王穎 齊碧如 汪萍
胎兒脈絡(luò)叢囊腫的產(chǎn)前診斷及預(yù)后臨床分析
王穎 齊碧如 汪萍
目的 探討患有脈絡(luò)叢囊腫的胎兒產(chǎn)前診斷、預(yù)后和臨床應(yīng)用。方法 從2011年1月—2013年12月選取49例孕中期經(jīng)B超診斷為胎兒脈絡(luò)叢囊腫的孕婦,檢查胎兒的發(fā)育情況,記錄產(chǎn)婦的妊娠結(jié)局及新生兒的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育情況。結(jié)果49例脈絡(luò)叢囊腫胎兒均在孕17~26周經(jīng)B超診斷,囊腫直徑為0.3~2.5 cm,雙側(cè)26例,單側(cè)23例;孤立性40例,復(fù)雜性9例。染色體異常核型4 例,占8.2%。23例單側(cè)病變中,染色體異常1例。26例雙側(cè)病變中染色體異常3例。40例孤立性病變中染色體異常3例,9例復(fù)雜性病變中染色體異常1例。隨訪中活產(chǎn)43例,終止妊娠6例。43例活產(chǎn)兒中1例發(fā)現(xiàn)新生兒室間隔缺損,其余42例生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育正常。結(jié)論 染色體異常是導(dǎo)致胎兒脈絡(luò)叢囊腫的重要原因;應(yīng)該對(duì)孕婦進(jìn)行產(chǎn)前染色體核型分析,避免嚴(yán)重缺陷的胎兒出生。要對(duì)脈絡(luò)叢囊腫的胎兒進(jìn)行全面檢查,還要結(jié)合孕婦的年齡、孕周及家族史進(jìn)行分析。
婦產(chǎn)科;脈絡(luò)叢囊腫;產(chǎn)前診斷;超聲檢查;染色體核型分析
胎兒脈絡(luò)叢囊腫指胎兒脈絡(luò)叢的囊性改變,超聲檢查示強(qiáng)回聲中囊性無(wú)回聲暗區(qū)。在妊娠中期較常見。1%~2% 脈絡(luò)叢囊腫胎兒有染色體異常。90%病變多于妊娠26周消失,有的持續(xù)到32周才能消失。胎兒脈絡(luò)叢囊腫在孕程中可能消失、不消失、變大、變小或者不變化[1]。從2011年1月—2013年12月選取49例孕中期經(jīng)B超診斷該疾病的孕婦,探討患有脈絡(luò)叢囊腫胎兒患者的妊娠結(jié)局、染色體核型及預(yù)后的關(guān)系。
1.1 一般資料
選擇2011年1 月—2013年12 月我科產(chǎn)前超聲診斷為胎兒脈絡(luò)叢囊腫的患者49例,年齡25~46歲,平均年齡為(37.5±2.7)歲,孕周17~26周。
1.2 研究方法
采用日本Philips 公司生產(chǎn)的超聲診斷儀及染色體自動(dòng)分析儀。在超聲引導(dǎo)下抽取20 ml羊水及2 ml臍血進(jìn)行常規(guī)培養(yǎng)、制片等胎兒脈絡(luò)叢囊腫產(chǎn)前診斷及染色體核型分析。對(duì)繼續(xù)妊娠的孕婦定期檢查胎兒的發(fā)育,隨訪新生兒生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育狀況。經(jīng)腹部超聲顯示脈絡(luò)叢內(nèi)出現(xiàn)直徑≥0.2 cm 邊界清晰無(wú)回聲區(qū)可診斷為脈絡(luò)叢囊腫。著重觀察其他顱內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)如透明隔腔、側(cè)腦室及小腦等,并且對(duì)其余器官進(jìn)行掃描。孤立性脈絡(luò)叢囊腫為囊腫不伴其他結(jié)構(gòu)異常;復(fù)雜性脈絡(luò)叢囊腫為囊腫伴超聲見染色體常軟標(biāo)記或其他結(jié)構(gòu)異常[2]。
49例脈絡(luò)叢囊腫胎兒中,單側(cè)23 例,雙側(cè)26例;孤立性側(cè)脈絡(luò)叢囊腫40例,復(fù)雜性脈絡(luò)叢囊腫9例。49例脈絡(luò)叢囊腫胎兒中染色體核型異常者4例,占8.2%。23例單側(cè)病變中,染色體異常1例。26例雙側(cè)病變中染色體異常3例。40例孤立性病變中染色體異常3例,9例復(fù)雜性病變中染色體異常1例。隨訪中活產(chǎn)43例,終止妊娠6例。43例活產(chǎn)兒中1例發(fā)現(xiàn)新生兒室間隔缺損,其余42例隨訪2~3年生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育正常。
胎兒脈絡(luò)叢于妊娠第7周形成,為分泌型神經(jīng)上皮細(xì)胞,主要產(chǎn)生腦脊液。妊娠第10~16周,脈絡(luò)叢生長(zhǎng)占據(jù)了較大部分的側(cè)腦室,絨毛內(nèi)包裹腦脊液形成囊腫。脈絡(luò)叢囊腫呈圓形或者橢圓形,大多為單側(cè)[3-4]。大部分脈絡(luò)叢囊腫多于28周前消失,但少數(shù)可持續(xù)到兒童期。胎兒脈絡(luò)叢囊腫診斷依靠超聲診斷,表現(xiàn)為脈絡(luò)叢內(nèi)圓形或橢圓形的無(wú)回聲區(qū)。有的研究者認(rèn)為在妊娠22周前直徑超過0.25 cm,妊娠22周后直徑超過0.2 cm為診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。國(guó)內(nèi)外脈絡(luò)叢的發(fā)生率不一,且國(guó)外的檢出率較高??赡艿脑?yàn)閲?guó)內(nèi)就診的孕婦已經(jīng)處于晚期妊娠,觀察不仔細(xì),可能存在漏診的情況。由于超聲檢查醫(yī)師的水平及經(jīng)驗(yàn)不同,超聲儀器的質(zhì)量本身可影響檢查結(jié)果,國(guó)內(nèi)羊膜腔穿刺抽取羊水行染色體檢查對(duì)于大多數(shù)孕婦及家屬難以接受[5]。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)40例孤立性病變中染色體異常3例,9例復(fù)雜性病變中染色體異常1例。胎兒脈絡(luò)叢囊腫與多種染色體異常有關(guān)。如18及21三體綜合征。作為一種較為嚴(yán)重的染色體異常性疾病,患有18三體綜合征的胎兒可發(fā)生自然流產(chǎn)及死胎。18三體綜合征胎兒中脈絡(luò)叢囊腫較多。除此之外,胎兒脈絡(luò)叢囊腫是21三體綜合征的危險(xiǎn)信號(hào)[6]。本研究隨訪中活產(chǎn)43例,終止妊娠6例。43例活產(chǎn)兒中1例發(fā)現(xiàn)新生兒室間隔缺損,其余42例隨訪2~3年生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育正常。關(guān)于脈絡(luò)叢囊腫胎兒是否存在潛在的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育遲緩的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)尚無(wú)定論[7-8]。研究者對(duì)30 例產(chǎn)前診斷為胎兒脈絡(luò)叢囊腫進(jìn)行隨訪,評(píng)價(jià)兒童的運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)育情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)3 例存在發(fā)育延遲的情況。該疾病可見于正常胎兒,尤其見不合并其他畸形的胎兒。研究者認(rèn)為脈絡(luò)叢囊腫可能不是一種病理性改變,而是一種生理性改變,一般具有較好的妊娠結(jié)局。正常胎兒的脈絡(luò)叢囊腫可能會(huì)自然消失,但也有胎兒在較晚時(shí)間消失[9-10]。
當(dāng)超聲發(fā)現(xiàn)這種病變時(shí),應(yīng)該仔細(xì)檢查其他部位是否存在結(jié)構(gòu)異常。在必要時(shí)對(duì)胎兒進(jìn)行產(chǎn)前診斷,判斷染色體核型是否異常,以減少不良的妊娠結(jié)局。對(duì)于孤立性脈絡(luò)叢囊腫患兒多隨著妊娠周數(shù)增加囊腫逐漸變小或者被吸收,胎兒脈絡(luò)叢囊腫的患兒如果伴有其他結(jié)構(gòu)的畸形應(yīng)該仔細(xì)檢查,盡可能明確是否合并其他異常。對(duì)于復(fù)雜胎兒脈絡(luò)叢囊腫的胎兒合并其他部位異常,應(yīng)該對(duì)胎兒進(jìn)行排畸檢查。胎兒的不同發(fā)育階段的病變部位和影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)不典型,可能由于其他原因造成漏診,因此應(yīng)該在不同時(shí)期進(jìn)行超聲檢查[11-13]。只要發(fā)現(xiàn)胎兒脈絡(luò)叢囊腫就應(yīng)該作排畸檢查。對(duì)于復(fù)雜胎兒脈絡(luò)叢囊腫的孕婦不僅進(jìn)行唐氏篩查,也應(yīng)該在不同時(shí)期進(jìn)行羊水穿刺,降低畸形兒的出生率。對(duì)于發(fā)現(xiàn)胎兒脈絡(luò)叢囊腫的孕婦,如果未發(fā)現(xiàn)異常應(yīng)該2~4周復(fù)查1次超聲,觀察胎兒脈絡(luò)叢囊腫的變化狀況,如果合并其他部位異常應(yīng)該對(duì)胎兒進(jìn)行染色體檢查[14-15]。除了要對(duì)脈絡(luò)叢囊腫的胎兒進(jìn)行全面檢查,包括胎兒心動(dòng)圖及畸形檢查,還要根據(jù)孕婦的年齡、孕周及家族史進(jìn)行分析。一般來說,孤立性胎兒脈絡(luò)叢囊腫的患者預(yù)后較好,合并其他部位異常的患兒預(yù)后較差,應(yīng)該結(jié)合孕婦的情況考慮終止妊娠。
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Clinical Analysis of Prenatal Diagnosis and Prognosis of Fetal Choroid Plexus Cysts
WANG Ying QI Biru WANG Ping Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fuzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou Fujian 350009, China
Objective To investigate the clinical application of prenatal diagnosis and prognosis of fetal choroid plexus cysts. Methods From January 2011 to December 2013, 49 pregnant women were diagnosed by fetal ultrasonography and diagnosed with fetal choroid plexus cysts. Thefetal development was followed by ultrasound. The outcome of followup pregnancy and the growth and development after fetal delivery were observed. Results The choroid plexus cysts in 49 fetuses were diagnosed at 17 to 26 weeks after ultrasonography. The diameter of cyst ranged from 0.3 to 2.5 cm, and 26 cases were bilateral. 23 cases was unilateral, 40 cases were isolated, 9 cases were complex. There were 4 cases with abnormal karyotypes, accounting for 8.2%. There was 1 case of chromosomal abnormality in 23 unilateral lesions. There were 3 cases of chromosomal abnormalities in 26 cases of bilateral lesions. Of the 40 cases with solitary lesions, 3 had chromosomal abnormalities, and 1 case had chromosomal abnormalities in 9 cases with complex lesions. During follow-up, 43 live births and 6 terminated pregnancies. Ventricular septal defect was found in 1 of 43 live births, and the other 42 cases were normal growth and development. Conclusion Chromosomal abnormality is an important cause of fetal choriocystis cysts. Pregnant women should take prenatal diagnosis of chromosome karyotype analysis, to avoid serious defects in fetal birth. For choroid plexus cysts, a comprehensive examination is necessary, and the age of pregnant women, gestational age and family history should take into consideration.
obstetrics and gynecology; choroid plexus cysts; prenatal diagnosis; ultrasonography; chromosome karyotype analysis
R714
A
1674-9316(2017)16-0033-03
10.3969/j.issn.1674-9316.2017.16.016
福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬福州市第一醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,福建 福州350009