劉洛鋒, 房 博, 郭玉濤
(1.陜西省康復醫(yī)院 神經(jīng)外科, 陜西 西安 710065; 2.商洛市中心醫(yī)院 神經(jīng)外科, 陜西 商洛 726000)
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顱腦損傷繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死相關(guān)危險因素研究
劉洛鋒1, 房 博1, 郭玉濤2*
(1.陜西省康復醫(yī)院 神經(jīng)外科, 陜西 西安 710065; 2.商洛市中心醫(yī)院 神經(jīng)外科, 陜西 商洛 726000)
目的: 探討中重度顱腦損傷繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死相關(guān)危險因素。方法: 68例中重型繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死患者作為觀察組,75例未發(fā)生繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死的中重型顱腦損傷患者作為對照組;記錄兩組患者年齡、不同GCS評分、低血壓、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血、腦疝、顱底骨折及糖尿病患者數(shù),比較兩組患者血清炎性小體NLRP3水平;采用Logistic回歸分析方法分析上述有差異指標中影響中重型顱腦損傷患者發(fā)生繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死的獨立危險因素,ROC曲線分析血清NLRP3對中重型顱腦損傷繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死的診斷價值。結(jié)果: 兩組患者在年齡、GCS評分及發(fā)生低血壓、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血、腦疝、顱底骨折、糖尿病患者的例數(shù)比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);觀察組患者血清NLRP3水平明顯高于對照組(P<0.05);Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示低血壓、腦疝及NLRP3≥3.81 μg/L是中重型顱腦損傷患者發(fā)生繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死的獨立危險因素; ROC曲線顯示,當NLRP3取3.81 μg/L時對中重型顱腦損傷繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死的靈敏度為88.24%,特異度為84%,曲線下面積為0.865。結(jié)論: 低血壓、腦疝及NLRP3水平升高是中重型顱腦損傷患者發(fā)生繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死的獨立危險因素。
顱腦損傷; 創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死; 危險因素; 蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血; 炎性小體
創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死是頭部外傷的嚴重并發(fā)癥,一般在患者顱腦外傷后24 h內(nèi)發(fā)生,死亡率和致殘率均較高[1-2]。顱腦外傷繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死患者癥狀較為復雜[3],患者的腦組織損傷及損傷腦細胞釋放的內(nèi)容物均可以引起較為嚴重的局部炎癥反應,炎癥因子的大量積聚則會導致梗死腦組織周圍神經(jīng)細胞死亡,進一步加重患者腦組織損傷,因此早期診斷顱腦損傷患者出現(xiàn)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死具有重要的臨床價值[3]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)炎性小體NLRP3能促進細胞因子白細胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白細胞介素-18(IL-18)的合成, 而IL-1β是與腦組織損傷有關(guān)的炎性因子,可以預測患者病情的嚴重程度;IL-18可以刺激T細胞增殖,提高自然殺傷細胞的活性[4],還參與誘導細胞的程序化死亡,推測NLRP3炎性小體與顱腦損傷繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死有一定的關(guān)系[5]。本研究通過分析中重度顱腦損傷繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死患者的相關(guān)危險因素,探討血清NLRP3對中重型顱腦損傷繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死的診斷價值。
1.1 對象
2013年1月~2016年6月收治的143例顱腦損傷患者,將68例中重型繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死患者作為觀察組,75例未發(fā)生繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死的中重型顱腦損傷患者作為對照組。觀察組患者男性36例,女性32例,平均(47.8±18.6)歲,致傷原因為車禍傷28例、跌落傷17例及打擊傷13例;對照組患者男性39例,女性36例,平均(44.5±17.1)歲,致傷原因為車禍傷45例,跌落傷19例,打擊傷11例。兩組患者一般臨床資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。兩組患者均有明確的顱腦外傷史,均于24 h內(nèi)入院治療,兩組患者經(jīng)行CT或MRI影像學檢查,觀察組發(fā)現(xiàn)有梗死灶, DSA檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)患者出現(xiàn)腦動脈閉塞;排除原發(fā)性、陳舊性腦梗死、惡性腫瘤晚期、心腦血管疾病、肝腎功能不全等患者。
1.2 觀察指標
記錄兩組患者年齡、不同GCS評分,比較兩組患者發(fā)生低血壓、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血、腦疝、顱底骨折及糖尿病例數(shù),抽取患者入院時靜脈血5 mL,離心分離血清,采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗法(ELISA)檢測兩組患者血清NLRP3含量。采用Logistic回歸分析方法分析上述有差異指標中影響中重型顱腦損傷患者發(fā)生繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死的獨立危險因素,采用ROC曲線分析血清NLRP3對中重型顱腦損傷繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死的診斷價值。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學方法
2.1 繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死單因素分析
除顱底骨折外,兩組患者在不同年齡、GCS評分及是否發(fā)生低血壓、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血、腦疝、顱底骨折、糖尿病患者的例數(shù)比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。觀察組患者血清NLRP3水平明顯高于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.2 中重型顱腦損傷繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死危險因素
采用Logistic回歸分析中重型顱腦損傷繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死患者年齡≥60歲、GCS評分、低血壓、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血、腦疝、糖尿病及血清NLRP3≥3.81 μg/L 7個變量與中重型顱腦損傷繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死發(fā)生的關(guān)系,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)低血壓、腦疝及NLRP3≥3.81 μg/L是中重型顱腦損傷患者發(fā)生繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死的獨立危險因素。表2。
表1 兩組患者繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死單因素分析Tab.1 The single factor analysis of two groups of patients with secondary traumatic cerebral infarction
2.3 血清NLRP3對中重型顱腦損傷繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死的診斷價值
由圖1的ROC曲線可知,當NLRP3取3.81 μg/L時對中重型顱腦損傷繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死的靈敏度為88.24%,特異度為84%,曲線下面積為0.865。
顱腦發(fā)生外傷時,頭頸部血管由于外力牽拉,血管壁和內(nèi)膜受損,導致血管內(nèi)血栓形成及血管發(fā)生痙攣均可引起繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死的發(fā)生[6]。由于血管痙攣、血栓的形成、血管內(nèi)膜的破壞,都可以造成患者腦細胞發(fā)生缺血性癥狀,而形成的大量血栓隨著血液流動阻塞基底動脈或者大腦后動脈,造成血管發(fā)生進行性狹窄或阻塞,導致患者出現(xiàn)腦梗死的癥狀,重影響患者的生命安全和預后生活質(zhì)量[7]。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),兩組患者在年齡、GCS評分、發(fā)生低血壓、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血、腦疝、顱底骨折、糖尿病患者例數(shù)比較,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義。說明繼發(fā)性腦梗死的發(fā)生可能與年齡增長、顱腦損傷的嚴重程度、顱腦損傷和低血壓、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血、腦疝等并發(fā)癥出現(xiàn)有關(guān),與文獻的報道一致[8]。炎性小體可激活caspase-1,刺激IL-1β、IL-18等促炎因子的成熟與分泌,參與人體內(nèi)免疫炎性反應[9]。腦組織中大量的小膠質(zhì)細胞、星形細胞和部分神經(jīng)元都有炎性小體的分布,可在外傷或病毒感染后引起局部炎癥反應,參與腦細胞損傷的相關(guān)機制[10]。其中NLRP3炎性小體與顱腦損傷密切相關(guān),顱腦損傷后損傷的神經(jīng)元細胞可大量釋放能量及尿酸等多種內(nèi)源性物質(zhì),參與NLRP3炎性小體的激活,參與神經(jīng)炎癥反應過程[11-12],在腦組織損傷早期可檢測其異常升高。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)觀察組患者血清NLRP3水平明顯高于對照組,當NLRP3炎性蛋白取3.81 μg/L時對中重型顱腦損傷繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死的靈敏度為88.24%,特異度為84%,說明NLRP3蛋白的測定對顱腦損傷繼發(fā)性腦梗死具有一定的診斷價值,靈敏度和特異度均較高,可作為反映腦細胞中炎癥反應及顱腦損傷程度的客觀指標之一。本研究采取Logistic多因素逐步回歸分析后發(fā)現(xiàn)低血壓、腦疝及NLRP3水平升高是中重型顱腦損傷患者發(fā)生繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死的獨立危險因素。說明中重度顱腦損傷患者治療是要重點預防患者低血壓和腦疝等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,治療時應給予階段性脫水降顱壓防止患者出現(xiàn)低血壓和休克,并進一步改善腦血流灌注,必要時采取手術(shù)給予顱內(nèi)減壓,降低腦疝的發(fā)生幾率[13-15]。
表2 中重型顱腦損傷繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死危險因素分析Tab.2 Analysis of the risk factors of traumatic cerebral infarction secondary to moderate and severe brain injury
圖1 血清NLRP3水平對中重型顱腦損傷繼發(fā) 創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死的ROC曲線Fig.1 ROC curve of serum NLRP3 level to traumatic cerebral infarction secondary to moderate and severe brain injury
綜上所述,低血壓、腦疝及NLRP3水平升高是中重型顱腦損傷患者發(fā)生繼發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性腦梗死的獨立危險因素。
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(2016-10-15收稿,2016-11-26修回)
中文編輯: 吳昌學; 英文編輯: 劉 華
The Research on Related Risk Factors of Traumatic Cerebral Infarction Secondary to Brain Injury
LIU Luofeng1, FANG Bo1, GUO Yutao2
(1.DepartmentofNeurosurgery,RehabilitationHospitalinShaanxiProvince,Xi'an710065,Shaanxi,China;2.DepartmentofNeurosurgery,CentralHospitalofShangluo,Shangluo726000,shaanxi,China)
Objective: To investigate the related risk factors of traumatic cerebral infarction secondary to moderate and severe traumatic brain injury. Methods: 68 cases of patients with moderate and severe secondary traumatic cerebral infarction were enrolled as observation group, and 75 cases of patients with moderate and severe brain injury but not secondary traumatic cerebral infarction as control group. The age, different GCS score, blood pressure, subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral hernia, skull fracture and the number of people with diabetes in the two groups were recorded, and the serum level of NLRP3 between the two groups were compared. Logistic regression was adopted to analyze the independent risk factors of traumatic cerebral infarction secondary to moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in above different indexes. ROC curve was adopted to analyze the value of serum NLRP3 in diagnosis of traumatic cerebral infarction secondary to moderate and severe traumatic brain injury. Results: There were statistically significant differences in age, GCS score and hypotension, subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral hernia, skull fracture, and the number of diabetic patients between the two groups of patients(P<0.05). The serum NLRP3 level of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that hypotension, cerebral hernia and NLRP3 more than 3.81 g/l were independent risk factors in patients with traumatic cerebral infarction secondary to moderate and severe traumatic brain injury. ROC curve showed that when NLRP3 was 3.81 g/l, the sensitivity to traumatic cerebral infarction secondary to moderate and severe traumatic brain injury was 88.24%, the specificity was 84%, and the area under the curve was 0.865. Conclusions: Hypotension, cerebral hernia and elevated levels of NLRP3 are independent risk factors in patients with traumatic cerebral infarction secondary to moderate and severe traumatic brain injury.
craniocerebral injury; traumatic cerebral infarction; risk factors; subarachnoid hemorrhage;inflammasome
時間:2016-12-15
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/52.1164.R.20161215.1534.012.html
R743.9
A
1000-2707(2016)12-1474-04
10.19367/j.cnki.1000-2707.2016.12.025
*通信作者 E-mail:1095521547@qq.com