張秀欽 程波 紀(jì)明開 方芳 蘇惠春
361026廈門市海滄醫(yī)院皮膚科(張秀欽);福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院皮膚科(程波、紀(jì)明開、方芳、蘇惠春)
特應(yīng)性皮炎患者皮膚表面真菌定植分析
張秀欽 程波 紀(jì)明開 方芳 蘇惠春
361026廈門市海滄醫(yī)院皮膚科(張秀欽);福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院皮膚科(程波、紀(jì)明開、方芳、蘇惠春)
目的觀察念珠菌、紅酵母、青霉、曲霉在特應(yīng)性皮炎患者皮膚表面定植情況,分析這4種常見致敏真菌與特應(yīng)性皮炎癥狀嚴(yán)重程度的相關(guān)性。方法特應(yīng)性皮炎患者50例,健康對(duì)照組20例。刮取特應(yīng)性皮炎患者皮損部位及非皮損部位的鱗屑(以四肢屈側(cè)為主)、健康對(duì)照組肘關(guān)節(jié)屈側(cè)皮屑行真菌鏡檢,無1例發(fā)現(xiàn)菌絲或假菌絲;將皮屑標(biāo)本接種于沙氏葡萄糖培養(yǎng)基,置25℃恒溫箱內(nèi)培養(yǎng),發(fā)現(xiàn)真菌及酵母樣可疑菌落,轉(zhuǎn)種沙氏葡萄糖培養(yǎng)基斜面,獲得純培養(yǎng)后,根據(jù)菌落形態(tài)特征及顏色、菌落生長的快慢、鏡下孢子及菌絲的特征進(jìn)行菌種鑒定。結(jié)果特應(yīng)性皮炎組50例,皮損表面檢出念珠菌29例(58%)、紅酵母17例(34%);健康對(duì)照組20例,檢出念珠菌5例(25%)、紅酵母2例(10%),特應(yīng)性皮炎組念珠菌、紅酵母檢出率明顯高于健康對(duì)照組(χ2值分別為6.23、4.10,均P< 0.05)。重度患者25例,檢出念珠菌19例(76%)、紅酵母12例(48%);中度患者25例,檢出念珠菌10例(40%)、紅酵母5例(20%),重度患者皮損表面念珠菌、紅酵母檢出率明顯高于中度患者(χ2值分別為6.65、4.37,均P<0.05)?;颊呓M與對(duì)照組青霉、曲霉檢出率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論特應(yīng)性皮炎患者皮膚表面念珠菌、紅酵母定植明顯高于健康對(duì)照組,且重度患者定植率高于中度患者,表明真菌定植的種類與皮膚的健康狀況相關(guān),與特應(yīng)性皮炎患者癥狀的嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)。
皮炎,特應(yīng)性;白色念珠菌;紅酵母屬;產(chǎn)黃青霉;曲霉菌屬
特應(yīng)性皮炎(AD)是一種遺傳過敏性疾病,除了對(duì)食物和吸入物過敏外,其血清對(duì)微生物的sIgE抗體升高,包括金黃色葡萄球菌、馬拉色菌、白念珠菌[1]。最近的研究表明,真菌致敏原在遺傳過敏性疾病中也發(fā)揮重要作用。我們采用常規(guī)真菌培養(yǎng)方法,觀察白念珠菌、紅酵母、青霉、曲霉在AD患者皮損和非皮損部位,以及中度及重度患者皮膚表面的定植情況。
1.對(duì)象:2012年6-12月,福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院皮膚科門診AD患者50例,均符合Williams提出的AD診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[2],所有受試者2周內(nèi)均未使用抗真菌藥、糖皮質(zhì)激素或免疫抑制劑治療,無其他免疫及炎癥性疾病等病史。其中男28例,女22例;年齡2~45歲,平均15歲;病程2個(gè)月至18年,平均7年。伴過敏性鼻炎或哮喘20例。AD病情嚴(yán)重程度評(píng)分(SCORAD)為26~84.5分,平均(57±16)分;中、重度患者各25例。對(duì)照組20例,女8例,男12例,年齡2~40歲,平均12歲,均為健康體檢者,無過敏性疾病及家族過敏史,無免疫及炎癥性疾病等病史,兩組在年齡及性別方面差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,具有可比性。SCORAD評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為,①皮膚病變范圍:以占1%體表面積為1分;成人頭頸部、臂部各占9%,軀干前后各占13.5%,下肢各占22.5%;<14歲兒童頭頸部、臂部各9%,軀干前后及下肢各18%;②皮損嚴(yán)重度:包括6項(xiàng)體征:a紅斑,b丘疹/水腫,c糜爛、滲出(或)結(jié)痂,d角化脫屑,e浸潤與苔蘚化,f皮膚干燥(評(píng)價(jià)未受累皮膚);用3分4級(jí)法:0分為無,1分為輕度,2分為中度,3分為重度;③瘙癢及影響睡眠程度:應(yīng)用視覺模擬評(píng)分法(VAS),VAS標(biāo)尺由0分(無瘙癢)至10分(患者所能想象最嚴(yán)重的瘙癢),患者在標(biāo)尺上標(biāo)出最能代表其瘙癢強(qiáng)度的點(diǎn);評(píng)價(jià)睡眠的方法同瘙癢一樣。SCORAD=①/5+②×7/2+③,總分范圍0~103分。SCORAD評(píng)分分級(jí)為:輕度<15分;中度15~40分;重度>40分。
2.試驗(yàn)材料:沙氏葡萄糖培養(yǎng)基根據(jù)《全國臨床檢驗(yàn)操作規(guī)程》配制,法國柯瑪嘉顯色培養(yǎng)基(廣州益滿生物科技有限公司)。
3.方法:取患者皮損部位的鱗屑及非皮損部位的皮屑(均以四肢屈側(cè)為主),健康對(duì)照組刮取肘關(guān)節(jié)屈側(cè)的皮屑。所有標(biāo)本均先行鏡檢,無1例發(fā)現(xiàn)菌絲或假菌絲。將標(biāo)本接種于沙氏葡萄糖培養(yǎng)基,置25℃恒溫箱內(nèi)連續(xù)培養(yǎng)5 d,逐日觀察,2周內(nèi)不生長,判斷為陰性;發(fā)現(xiàn)真菌及酵母樣可疑菌落,轉(zhuǎn)種沙氏葡萄糖培養(yǎng)基斜面,獲得純培養(yǎng)后鑒定。根據(jù)菌落形態(tài)特征及顏色、菌落生長的快慢、鏡下孢子及菌絲的特征鑒定。念珠菌加用法國柯瑪嘉顯色培養(yǎng)基,30~37℃培養(yǎng)48 h,根據(jù)念珠菌顯色培養(yǎng)說明書判斷結(jié)果,綠色、翠綠色菌落判斷為白念珠菌;藍(lán)灰色、鐵灰色為熱帶念珠菌;紫紅色邊緣模糊,有微毛,判斷為克柔念珠菌;整個(gè)菌落紫紅色判斷為光滑念珠菌;白色菌落判斷為其他念珠菌。AD患者皮損及非皮損部位共培養(yǎng)出念珠菌48株,其中白念珠菌16株,熱帶念珠菌11株,克柔念珠菌9株,光滑念珠菌5株,其他念珠菌7株。
4.統(tǒng)計(jì)方法:用SPSS13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,χ2檢驗(yàn)分析陽性率差異,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
見表1。AD患者皮損部位念珠菌、紅酵母定植陽性率明顯高于健康對(duì)照組,χ2值分別為6.23、4.10,均P< 0.05;兩組間曲霉、青霉陽性率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,χ2值分別為1.17、0.17,均P>0.05。AD患者非皮損部位念珠菌、紅酵母、曲霉、青霉定植陽性率與健康對(duì)照組比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,χ2值分別為1.07、1.70、0.58、0.30,P> 0.05。AD患者皮損部位念珠菌陽性率明顯高于非皮損部位(χ2=4.00,P<0.05);而紅酵母、曲霉、青霉兩組間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,χ2值分別為0.42、0.17、1.56,均P> 0.05。
重度AD患者皮損部位念珠菌、紅酵母定植陽性率明顯高于中度患者,χ2值分別為6.65、4.37,均P< 0.05;青霉、曲霉兩組間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,χ2值分別為0.35、0.86,均P>0.05。重度AD患者非皮損部位念珠菌陽性率明顯高于中度患者,χ2=4.16,P<0.05;紅酵母、曲霉、青霉兩組間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,χ2值分別為1.59、0.33、2.05,P> 0.05。見表1。
皮膚屏障功能障礙可能是引起AD等干燥性皮膚病的主要原因,皮膚屏障功能破壞,增加了對(duì)外界不同刺激的敏感性,使環(huán)境的過敏原,如花粉、屋塵螨和微生物等容易穿透皮膚,產(chǎn)生sIgE抗體,使AD患者的病情加重。真菌在皮膚表面的定植情況與皮膚的生理?xiàng)l件及健康狀況相關(guān)[3],真菌致敏原在遺傳過敏性疾病中發(fā)揮重要作用[4],AD患者的汗液中有一種主要變應(yīng)原,是由球形馬拉色菌產(chǎn)生的真菌蛋白mgl?1304,可引起Ⅰ型變態(tài)反應(yīng)[5];超過三分之二以頭頸部為主要表現(xiàn)的成人特應(yīng)性皮炎患者對(duì)伊曲康唑和其他唑類抗真菌藥物有明顯的療效[6]。AD患者皮膚表面定植的真菌包括念珠菌、馬拉色菌、青霉、曲霉[7],SCORAD評(píng)分與曲霉、馬拉色菌、青霉、念珠菌的sIgE水平有顯著相關(guān)性[8]。本研究中,AD患者皮損部位念珠菌定植陽性率為58%。一項(xiàng)關(guān)于AD患者念珠菌的皮膚點(diǎn)刺試驗(yàn)中,70%發(fā)生速發(fā)型過敏反應(yīng)[9];而Chang等[10]報(bào)道,81.2%的AD患者血清中檢測(cè)到念珠菌特異性IgE。真菌孢子在環(huán)境中普遍存在,室外最常見的真菌致敏原是枝孢菌和鏈格孢,室內(nèi)最常見的是曲霉和青霉,它們的存在不受季節(jié)影響。本試驗(yàn)中曲霉、青霉皮膚表面定植陽性率與健康對(duì)照沒有顯著差別。
表1 特應(yīng)性皮炎患者皮損及非皮損部位4種真菌培養(yǎng)結(jié)果(例)
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Analysis of fungal colonization in skin surfaces of patients with atopic dermatitis
Zhang Xiuqin,Cheng Bo,Ji Mingkai,Fang Fang,Su Huichun
Department of Dermatology,Xiamen Haicang Hospital,Xiamen 361026,Fujian,China(Zhang XQ);Department of Dermatology,First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University,Fuzhou 350005,China(Cheng B,Ji MK,Fang F,Su HC)
ObjectiveTo analyze the colonization ofCandida,Rhodotorula,PenicilliumandAspergillusin skin surfaces of patients with atopic dermatitis,and to assess the relationship between the four common fungal allergens and severity of atopic dermatitis.MethodsFifty patients with atopic dermatitis and 20 healthy controls were enrolled.Scales were scraped from lesional and non?lesional skin of flexural extremities of the patients,as well as from normal skin of the flexural elbow of healthy controls,then were subjected to microscopic examination and culture.Scale specimens were inoculated onto Sabouraud dextrose agar medium and cultured at 25℃in a constant temperature incubator.Subsequently,suspected fungal or yeast?like colonies were collected for pure culture.Finally,fungal strains were identified according to colony morphology,color,growth speed,as well as microscopic features of spores and hyphae.ResultsNo hyphae or pseudohyphae were found in any case by microscopic examination.Candida albicansandRhodotorulawere detected in 29(58%)and 17(34%)out of the 50 patients,respectively,and in 5(25%)and 2(10%)out of the 20 healthy controls,respectively.The detection rates ofCandida albicansandRhodotorulawere significantly higher in the patients than in the controls(χ2=6.23,4.10,respectively,bothP< 0.05).Of 25 patients with severe lesions,19(76%)and 12(48%)were colonized byCandida albicansandRhodotorularespectively;among 25 patients with moderate lesions,10(40%)and 5(20%)were colonized byCandida albicansandRhodotorularespectively.An increase was observed in the detection rates ofCandida albicansandRhodotorulain the patients with severe lesions compared with those with moderate lesions(χ2=6.65,4.37,respectively,bothP< 0.05).There was no significant difference in the detection rate ofPenicilliumorAspergillusbetween the patients and health controls.ConclusionThe colonization rates ofCandida albicansandRhodotorulaon skin surfaces were higher in patients with atopic dermatitis than in healthy controls,and higher in patients with severe lesions than in patients with moderate lesions,indicating that the types of colonizing fungi are associated with the health status of skin and severity of symptoms in patients with atopic dermatitis.
Dermatitis,atopic;Candida albicans;Rhodotorula;Penicillium chrysogenum;Aspergillus
Cheng Bo,Email:chengbo630415@126.com
程波,Email:chengbo630415@126.com
10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412?4030.2016.07.015
2015?07?28)
(本文編輯:吳曉初)