劉敏,杜航,宋傲臣,高帥,唐麗杰,蔣燁,李一經(jīng)
(1.東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)院,哈爾濱 150030;2.東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)院,哈爾濱 150030)
鮭魚甲病毒陽性核酸物質(zhì)制備及RT-PCR檢測方法的建立
劉敏1,杜航1,宋傲臣1,高帥1,唐麗杰2,蔣燁1,李一經(jīng)2
(1.東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)院,哈爾濱150030;2.東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)院,哈爾濱150030)
為建立快速檢測鮭魚甲病毒(Salmonid alphavirus,SAV)RT-PCR方法,根據(jù)GenBank公布的E2基因序列(1 375 bp)設(shè)計(jì)引物,擴(kuò)增SAV E2全長基因,利用假病毒制備技術(shù)獲得包裹E2核酸物質(zhì)(RNA)的SAV假病毒溶液。以SAV假病毒作為陽性核酸物質(zhì)質(zhì)控品,以E2F:5'CCG-TTG-CGG-CCA-CAC-TGG-ATG 3',E2R:5'CCTCAT-AGG-TGA-TCG-ACG-GCA-G 3'為引物,優(yōu)化反應(yīng)條件,建立SAV的RT-PCR檢測方法。結(jié)果表明,該方法可擴(kuò)增SAV E2特異性516 bp的DNA片段,引物最適反應(yīng)濃度為1.0 μmol·L-1,最佳退火溫度為57.5℃,對(duì)SAV的三種亞型SAV1(V4640)、SAV2(V4619)、SAV5(V4638)檢測結(jié)果均為陽性,對(duì)SVCV、IHNV和IPNV的PCR擴(kuò)增結(jié)果均為陰性;并確定對(duì)SAV的核酸最低檢出量達(dá)1.59 pg;以RT-PCR方法在不同時(shí)間對(duì)每份樣品作3次重復(fù)檢測,檢測結(jié)果一致。表明此方法特異性強(qiáng),敏感性高,穩(wěn)定性和重復(fù)性較好,可用于SAV臨床診斷和檢測。
鮭魚甲病毒;SAV E2;核酸物質(zhì);RT-PCR;檢測方法
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版時(shí)間2016-7-21 14:09:34[URL]http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/23.1391.S.20160721.1409.004.html
劉敏,杜航,宋傲臣,等.鮭魚甲病毒陽性核酸物質(zhì)制備及RT-PCR檢測方法的建立[J].東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2016,47(7):56-62.
Liu Min,Du Hang,Song Aochen,et al.Positive nucleic acid material preparation and establishment of a RT-PCR for salmonid alphavirus[J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,2016,47(7):56-62.(in Chinese with English abstract)
鮭魚甲病毒(Salmonid alphavirus,SAV)隸屬于披膜病毒科(Togaviridae),甲病毒屬(Alphavirus)[1],主要感染大西洋鮭(Salmo salar)和虹鱒(Oncorhynchus mykiss)等鮭科魚類,引起胰腺、心肌炎癥和昏睡等癥狀,致死率達(dá)1%~48%,在魚類養(yǎng)殖各生長階段均有爆發(fā)[2-3]。目前該病廣泛流行于蘇格蘭、挪威、愛爾蘭、法國等歐洲國家[4-6],2013年鮭魚甲病毒感染被列入OIE水生動(dòng)物疫病名錄中。我國目前尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)該病,但隨鮭科魚類引進(jìn),該病傳入我國風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。
SAV病毒粒子呈球形,有囊膜,直徑為65.5± 4.3 nm[7],易在CHSE-214[8]、BF-2和FHM等細(xì)胞株上復(fù)制生長,以出芽方式釋放病毒粒子,最適復(fù)制溫度為15℃[9],對(duì)三氯甲烷敏感,在pH 3.0且50℃時(shí)迅速失活,在氯化銫中的浮力密度1.20 g·mL-1。SAV是單股正鏈RNA病毒,基因組長11~12 kb[10],含有兩個(gè)開放閱讀框,類似于真核生物mRNA,具有5'端帽子和3'端polyA尾巴結(jié)構(gòu)。5'端開放閱讀框占基因組全長三分之二,大小為8 kb,在復(fù)制初期快速編碼多聚蛋白,多聚蛋白裂解形成四個(gè)非結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白,依次是NSP1、NSP2、NSP3和NSP4,可作為基因組RNA形成模板。3'端開放閱讀框占基因組全長三分之一,大小為4 kb,編碼26S次級(jí)基因組mRNA,最終產(chǎn)生5個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白依次是衣殼蛋白、糖蛋白E3和E2、6K和E1結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白[11-12],共同構(gòu)成病毒包膜糖蛋白。E2和E1為跨膜蛋白暴露于病毒粒子表面,E1和E2形成異源二聚體[13-14]。根據(jù)E2和NSP3核苷酸序列差異將SAV分為6個(gè)基因型(SAV1-SAV6)[15-16],六個(gè)基因型的基因組和蛋白質(zhì)組序列保守度較高,根據(jù)GenBank中公布基因序列比較,SAV1、SAV2和SAV3基因組和蛋白質(zhì)組序列保守度分別為90%、95%,SAV1型不同毒株核苷酸序列保守度為95%,SAV2型不同毒株核苷酸序列保守度為93.6%。SAV 2、SAV 3可感染虹鱒引起睡?。⊿leeping disease,SD);SAV 1、SAV 2、 SAV 4、SAV 5、SAV 6基因型可感染大西洋鮭引起胰腺?。⊿almon pancreas disease,PD)[17]。
目前,我國尚未建立鮭魚甲病毒檢測方法。反轉(zhuǎn)錄PCR(Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction,RT-PCR)檢測RNA病毒,耗時(shí)短、特異性強(qiáng)、靈敏度高、便于應(yīng)用。本文根據(jù)GenBank公布SAV E2基因序列設(shè)計(jì)引物,擴(kuò)增E2全長基因,擬制備包裹著E2核酸物質(zhì)(RNA)SAV假病毒溶液。以SAV假病毒溶液作為陽性核酸物質(zhì)的質(zhì)控品,優(yōu)化反應(yīng)條件,建立SAV RT-PCR檢測方法,為鮭魚甲病毒臨床診斷、流行病學(xué)調(diào)查、疫病監(jiān)測和防控奠定基礎(chǔ)。
1.1材料
SAV1(V4640)、SAV2(V4619)和SAV5(V4638)三種不同基因型毒株由英國蘇格蘭海洋實(shí)驗(yàn)室贈(zèng);體外轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒(T7啟動(dòng)子)、無細(xì)胞表達(dá)試劑盒、質(zhì)粒中提試劑盒均購自普洛麥格生物技術(shù)有限公司,假病毒表達(dá)載體Pet 32a-AR(在Pet32a表達(dá)載體多克隆位點(diǎn)中插入MS2噬菌體的成熟蛋白基因、衣殼蛋白基因和衣殼蛋白基因下游影響噬菌體包裝的19 bp發(fā)夾結(jié)構(gòu))由中國檢驗(yàn)檢疫科學(xué)院贈(zèng);傳染性胰腺壞死病毒(Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus,IPNV)、傳染性造血組織壞死病病毒(Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus,IHNV)、鯉春病毒血癥病毒(Spring viraemia of carp virus,SVCV)由東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)獸醫(yī)微生物免疫教研室保存。
1.2印物
根據(jù)GenBank中SAV基因序列設(shè)計(jì)擴(kuò)增E2(1 375 bp)片段上下游引物,分別為含有HindⅢ酶切位點(diǎn)上游引物P1和含有NotⅠ酶切位點(diǎn)下游引物P2,檢測引物為上游引物E2F和下游引物E2R,擴(kuò)增目的片段長為516 bp。引物序列見表1。引物均由吉林省庫美生物科技有限公司合成。
1.3SAV假病毒陽性品的制備方法
1.3.1SAV E2基因擴(kuò)增
Trizol法提取SAV 1(4 640毒株)病毒總RNA,反轉(zhuǎn)錄成cDNA,以P1和P2為引物PCR擴(kuò)增。PCR反應(yīng)條件:95℃預(yù)變性5 min,94℃變性50 s,55℃退火50 s,72℃延伸1.5 min,循環(huán)數(shù)為35個(gè),終延伸72℃10 min。將SAV E2基因片段回收,構(gòu)建重組質(zhì)粒pMD18-TS-SAV E2,進(jìn)行序列測定比對(duì)分析。
表1 引物序列Table 1Sequnce of primers
1.3.2假病毒重組質(zhì)粒Pet32a-AR-SAVE2/TG1構(gòu)建
假病毒表達(dá)載體Pet32a-AR用NotⅠ和HindⅢ雙酶切后,經(jīng)1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳分離后,膠回收純化試劑盒切膠回收兩段目的基因,將SAV E2和Pet 32a-AR用T4DNA連接酶連接,16℃連接12 h,轉(zhuǎn)化大腸桿菌TGI感受態(tài)。涂布含50 μg·mL-1氨芐抗性的平板,37℃過夜培養(yǎng),挑取單個(gè)菌落提取質(zhì)粒,進(jìn)行酶切和PCR鑒定。
1.3.3假病毒mRNA提取及體外轉(zhuǎn)錄
用質(zhì)粒中提試劑盒提取Pet 32a-AR-SAV E2重組質(zhì)粒,將質(zhì)粒用限制性內(nèi)切酶BSSH II線性化后膠回收,PCR鑒定后測定線性化DNA濃度,用體外轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒轉(zhuǎn)錄,反應(yīng)條件為37℃4 h。轉(zhuǎn)錄體系如下:5×Buffer(15 mmol·L-1)20 μL;rNTP(25 mmol·L-1each)30 μL;線性化假病毒DNA 2 μg;轉(zhuǎn)錄酶10 μL;ddH2O加至總體積100 μL。在100 μL轉(zhuǎn)錄體系內(nèi)加入10 μL DNase I(RNase free),37℃1 h,去除轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物中的假病毒DNA。Trizol法提取轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物中mRNA,紫外分光光度計(jì)測量RNA濃度。以提純RNA溶液為模板,使用引物P1和P2分別作PCR和RT-PCR檢測,經(jīng)鑒定,PCR檢測結(jié)果為陰性,RT-PCR檢測結(jié)果為陽性,說明溶液中只有假病毒mRNA無DNA。
1.3.4無細(xì)胞表達(dá)系統(tǒng)表達(dá)SAV假病毒
使用無細(xì)胞表達(dá)系統(tǒng)表達(dá)假病毒,表達(dá)體系:Rabbit Reticulocyte Lysate 70 μL;Amino Acid Mixture Minus Leucine(1 mmol·L-1)1 μL;Amino Acid Mixture Minus Methionine(1 mmol·L-1)1 μL;RNasin Ribonuclease Inhibitor 2 μL;RNA 4 μg;ddH2O加至總體積100 μL。反應(yīng)條件為30℃90 min,反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物即為SAV假病毒陽性制品,-80℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1.4SAV RT-PCR反應(yīng)體系建立
Trizol法提假病毒RNA,反轉(zhuǎn)錄制備cDNA。以cDNA為模板,E2F和E2R各1 μL,10×PCR buffer 2.5 μL,dNTPs(2.5 mmol·L-1)2.5 μL,rTaq DNA(5 U·μL-1)0.5 μL,ddH2O 15 μL,cDNA模板2.5 μL。反應(yīng)條件:95℃10 min;94℃30 s、58℃30 s、72℃50 s,35個(gè)循環(huán);72℃10 min。PCR產(chǎn)物經(jīng)電泳分析后作測序比對(duì)分析。
1.5PCR反應(yīng)條件的優(yōu)化
優(yōu)化PCR反應(yīng)退火溫度(54.0℃、54.8℃、55.6℃、57.5℃、58.4℃)及上下游引物濃度(0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8和1.0 μmol·L-1),確定最佳退火溫度和引物濃度。
1.6特異性試驗(yàn)
Trizol法提取IPNV、IHNV、SVCV和SAV假病毒溶液RNA,分別反轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA,采用優(yōu)化后擴(kuò)增程序PCR反應(yīng)擴(kuò)增,滅菌雙蒸水作為陰性對(duì)照,確定建立的RT-PCR檢測方法特異性。
1.7敏感性試驗(yàn)
提取SAV假病毒溶液的RNA,測定其濃度為159.6 ng·μL-1、混合均勻后用DEPC水倍比稀釋(101~107),將各稀釋度RNA反轉(zhuǎn)錄成cDNA,以上述cDNA為模板作PCR檢測。
1.8重復(fù)性試驗(yàn)
使用本方法重復(fù)檢測同一樣品3次,比較每次結(jié)果是否一致,分析建立的RT-PCR方法穩(wěn)定性。
1.9SAV細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)毒檢測
采用RT-PCR方法進(jìn)行SAV1(V4640)、SAV2(V4619),SAV5(V4638)毒株細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)物檢測,0.8%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳觀察檢測結(jié)果。
2.1SAV E2基因擴(kuò)增結(jié)果
提取SAV1細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)物RNA,反轉(zhuǎn)錄成cDNA,以其為模板,擴(kuò)增到1 375 bp目的片段,目的片段與SAV E2基因片段預(yù)測大小一致(見圖1),測序后序列比對(duì)結(jié)果正確。
圖1 SAV1 E2基因PCR擴(kuò)增結(jié)果Fig.1Amplification result of SAV1 E2 gene
2.2SAV E2假病毒重組質(zhì)粒Pet32a-AR-SAV E2的鑒定
重組質(zhì)粒Pet32a-AR-SAV E2用限制性內(nèi)切酶HindⅢ單酶切得到8 999 bp大小片段,限制性內(nèi)切酶HindⅢ和NotⅠ雙酶切得到7 624和1 375 bp大小片段(見圖2),單、雙酶切得到的目的片段均與預(yù)期大小的核酸片段相同,表明SAV E2基因正確插入Pet 32a-AR假病毒表達(dá)載體。
圖2 重組質(zhì)粒Pet 32a-AR-SAV E2酶切鑒定結(jié)果Fig.2Restriction map of Pet 32a-AR-SAV E2
2.3假病毒表達(dá)鑒定
提取假病毒溶液中的RNA,取適量轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA,分別作PCR檢測鑒定。結(jié)果顯示以cDNA為模板作RT-PCR檢測結(jié)果為陽性,以RNA為模板作PCR檢測為陰性(見圖3)。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明外源核酸物質(zhì)(E2的RNA)被假病毒表達(dá)蛋白所包裹,獲得SAV假病毒溶液可作為SAV RT-PCR檢測的陽性質(zhì)控品。
圖3 假病毒表達(dá)PCR及RT-PCR鑒定結(jié)果Fig.3Identification of false virus expression
2.4RT-PCR引物濃度及退火溫度優(yōu)化
取不同濃度引物及退火溫度作PCR反應(yīng),確定最佳引物濃度和退火溫度。結(jié)果顯示濃度均為1.0 μmol·L-1時(shí)目的片段擴(kuò)增效果最佳(見圖4A),退火溫度為55.6、57.5和58.4℃時(shí)目的條帶擴(kuò)增效果均較好(見圖4B),最終將最佳退火溫度確定為57.5℃。
圖4 RT-PCR引物濃度及退火、溫度確定Fig.42Optimization of the RT-PCR reaction conditions
2.5特異性試驗(yàn)
采用本方法對(duì)SVCV、IPNV、IHNV及SAV假病毒溶液cDNA作RT-PCR擴(kuò)增,僅SAV假病毒擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物中出現(xiàn)目的片段,而SVCV IPNV、IHNV和ddH O擴(kuò)增結(jié)果均為陰性(見圖5),結(jié)果表明本RT-PCR檢測方法具有較強(qiáng)特異性。
2.6敏感性試驗(yàn)
對(duì)SAV假病毒溶液RNA十倍比稀釋,分別反轉(zhuǎn)錄合成cDNA,以上cDNA為模板分別作PCR反應(yīng),結(jié)果顯示SAV E2最低檢測量為1.59 pg(見圖6)。
2.7重復(fù)性試驗(yàn)結(jié)果
圖5 RT-PCR特異性檢測Fig.5Specific detection of RT-PCR
分別對(duì)同一樣品作3次檢測,結(jié)果完全一致。說明本RT-PCR方法重復(fù)性好,結(jié)果穩(wěn)定可靠。
2.8SAV細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)毒的檢測結(jié)果
以SAV1(V4640)、SAV2(V4619)、SAV5(V4638)三種不同亞型毒株的cDNA為模板,利用本RT-PCR方法檢測,檢測結(jié)果均為陽性,而ddH2O擴(kuò)增結(jié)果為陰性,說明本RT-PCR方法檢測適用性高(見圖7)。
圖6 RT-PCR敏感性試驗(yàn)Fig.6Sensitivity assay of RT-PCR
近年來鮭科魚類養(yǎng)殖業(yè)迅猛發(fā)展,各養(yǎng)殖區(qū)之間貿(mào)易頻繁,SAV感染鮭科魚類引起鮭魚胰腺病和暈睡病已經(jīng)擴(kuò)散至歐洲各國[18-20],給鮭鱒養(yǎng)殖業(yè)帶來巨大經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。我國目前尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)此病,但建立SAV快速、靈敏、特異檢測方法,對(duì)預(yù)防外來水生動(dòng)物疫病尤為重要。
圖7 SAV細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)毒的檢測結(jié)果Fig.7Detection of SAV cell culture virus
目前,鮭魚甲病毒檢測方法主要有病毒分離、ELISA和免疫組化等。Karlsen等從患有鮭魚胰腺病垂死魚心臟和腎臟中分離得到SAV 3型[21],傳代培養(yǎng)并作病理學(xué)分析;Taksdal等根據(jù)鮭魚甲病毒糖蛋白E1基因序列成功制備4H1單克隆抗體,對(duì)病毒免疫組化檢測[22]。但病毒分離、ELISA和免疫組化檢測方法耗時(shí)較長,不適用口岸檢測和臨床診斷。Villoing等陸續(xù)建立反轉(zhuǎn)錄-聚合酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)(RT-PCR)和TaqMan探針PCR檢測方法[23-26]。RT-PCR技術(shù)在魚類RNA病毒檢測應(yīng)用廣泛,如傳染性胰腺壞死病病毒(IPNV)[27-28]和魚棒狀病毒[29]??梢娺\(yùn)用RT-PCR技術(shù)作魚類RNA病毒檢測應(yīng)用前景廣闊。
本研究通過假病毒制備技術(shù),獲得假病毒重組質(zhì)粒,該質(zhì)粒在無細(xì)胞表達(dá)系統(tǒng)中能夠?qū)⒉迦氲腅2基因片段轉(zhuǎn)錄成RNA,合成MS2蛋白能夠包裹RNA,自發(fā)組裝成類似病毒粒子,成為SAV假病毒溶液。制備假病毒與MS2噬菌體類似,能耐受核酸酶降解,穩(wěn)定性較好,不具復(fù)制和傳染能力,消除其他檢測方法中被檢測病毒傳播風(fēng)險(xiǎn),避免嚴(yán)重經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。以SAV假病毒溶液為陽性核酸質(zhì)控品,E2F和E2R作為檢測引物建立RT-PCR檢測方法,陽性對(duì)照可得到約516 bp特異性片段,對(duì)SAV三種不同亞型檢測結(jié)果均為陽性,對(duì)SVCV、IHNV和IPNV檢測結(jié)果均為陰性,且SAV最低檢出量達(dá)達(dá)1.59 pg水平,用本RT-PCR方法在不同時(shí)間對(duì)每份樣品作3次重復(fù)檢測,結(jié)果一致。該方法敏感性高、特異性強(qiáng)、穩(wěn)定性好,可用于SAV臨床診斷和流行病毒學(xué)研究。
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Positive nucleic acid material preparation and establishment of a RTPCR for salmonid alphavirus
LIU Min1,DU Hang1,SONG Aochen1,GAO Shuai1,TANG Lijie2,JIANG Ye1,LI Yijing2
(1.School of Animal Science and Technology,Northeast Agricultural University,Harbin150030,China;2.SchoolofVeterinaryMedicine,NortheastAgricultural University,Harbin 150030,China)
To rapidly identify the pathogens causing salmonid alphavirus(SAV),a RT-PCR was developed with primers designed according to the sequences of theE2 gene(1 375 bp)of SAV available in GenBank.Amplified theSAV E2 gene,using false virus preparation technology to obtain the SAV fake virus solution wrapped with E2 material nucleic acid(RNA).SAV RT-PCR detection method was established with the SAV false virus as positive nucleic acid material quality control and the designed primers of E2F:5'CCG-TTG-CGG CCA-CAC-TGG-ATG 3',E2R:5'CCT-CAT0AGG TGATCG-ACG-GCA-G 3'as detection primers.Results showed that we could amplify the specific fragment ofSAV E2 DNA gene(516 bp)better when the optimum concentration of primers was 1.0 μmol·L-1and the annealing temperature was 57.5℃at the same time.Detection result of SAV1,SAV3,SAV5 were all positive by the established RT-PCR method,but no specific amplifications from other virus(SVCV, IPNV,IHNV),this assay could detecting the minimum detection of SAV nucleic acids was 1.59 pg.Eachsample had been detectived three times at different times through this RT-PCR,and there was no change between the detection results of same samples.Comprehensive research results showed the established RT-PCR(use the SAV false virus nucleic acid material as positive control)had strong specificity,high sensitivity,good stability and repeatability characteristics,could be used in clinical diagnosisanddetectionofSAV.
salmonid alphavirus;SAV E2;nucleic acid;RT-PCR;detection method
S942.3
A
1005-9369(2016)07-0056-06
2016-04-11
國家科技支撐計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2013BAD12B02)
劉敏(1965-),女,教授,博士,研究方向?yàn)樗a(chǎn)動(dòng)物疾病及免疫學(xué)。E-mail:liumin-707@163.com