陳 霞 王 健 綜述 余 力 審校
血小板濃縮生長(zhǎng)因子在整復(fù)外科中的研究及應(yīng)用進(jìn)展
陳 霞 王 健 綜述 余 力 審校
血小板濃縮生長(zhǎng)因子(Concentrated growth factors,CGF)是第三代自體血小板濃縮制品,可分泌多種生物體細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子,并提供纖維蛋白基質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)。本文就其在整復(fù)外科領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用療效及安全性等問(wèn)題進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)回顧。
濃縮生長(zhǎng)因子自體血小板濃縮制品纖維蛋白基質(zhì)再生醫(yī)學(xué)
血小板濃縮生長(zhǎng)因子(Concentrated Growth Factors,CGF)是繼富血小板血漿(Platelet-Rich Plasma,PRP)[1]和富血小板纖維蛋白(Platelet-Rich Fibrin,PRF)[2]之后的第三代血小板濃縮制品,是一種富含高濃度生長(zhǎng)因子的纖維蛋白基質(zhì)。
血小板不僅具有凝血功能,還能分泌多種生物體細(xì)胞因子及纖連蛋白等。激活后的血小板包括兩種最基本的α顆粒和致密體顆粒:α顆粒含有纖維蛋白、纖維連接蛋白、第V因子和類胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子等;致密體則包括ADP和ATP、鈣離子、胺和腎上腺素等。1984年,Assoian等[3]發(fā)現(xiàn)并報(bào)道了第一代自體血小板來(lái)源制品:富血小板血漿(PRP)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),其在骨再生、創(chuàng)口愈合、組織再生等方面均有積極的效果[4-5]。在口腔科[6-7]、骨科[8-10]、皮膚科[11]、整形科[12]、心胸外科[13-14]均有相關(guān)研究報(bào)道。近日,《柳葉刀》新報(bào)道了一項(xiàng)有關(guān)PRP應(yīng)用于人類食管再生的研究成果[15]。然而,PRP亦存在不足之處,制備過(guò)程相對(duì)繁瑣,需要添加凝血酶、CaCl2等物質(zhì),存在感染等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。2001年,Choukroun等[16]研究出第二代血小板濃縮制品:富血小板纖維蛋白(PRF)。其制備僅需一次離心即可,且較PRP含有更多的生長(zhǎng)因子,被應(yīng)用于再生醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域[17-21]。 2006年,第三代血小板濃縮生長(zhǎng)因子(CGF)被報(bào)道,其制取簡(jiǎn)便,并比PRF具備更堅(jiān)韌的纖維蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)及更高濃度的生長(zhǎng)因子和CD34陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞,具有良好的應(yīng)用前景[22-23]。
CGF可通過(guò)特殊離心機(jī)差速離心獲得,總時(shí)長(zhǎng)約12 min。首先,采集靜脈血于不含抗凝劑的無(wú)菌管中,并立即離心。離心設(shè)備通過(guò):加速30 sec,2 700 r/min 2min,2 400 r/min 4 min,2 700 r/min 4 min,3 000 r/min 3 min,減速33 sec的差速離心步驟下獲得分層樣本。若采集9 mL左右靜脈血,離心后分三層:上層淡黃色液體為血清,約0.5~0.8 mL;中間黃色凝膠即CGF,約4 mL;下層紅色為紅細(xì)胞與碎片,4 mL左右。其中黃紅交界處富含多種生長(zhǎng)因子及大量CD34+細(xì)胞。通常,剪取黃色凝膠及一部分紅色部分,應(yīng)用于后續(xù)操作。
3.1 CGF與骨再生
自CGF發(fā)現(xiàn)以來(lái),在骨再生領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用最廣,相關(guān)的研究文獻(xiàn)也最多。Durmuslar等[24]通過(guò)含或不含CGF的自體骨移植來(lái)修復(fù)骨缺損,對(duì)照研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后8周含CGF自體骨組的新生骨量較對(duì)照組多,同時(shí)組織學(xué)檢查也證實(shí)了不同組間的差異。Honda等[25]通過(guò)體內(nèi)外研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CGF可促進(jìn)骨髓間CGF在骨再生方面的有效性。此外,有臨床研究報(bào)道,證實(shí)充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)與分化,組織學(xué)檢測(cè)與CT觀察均證實(shí)CGF可用于增強(qiáng)骨修復(fù)能力,患者術(shù)后3.5個(gè)月,CT觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)骨修復(fù)體積達(dá)32.7%。該報(bào)道還發(fā)現(xiàn),在骨缺損區(qū),單獨(dú)的CGF即有骨再生修復(fù)能力[26]。
3.2 CGF與軟骨移植
研究表明,CGF可促進(jìn)軟骨移植,并可用于鼻部整形。該研究根據(jù)組織病理結(jié)果證實(shí),含CGF組的軟骨細(xì)胞增生明顯。CGF不僅增加了軟骨移植的細(xì)胞活性,同時(shí)可以很好地作為生物材料包裹移植的軟骨組織,填充于所需的鼻背部[27]。
3.3 CGF與外周神經(jīng)
CGF對(duì)于周圍神經(jīng)損傷后再生修復(fù)的研究表明,由于傳統(tǒng)生長(zhǎng)因子在神經(jīng)修復(fù)的臨床應(yīng)用中面臨免疫排斥、穩(wěn)定性低等問(wèn)題,且單一的生長(zhǎng)因子在復(fù)雜的體內(nèi)環(huán)境中存在局限性;而CGF則很好地解決了這些問(wèn)題,其內(nèi)含多種細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)所需的生長(zhǎng)因子,為治療周圍神經(jīng)損傷提供了類似正常的生理環(huán)境。通過(guò)體內(nèi)外研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CGF可以促進(jìn)周圍神經(jīng)損傷后的功能恢復(fù)及組織結(jié)構(gòu)的改善[28-29]。
3.4 CGF與皮膚創(chuàng)面及瘢痕
王超等[30]聯(lián)合CGF與脂肪干細(xì)胞修復(fù)大鼠全層皮膚缺損,1周后的組織學(xué)證實(shí),CGF能促進(jìn)體外脂肪干細(xì)胞增殖;聯(lián)合CGF與脂肪干細(xì)胞組傷口愈合時(shí)間較對(duì)照組短,同時(shí)術(shù)后傷口滲出及紅腫等炎癥反應(yīng)更輕;聯(lián)合CGF與脂肪干細(xì)胞組組織新生毛細(xì)血管數(shù)多于對(duì)照組。表明復(fù)合CGF與脂肪干細(xì)胞的組織工程皮膚替代物有利于大鼠皮膚創(chuàng)面的愈合。王天祥等[31]通過(guò)測(cè)定CGF中VEGF及TGF-β1含量,觀察其對(duì)軟組織創(chuàng)傷愈合及皮膚瘢痕形成方面的影響。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CGF中VEGF及TGF-β1含量較靜脈血分別提高了(21.90±2.44)倍和(7.59±2.03)倍,且能明顯縮短軟組織損傷的愈合時(shí)間,減少瘢痕形成,從而提高愈合質(zhì)量。
多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí),CGF富含多種高濃度生長(zhǎng)因子[32-33],且有纖維蛋白基質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu),在組織再生領(lǐng)域有著極大的潛力及應(yīng)用前景。從目前實(shí)驗(yàn)研究來(lái)看,未見(jiàn)明顯不良反應(yīng),且材料來(lái)源于自身,有較好的生物相容性,不存在免疫排斥等問(wèn)題,初步認(rèn)為是一種安全有效的自體生物材料。
盡管如此,CGF的應(yīng)用還存在以下問(wèn)題亟待解決:①CGF的具體成分及其占比尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一結(jié)論。②CGF在體內(nèi)完全分解的時(shí)間缺乏相關(guān)研究。③CGF中各生長(zhǎng)因子的相互間作用機(jī)制尚未完全闡明。④CGF在臨床應(yīng)用的長(zhǎng)期療效及安全性問(wèn)題缺乏大樣本統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果。CGF作為最新的第三代血小板制品,相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)較少,尤其缺乏高質(zhì)量的臨床隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究,鑒于其獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì)及良好的應(yīng)用前景,相關(guān)研究亟待開(kāi)展。
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Research Progress and Clinical Application of Concentrated Growth Factors in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
CHEN Xia,WANG Jian,YU Li.Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery,Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital,Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine,Shanghai 200011,China.Corresponding author:YU Li(E-mail:yuoli@163.com).
Concentrated growth factors;Autologous platelet concentrates;Fibrin matrix;Regenerative medicine
R622
B
1673-0364(2017)02-0113-03
2016年10月27日;
2016年12月24日)
10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2017.02.016
200011上海市上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第九人民醫(yī)院整復(fù)外科。
余力(E-mail:yuoli@163.com)。
【Summary】Concentrated growth factors(CGF)are the third-generation autologous platelet concentrates,which contain multiple of growth factors and fibrin matrix.In this paper,the application efficacy and safety of CGF in plastic and reconstructive surgery were reviewed.