以害仁,有殺身以成仁。” (《論語》衛(wèi)靈公第十五)
The master said: “The firm-willed people and the Virtuous man shall not pursue life by sacrificing Virtue. Some even add honor to their virtue at the cost of their lives.”
子曰:“當(dāng)仁不讓于師?!?(《論語》衛(wèi)靈公第十五)
The master said: “He to whom the Virtue shift should not give way even to his master.”
不管是蘇慧廉或是他的女兒謝福蕓都曾稱與以前的《論語》譯本相比,蘇氏的譯本是個(gè)“現(xiàn)代的”譯本,到底現(xiàn)代在何處?我們不妨舉例說明。
子曰: “學(xué)而不思則罔,思而不學(xué)則殆?!?(《論語》為政第二)
The Master said: “Learning without pondering is fruitless. Pondering without learning is hazardous.”
孔子這里強(qiáng)調(diào)思與學(xué)的關(guān)系,二者事實(shí)上是相輔相成的。理雅各將“罔”譯作labor lost,辜鴻銘沿襲理雅各的做法,而蘇慧廉則用useless這個(gè)非??谡Z化的詞代之。
子入太廟,每事問?;蛟唬骸笆胫^鄹人之子知禮乎? 入太廟,每事問?!弊勇勚?,曰:“是禮也?!?《論語》八佾第三)
When the Master first entered the Grand Temple he asked about everything, whereupon some one remarked: ‘Who says the son of the man of Tsou knows the correct form? On entering the Grand Temple he asked about everything.’ The Master hearing of it remarked: ‘This too is correct form.’
“禮”在《論語》中是非常重要的一個(gè)術(shù)語,理雅各將其譯成a rule of propriety,顯得過于正式,而這里蘇慧廉將其譯作correct form,更接近口語。
子曰:“居上不寬,為禮不敬,臨喪不哀,吾何以觀之哉?!?(《論語》八佾第三)
William Soothill: The Master said: “High peak filled without lenience, religious abidance conducted without adoration, and bemoaning expressed without anguish,---from what perspective should I see such ways?”
James Legge: The Master said, “High station filled without broad benevolence; rituals conducted without venerations; mourning performed without grief;-whereby shall I reflect on such ways?”
這句話前半部分二人的區(qū)別不大,但在對(duì)“吾何以觀之哉”的翻譯上,蘇慧廉的from what perspective should I see such ways譯法較之于理雅各的whereby shall I reflect on such ways要口語化一些。
子曰:“不在其位,不謀其政?!?(《論語》泰伯第八)
The Master said: “He who does not take charge of the office is not involved in its political issues.”
有關(guān)該句的翻譯,理雅各的譯文是:The Master said, “He who does not keep his feet on his throne, keeps afar off the arrangements for the management of its duties.”相比較而言,不管是從句式結(jié)構(gòu)或是語言表述上,蘇慧廉的較為簡潔易懂。又如:
孔子對(duì)曰:“君君,臣臣,父父,子子。” (《論語》顏淵第十二)
James Legge: Confucius replied, “There is government, when the prince is prince, and the minister is minister; when the father is father, and the son is son.”
William Soothill: Confucius answered saying: “Let the prince be prince, the minister minister, the father father, and the son son.”
相比較理雅各的譯文,蘇慧廉把本應(yīng)在“臣臣,父父,子子”間的be動(dòng)詞is省去,變成the minister minister, the father father, and the son son名詞間的疊加,蘇慧廉的譯文與中文原文簡潔的風(fēng)格一致。又如:
子曰:“質(zhì)勝文則野,文勝質(zhì)則史。文質(zhì)彬彬,然后君子?!?(《論語》雍也第六)
James Legge: The Master said, “Where the solid qualities exceed accomplishments, we have the rustic; where the accomplishments exceed the solid qualities, we have the clerk. When the accomplishments and solid qualities are evenly combined, we have the moral man.”
William Soothill: The Master said: “When nature is in excess of training, you have the rusticity. When training is in excess of nature, you have the manners of a clerk. Only when nature and training are well-distributedly integrated will you have the man of virtue.”
上句引文關(guān)鍵是對(duì)于“文”、“質(zhì)”的理解與翻譯,這也是后來佛經(jīng)譯論中“文質(zhì)之爭”詞源的最早出處。與理雅各分別將“文”、“質(zhì)”譯作the solid qualities、 accomplishments不同,蘇慧廉用nature 與training兩個(gè)普通的詞語代之,前者指先天秉性,后者指后天習(xí)得,二者并非對(duì)立,相得益彰,即為“君子”之特質(zhì)。蘇慧廉的譯文保留了理雅各譯文中的rustic與clerk用詞,整個(gè)譯文顯得流暢、簡潔。還有:
子曰:“知者樂水,仁者樂山;知者動(dòng),仁者靜;知者樂,仁者壽?!?(《論語》雍也第六)
James Legge: The Master said, “The clever are enchanted with joy in water; the virtuous are enchanted with joy in hills. The wise are dynamic; the virtuous are motionless. The wise are hilarious; the virtuous are longevous.”
William Soothill: The Master said: “The intelligent have fun in water, the Virtuous in the hills; the intelligent are active, the Virtuous tranquil; the intelligent enjoy life , the Virtuous prolong life.”
蘇慧廉與理雅各的譯文主要區(qū)別不僅表現(xiàn)在對(duì)“智者”與“樂”的理解上,事實(shí)上,蘇慧廉的譯文句式結(jié)構(gòu)也較理雅各的簡潔明了。
理雅各強(qiáng)調(diào),其英譯中國經(jīng)典目的總是“忠實(shí)于中文原文,而不在意譯文的優(yōu)美(雅)”。與理雅各不同,蘇慧廉在力圖保持對(duì)中文原文忠實(shí)的同時(shí),更多的時(shí)候注意譯入語讀者的接受習(xí)慣。
子貢欲去告朔之餼羊。子曰:“賜也!爾愛其羊,我愛其禮?!?(《論語》八佾第三)
William Soothill: Tzu Kung crave for distrubuting the sheep presented in the Ducal Temple at the advent of the first day of each month.The Master said: “Tzu! You care for the sheep. I care for the ceremony.”
James Legge:Tsze-kung hoped to deal wit the sheep connected with the announcement of the new moon. The Master said, “Ts’ze, you love the sheep; I love the ritual.”
這里涉及到對(duì)“愛”字的處理,理雅各采取直譯的方式,將“愛”字翻譯成love,而蘇慧廉將其譯作care for,更符合中文原義。
子在川上,曰:“逝者如斯夫!不舍晝夜?!?(《論語子罕》第九)
William Soothill: As the master stood by a stream: ‘All is transient, like this! Ceaseless day and night!’
James Legge: Once the Master was standing by a stream, “It passes on just like this, without ceasing day or night!”, said he.
對(duì)“逝者如斯夫”的翻譯,理雅各多傾向于采用直譯的方式,致使譯文顯得冗長,相對(duì)而言蘇慧廉的譯文顯得非常簡約:All is transient, like this!
子曰:“道聽而涂說,德之棄也!”(《論語》陽貨第十七)
The Master said: “To disseminate on the way what you hear is virtue forsaken.”
試看理雅各譯文為:The Master said, “To proclaim what we heard along the road we pass,, is to throw away our virtue.”, 這里不難看出理雅各依然采取直譯的方式來處理這句話,而蘇慧廉則采用意譯的處理方式, 使得譯文顯得較為靈活、緊湊。
子貢問曰:“有一言而可以終身行之者乎?”子曰:“其恕乎!己所不欲,勿施于人?!?《論語》衛(wèi)靈公第十五)
James Legge: Tsze-kung asked, saying, “Is there one word that can be used to signify a rule of life-long conduct?” The Master said, “Is not Reciprocity the word? What you are reluctant to exert on yourself, not on others.”
William Soothill: “Is there one word that can be selected as a rule of practice for all life?” The master responded: “Is not Sympathy such a word? Do not impose to others what you are unwilling to impose on yourself.”
蘇慧廉稱孔子道德教化的核心原則是:己所不欲,勿施于人。理雅各將 “恕”翻譯成Reciprocity,蘇慧廉卻不以為然。[1]188蘇主張,理雅各將“恕”譯作reciprocity 則無形中扭曲了孔家思想的要義。眾所周知reciprocity這個(gè)詞的意思更側(cè)重于為“別人怎樣對(duì)待你就怎樣做”,而“恕”這個(gè)字則是指一切順其自然的、人的較好的天性,是一種高尚的情操,即便缺乏基督教詞語那種無與倫比的生命力。[1]57蘇慧廉因而將其處理為:Sympathy。這樣一來,蘇慧廉的譯文就成了:The Master responded: “Is not Sympathy such a word? Do not impose to others what you are unwilling to impose on yourself”。
1929年,基督教史研究專家賴德烈(Kenneth Scott Latourette)在其所撰寫的鴻篇巨著《中國基督教傳教史》宣稱:“蘇慧廉的《論語》英譯本是最好的譯本?!鄙頌樾陆虃鹘淌?,與過往的傳教士譯者一樣,蘇慧廉堅(jiān)持基督教真理的唯一性,他對(duì)《論語》的英譯與詮釋深受其中國宗教觀的影響;但到了后來的專業(yè)漢學(xué)階段,蘇慧廉則能較為客觀地看待中國的宗教文化,包括在《論語》的翻譯上,對(duì)傳教士漢學(xué)時(shí)期的做法進(jìn)行了調(diào)整。
雖說蘇慧廉是在前人的基礎(chǔ)上重譯《論語》,但他并不受制于前人。對(duì)比理雅各以及當(dāng)年耶穌會(huì)士對(duì)論語的翻譯,蘇慧廉在譯注方面也獨(dú)樹一幟。時(shí)代在發(fā)展,與理雅各使用維多利亞時(shí)期的英語文體不同,蘇慧廉的語言較為現(xiàn)代、口語化;如果說理雅各采取的是異化的翻譯方式來保持中文文本的原汁原味,蘇慧廉則是使用歸化的翻譯策略,強(qiáng)調(diào)英語讀者對(duì)文本的接受。蘇慧廉的《論語》英譯,不管是在翻譯體例方面,抑或是翻譯策略、翻譯風(fēng)格上都獨(dú)具特色,蘇慧廉《論語》英譯本的出版極大地促進(jìn)了西方漢學(xué)的研究與發(fā)展。
[1]William Edward Soothill, The Analects of Confucius [M].Yokohama: the Fukuin Printing Company, 1910:17.
[2]Kenneth Scott Latourette, A History of Christian Missions in China [M].New York:The Macmillan Company,1932:102.
[3]William Edward Soothill, The Three Religions of China; - lectures delivered at Oxford [M].London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1913:102.
[4]William Edward Soothill, A Mission in China [M]. London: Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier, 1907:85.
[5]Lionel Giles. “Introduction” in The Sayings of Confucius: A New Translation of the Greater Part of the Confucian Analects, with Introduction and Notes by Lionel Giles [M].London: John Murray, 1907:45.