戴誠(chéng) 王東紅
[摘要] 靜脈血栓栓塞癥是婦科手術(shù)后嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥之一,顯著影響了患者的術(shù)后轉(zhuǎn)歸和預(yù)后,尤其是近年來(lái)婦科惡性腫瘤根治術(shù)后靜脈血栓的發(fā)生率呈上升趨勢(shì),引起了婦科學(xué)界的重視。相關(guān)的評(píng)估工具有助于早期預(yù)測(cè)婦科手術(shù)后靜脈血栓發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),提供針對(duì)不同病情的危險(xiǎn)分層,為術(shù)后及時(shí)采取個(gè)體化預(yù)防措施提供理論指導(dǎo)。目前針對(duì)婦科手術(shù)后靜脈血栓栓塞癥可借鑒的評(píng)估工具主要包括,①國(guó)外評(píng)估工具:如Caprini評(píng)估量表、Autar評(píng)估量表和ACCP靜脈血栓預(yù)防指南;②國(guó)內(nèi)評(píng)估工具:如LDVT婦科臨床評(píng)估量表和外科手術(shù)后LDVT風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估表。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 婦科手術(shù);靜脈血栓;風(fēng)險(xiǎn);評(píng)估工具
[中圖分類號(hào)] R713 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2016)11(c)-0060-04
Research progress of risk assessment tool for venous thrombosis after gynecological surgery
DAI Cheng WANG Donghong
Graduate school of Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou Province, Zunyi 563003, China
[Abstract] Venous thromboembolism is one of the most serious complications of gynecologic surgery, which significantly affects postoperative recovery and prognosis. Especially the recent years have witnessed the rising incidence of postoperative venous thrombosis after radical synergy of gynecological malignant neoplasms, which is attracting more and more attention in gynecology field. Relevant assessment tools can contribute to the early predictions of the occurrence of venous thrombosis after gynecologic surgeries, provide different risk stratification based on different conditions, thus theoretically guiding the timely individualized preventions after operation. Currently, the main assessment tools for postoperative venous thrombosis include, ①Foreign tools: Caprini assessment scale, Aura assessment scale and Guide for prevention of venous thrombosis ACCP; ②Domestic tools: LDVT scale and clinical evaluation of gynecological surgery and LDVT risk assessment table.
[Key words] Gynecologic surgery; Venous thrombosis; Risk; Assessment tool
靜脈血栓栓塞癥(venous thromboembolism,VTE)包括深靜脈血栓形成(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)和肺血栓栓塞癥(pulmonary thromboembolism,PTE)。Nevelsteen[1]報(bào)道,未采取預(yù)防措施的婦科手術(shù)后VTE的發(fā)生率約為25%。VTE起病兇險(xiǎn)且多預(yù)后不良,可使患者下肢發(fā)生完全或部分功能喪失而致殘,甚至發(fā)生致命的肺栓塞或猝死[2]。早期評(píng)估及診斷VTE并采取相應(yīng)的預(yù)防措施,是降低婦科術(shù)后VTE發(fā)生的關(guān)鍵!目前尚缺乏快速、較準(zhǔn)確發(fā)現(xiàn)婦科手術(shù)后VTE的評(píng)估工具,這也是長(zhǎng)期困擾婦科臨床的難題之一。
1 國(guó)外VTE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估工具
1.1 Caprini評(píng)估量表
該量表由美國(guó)學(xué)者Caprini[3]于1986年提出,1991年應(yīng)用于臨床,2005年通過(guò)更新得到較為成熟的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估模型[4]。其包含了一般情況、BMI、DVT病史等39個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素,據(jù)累積評(píng)分將患者發(fā)生DVT的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分為低危(0~1分)、中危(2分)、高危(3~4分)、極高危(≥5分),以指導(dǎo)醫(yī)護(hù)人員采取不同的干預(yù)措施。此評(píng)估量表在VTE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估和預(yù)防中進(jìn)行了大量驗(yàn)證,并取得明顯的效果,研究人員分別針對(duì)肺癌行肺葉切除術(shù)后的患者[5]、外科危重患者[6]、靜脈功能不全在顯微下行下肢重建后的患者[7]等應(yīng)用該模型來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)VTE形成的潛在性,多數(shù)學(xué)者肯定了其預(yù)測(cè)VTE的效能。Lobastov等[8-9]針對(duì)腹部大手術(shù)以及高危手術(shù)(腹部、顱或脊柱)患者應(yīng)用了該評(píng)估量表,認(rèn)為Caprini評(píng)分≥11分可以識(shí)別極高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者。然而有部分學(xué)者持不同觀點(diǎn)[10],認(rèn)為還必須考慮種族差異、地域差異等,如針對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的患者需對(duì)極高危組進(jìn)一步分層,尤其是7分以上組的大型手術(shù)患者需要將風(fēng)險(xiǎn)重新進(jìn)一步分層。Barber等[11]對(duì)婦科惡性腫瘤根治術(shù)后患者進(jìn)行研究認(rèn)為,該量表與VTE無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性,其高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)組需進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行評(píng)估。另有學(xué)者在觀察非ICU患者VTE發(fā)生率過(guò)程中,認(rèn)為其無(wú)法識(shí)別正在接受治療患者的VTE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[12]。國(guó)內(nèi)臨床應(yīng)用該量表對(duì)婦科手術(shù)圍術(shù)期[13]和婦科腫瘤術(shù)后患者[14]進(jìn)行VTE評(píng)估后分級(jí)采取相應(yīng)的預(yù)防措施后,有效減少了VTE的發(fā)生。Caprini評(píng)估量表是目前應(yīng)用較廣泛的VTE評(píng)估工具,但其應(yīng)用價(jià)值仍存在一定爭(zhēng)議,需要根據(jù)疾病性質(zhì)、創(chuàng)傷程度、高危因素等完善分層管理。
1.2 Autar評(píng)估量表
該量表由英格蘭學(xué)者Autar[15]于1996年提出,是目前應(yīng)用較廣泛的VTE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估工具。該量表經(jīng)過(guò)最佳實(shí)踐、系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)及Meta分析,較全面地將DVT形成的高危因素分為年齡、活動(dòng)情況、BMI等7個(gè)模塊。將每個(gè)患者的危險(xiǎn)分層分為低危組(7~10分)、中危組(11~14分)、高危組(≥15分)。該量表所預(yù)測(cè)的效度實(shí)現(xiàn)了100%的敏感度和81%的特異度,陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值為37%,陰性預(yù)測(cè)值為83%[15],較全面地涵蓋了多種DVT危險(xiǎn)因素并統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化計(jì)量,尤其對(duì)大型、危重手術(shù)術(shù)后DVT形成風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測(cè)有較強(qiáng)的針對(duì)性,可有效分層管理。Autar[16]于2003年完善和修改了該量表,強(qiáng)調(diào)了年齡、手術(shù)等因素對(duì)血栓形成的影響。Büyüky等[17]的研究表明,該量表危險(xiǎn)因素中如年齡、肥胖指數(shù)、運(yùn)動(dòng)受限等,與骨科患者術(shù)后發(fā)生DVT形成有密切的關(guān)聯(lián),同時(shí)肯定了該量表預(yù)測(cè)的可靠性。國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)婦科經(jīng)腹手術(shù)和婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)后的患者應(yīng)用該量表進(jìn)行了評(píng)估[18-21],篩選出高?;颊卟⒉扇€(gè)性化的治療及護(hù)理措施,降低了婦科手術(shù)后患者VTE的發(fā)生率。鑒于近年來(lái)該評(píng)分量表對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)婦科手術(shù)后VTE的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道較少,尚不能對(duì)其評(píng)估效能做出全面判斷,仍有待多中心、大樣本數(shù)據(jù)的研究。
1.3 美國(guó)胸科醫(yī)師學(xué)會(huì)(ACCP)靜脈血栓預(yù)防指南
該指南自1982年發(fā)表以來(lái)已經(jīng)改版了9次,是美國(guó)醫(yī)院中認(rèn)可度最高、應(yīng)用最廣泛的VTE評(píng)估方式[22]。該指南是唯一的一種團(tuán)體風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估方法。根據(jù)高危因素將高危人群分為低危、中危、高危3組。其評(píng)估方法簡(jiǎn)單易行、操作方便,主要應(yīng)用于外科及婦科手術(shù)患者,尤其適用于整形外科手術(shù)的評(píng)估[23]。但有研究者認(rèn)為,該指南具有一定的局限性,不適于患者的個(gè)體風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估,對(duì)于內(nèi)科及非整形外科患者的評(píng)價(jià)效能有限[24]。近期未見(jiàn)到該指南在婦科領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用的報(bào)道。
1.4 Geneva評(píng)估量表
Geneva評(píng)估量于2001年由Wicki等[25]提出,其納入的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素包括年齡、心率、血?dú)夥治龅?。?jù)累加總評(píng)分將患者分為低、中、高3個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)度。2006年Le Gal等[26]對(duì)該表進(jìn)行修正,調(diào)整了高危因素和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)度。凌燕君等[27]研究認(rèn)為,Geneva評(píng)分≥6.5分同時(shí)血漿D-二聚體陽(yáng)性者,應(yīng)高度懷疑肺栓塞。另外有研究認(rèn)為,相對(duì)診斷可疑肺栓塞而言,Geneva評(píng)估量表不如Wells評(píng)估量表有效[28]。對(duì)術(shù)后發(fā)生下肢深靜脈血栓風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的評(píng)估均未見(jiàn)相關(guān)報(bào)導(dǎo),未見(jiàn)到該量表在婦科手術(shù)應(yīng)用的報(bào)道。
1.5 Wells評(píng)估量表
該量表是目前在門診中應(yīng)用最廣泛的臨床評(píng)估模型,包括Wells DVT評(píng)分法和Wells PE評(píng)分法[29],分為低危、中危、高危3個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)度。Wells DVT評(píng)分法包括3個(gè)評(píng)估主題,即DVT的臨床癥狀體征、相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素及患者可能的主要診斷。Wells PE評(píng)分法的評(píng)估項(xiàng)目包括靜脈血栓史、制動(dòng)、心動(dòng)過(guò)速等。2000年Wells等[30]對(duì)Wells PE評(píng)分法進(jìn)行修訂,將風(fēng)險(xiǎn)度精簡(jiǎn)成2個(gè),即不太可能和很有可能。Wells量表若結(jié)合肺動(dòng)脈造影和D-二聚體,可用于診斷可疑性肺栓塞[30]。Mos等[31-32]首次將該量表應(yīng)用于創(chuàng)傷患者的研究,認(rèn)為Wells評(píng)分<1分可以排除創(chuàng)傷患者發(fā)生DVT的可能性。該預(yù)測(cè)系統(tǒng)多設(shè)置在門診,在婦科手術(shù)中未見(jiàn)相關(guān)報(bào)道。
2 國(guó)內(nèi)VTE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估工具
2.1 LDVT婦科患者臨床評(píng)估量表
該量表是2008年浙江省婦幼保健院借鑒Wells臨床評(píng)估量表、參考骨科手術(shù)后VTE形成的危險(xiǎn)分級(jí)等基礎(chǔ)上制定的[33-35],包括病史、年齡、下肢水腫等11個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素。危險(xiǎn)程度判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(≤0分),中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(1~2分),高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(≥3分)。唐萍等[33]在應(yīng)用此量表過(guò)程中發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后未發(fā)生DVT的對(duì)照組中也存在15%高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者,故認(rèn)為雖然該量表有較高的陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值,但其靈敏度和特異度有待進(jìn)一步提高。由于鮮有應(yīng)用此量表的報(bào)道,尚不能評(píng)估其在婦科術(shù)后發(fā)生VTE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測(cè)效能。
2.2 外科手術(shù)患者術(shù)后下肢深靜脈血栓風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估表
此量表于2012年解放軍總醫(yī)院參考修正的Geneva評(píng)估量表、Wells評(píng)估量表及ACCP推薦的術(shù)前DVT 危險(xiǎn)因素評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),經(jīng)20位專家(包括骨科、婦科、普外科、血管外科、神經(jīng)外科、胸外科)論證及反復(fù)測(cè)評(píng)與修改后制定的[36]。其評(píng)估指標(biāo)由5部分組成:第1部分包括年齡、住院號(hào)、診斷等;第2部分包括10個(gè)條目(共51個(gè)指標(biāo));第3部分包括評(píng)估結(jié)果、評(píng)估人及評(píng)估日期;第4部為危險(xiǎn)度分級(jí)及其分值范圍;第5部分是VTE標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的預(yù)防方案。分低危、中危、高危和極度危組。低度危險(xiǎn)為0~4分,中度危險(xiǎn)為5~8分,高度危險(xiǎn)為9~12分,極度危險(xiǎn)為>12分。該量表通過(guò)將危險(xiǎn)度增加到四個(gè)級(jí)別使該量表靈敏度和特異度得到提高[36]。但對(duì)其評(píng)估的可靠性均未見(jiàn)相關(guān)報(bào)道,需進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。
3 小結(jié)
探索VTE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估模型或工具是近年研究的熱點(diǎn)之一。理想的VTE評(píng)估工具應(yīng)具有快速、預(yù)測(cè)效能高、可操作性強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn)。尋找科學(xué)、有效、快捷的VTE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估工具也成為臨床醫(yī)師及相關(guān)學(xué)者的研究重點(diǎn)。早期有效地應(yīng)用VTE評(píng)估工具,對(duì)改善患者預(yù)后以及生存質(zhì)量具有長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的意義。在應(yīng)用VTE評(píng)估工具時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下問(wèn)題,如遺傳因素、種族、疾病譜、生活方式、手術(shù)設(shè)備及條件、手術(shù)醫(yī)師的技能水平等均可能影響其評(píng)估效能。國(guó)外的VTE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估工具是否適合我國(guó)婦科臨床仍需進(jìn)一步求證。目前國(guó)內(nèi)外針對(duì)婦科手術(shù)后VTE評(píng)估的工具各有利弊,總結(jié)如下:①Caprini評(píng)估量表可能具有較好的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,但對(duì)其應(yīng)用仍存爭(zhēng)議,還需對(duì)極高危組進(jìn)一步分層管理和研究。②Autar評(píng)估量表是目前應(yīng)用較廣泛的VTE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估工具,對(duì)大型、危重手術(shù)后DVT形成風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測(cè)有較強(qiáng)的針對(duì)性,可有效分層管理,但在婦科領(lǐng)域的報(bào)道少見(jiàn),仍需多中心、大樣本的研究。③ACCP靜脈血栓預(yù)防指南簡(jiǎn)單易行、操作方便,主要適用于整形外科手術(shù)的相關(guān)評(píng)估,不適于個(gè)體的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估。④LDVT婦科患者臨床評(píng)估量表為我國(guó)自創(chuàng),有較高的陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值,但其靈敏度和特異度有待進(jìn)一步提高,尚無(wú)廣泛應(yīng)用的報(bào)道。⑤外科手術(shù)患者術(shù)后下肢深靜脈血栓風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估表也系我國(guó)首創(chuàng),其靈敏度和特異度較高,因未廣泛應(yīng)用故而無(wú)法評(píng)估其可靠性。
綜上所述,以上評(píng)估量表的側(cè)重點(diǎn)、評(píng)估指標(biāo)均不同且各有特點(diǎn)。從評(píng)估指標(biāo)和預(yù)測(cè)效能出發(fā),針對(duì)婦科手術(shù),尤其是婦科惡性腫瘤根治術(shù)后VTE發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測(cè)建議首推Autar評(píng)估量表。
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(收稿日期:2016-07-26 本文編輯:王紅雙)