王文凱 郭文斌 陳慧琦 葉露
[摘要] 目的 探討右美托咪定對(duì)重度子癇前期剖宮產(chǎn)患者全身麻醉恢復(fù)期氣管拔管反應(yīng)的影響。 方法 選取2014年12月~2015年8月在惠州市第一婦幼保健院行全身麻醉剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)的重度子癇前期患者100例。將所有患者隨機(jī)分成5組:對(duì)照組(D0組)和不同劑量右美托咪定組(D1~D4組),每組各20例。所有手術(shù)均于全麻下完成,靜脈注射丙泊酚、順苯磺酸阿曲庫(kù)銨和瑞芬太尼進(jìn)行麻醉誘導(dǎo),術(shù)中持續(xù)泵注丙泊酚及瑞芬太尼使BIS值維持在40~50,并維持循環(huán)穩(wěn)定。D1~D4組在胎兒娩出后分別靜脈泵注右美托咪定0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 μg/kg,D0組輸注等容量的生理鹽水作為對(duì)照,藥物輸注時(shí)間均為15 min。手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí)停止輸注瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚,術(shù)后帶管回麻醉后監(jiān)測(cè)治療室(PACU)。監(jiān)測(cè)并記錄患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)前(T0)、拔管后1 min(T1)、拔管后5 min(T2)、拔管后10 min(T3)和拔管后15 min(T4)時(shí)的心率(HR)、收縮壓(SBP)、舒張壓(DBP)和血氧飽和度(SpO2);觀察患者的清醒時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間和轉(zhuǎn)出PACU時(shí)間;觀察泵注右美托咪定后心血管系統(tǒng)不良事件的發(fā)生情況。 結(jié)果 血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化:各組間T0時(shí)的HR、SBP和DBP差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);與D0組比較,D1組T1~T4時(shí)的HR、SBP和DBP差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);D2、D3、D4組T1~T4時(shí)的HR、SBP和DBP均明顯降低(P < 0.05)。與T0時(shí)比較,D0和D1組T1~T4時(shí)的HR、SBP和DBP均明顯升高(P < 0.05);D2、D3、D4組T1~T4時(shí)的HR、SBP和DBP均明顯降低(P < 0.05)。蘇醒時(shí)間的變化:與D0組比較,D1、D2組患者清醒時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間和轉(zhuǎn)出PACU時(shí)間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),D3、D4組患者清醒時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間和轉(zhuǎn)出PACU時(shí)間明顯延長(zhǎng)(P < 0.05)。所有患者輸注右美托咪定后均未出現(xiàn)需要處理的心血管系統(tǒng)不良事件。 結(jié)論 術(shù)中單次靜脈泵注右美托咪定0.6 μg/kg能明顯抑制重度子癇前期剖宮產(chǎn)患者全身麻醉恢復(fù)期的氣管拔管反應(yīng),且不影響麻醉恢復(fù)時(shí)間。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 右美托咪定;重度子癇前期;剖宮產(chǎn);全身麻醉
[中圖分類號(hào)] R614.2 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2016)03(a)-0059-05
Effect of Dexmedetomidine on responses to extubation during recovery from general anesthesia in severe preeclampsia patients undergoing cesarean section
WANG Wenkai1 GUO Wenbin1 CHEN Huiqi2 YE Lu1
1.Department of Anesthesiology, the First Women and Children's Hospital of Huizhou, Guangdong Province, Huizhou 516007, China; 2.Department of Anesthesiology, Huiyang Area Maternity and Child Health Care Centers of Huizhou City, Guangdong Province, Huizhou 516001, China
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the effect of Dexmedetomidine on responses to tracheal extubation during recovery from general anesthesia in severe preeclampsia patients undergoing cesarean section. Methods One hundred patients with severe preeclampsia scheduled for cesarean section under general anesthesia from December 2014 to August 2015 in the First Women and Children's Hospital of Huizhou were included in this study. All patients were randomly divided into 5 groups: control group (group D0) and different doses of Dexmedetomidine group (group D1-D4), 20 cases in each group. Anesthesia was induced with intravenous injection of Propofol, Cisatracurium besilate and Remifentanil. Anesthesia was maintained with infusion Propofol and Remifentanil. BIS value was maintained at 40-50. Dexmedetomidine 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 μg/kg were infused intravenously after fetal disengagement in group D1-D4, respectively, the equal volume of normal saline was administered instead in group D0 as control, infusion time was 15 min, stop infusion of Propofol and Fentanyl at the end of the surgery, and all patients were sent to PACU after operation. HR, SBP, DBP and SpO2 were monitored and recorded before anesthesia (T0) and at 1 min after extubatio (T1), 5 min after extubatio (T2), 10 min after extubatio (T3), and 15 min after extubation (T4); awake time, time for extubation and duration in PACU were observed; occurrence of adverse events of cardiovascular system after pump injection Dexmedetomidine was observed. Results Hemodynamic changes: at T0, SBP, DBP and HR had no significant differences in all groups (P > 0.05); compared with group D0, SBP, DBP and HR had no significant differences at T1-T4 in group D1 (P > 0.05); SBP, DBP and HR were decreased at T1-T4 in group D2, D3 and D4 (P < 0.05). Compared with T0, SBP, DBP and HR were increased at T1-T4 in group D0 and group D1 (P < 0.05); SBP, DBP and HR were decreased at T1-T4 in group D2, D3 and D4 (P < 0.05). The recovery time after anesthesia: compared with D0, awake time, time for extubation and duration in PACU had no significant differences in group D1 and group D2 (P > 0.05); awake time, time for extubation and duration in PACU were significantly prolonged in group D3 and group D4 (P < 0.05). There were no complications of cardiovascular occured in all patients. Conclusion In severe preeclampsia patients undergoing cesarean section in general anesthesia, Dexmedetomidine 0.6 μg/kg infused intravenously can effectively inhibit the responses to endotracheal extubation during recovery, and has no effect on the time of recovery.
[Key words] Dexmedetomidine; Severe preeclampsia; Cesarean section; General anesthesia
剖宮產(chǎn)是重度子癇前期產(chǎn)婦首選的分娩方式,雖然椎管內(nèi)麻醉是首選的麻醉方法,但對(duì)于存在凝血功能障礙、嚴(yán)重水腫導(dǎo)致穿刺困難、血壓過(guò)高或合并腦水腫等特殊情況的產(chǎn)婦則必須采用全身麻醉。由于重度子癇前期患者交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)處于過(guò)度興奮狀態(tài),全身麻醉恢復(fù)期間的各種不良刺激易導(dǎo)致患者出現(xiàn)血壓升高、心率加快等心血管應(yīng)激反應(yīng),使急性左心衰、肺水腫、高血壓危象和顱內(nèi)出血等心腦血管意外的發(fā)生率明顯升高[1],因此有效抑制拔管期間的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)至關(guān)重要。右美托咪定是高選擇性的α2腎上腺素能受體激動(dòng)劑,除具有鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛作用外,還具有抗交感和抑制應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的作用。研究表明,術(shù)中靜脈注射0.25~2.5 μg/kg右美托咪定能明顯減輕患者全身麻醉蘇醒期的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化,提高拔管質(zhì)量[2-5],但重度子癇前期患者術(shù)前往往合并低蛋白血癥、貧血、血容量不足等特殊情況,且存在神經(jīng)-內(nèi)分泌功能紊亂,而以往的研究結(jié)果不能為此類患者的用藥提供有效指導(dǎo)。本研究旨在探討不同劑量右美托咪定對(duì)行全身麻醉剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)的重度子癇前期患者血流動(dòng)力學(xué)和麻醉恢復(fù)情況的影響,為右美托咪定在重度子癇前期患者中的安全應(yīng)用提供指導(dǎo)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2014年12月~2015年8月在惠州市第一婦幼保健院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”)行全身麻醉剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)的重度子癇前期患者100例,重度子癇前期的診斷依據(jù)《婦產(chǎn)科學(xué)》(第7版)中關(guān)于妊娠期高血壓疾病的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6]。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):ASA Ⅱ~Ⅲ級(jí);年齡20~35歲;體重指數(shù)≤35 kg/m2;孕齡≥32周;血紅蛋白≥90 g/L。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):肝腎功能明顯異常;合并原發(fā)性高血壓、無(wú)糖尿病或其他代謝性疾??;術(shù)前有呼吸衰竭或心力衰竭。根據(jù)不同的右美托咪定的使用劑量,將所有患者隨機(jī)分成5組:D0組(0 μg/kg)、D1組(0.4 μg/kg)、D2組(0.6 μg/kg)、D3組(0.8 μg/kg)和D4組(1.0 μg/kg),每組20例,D0組為對(duì)照組,輸注等容積的生理鹽水。本研究獲我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),并于術(shù)前與患者或患者授權(quán)人簽署知情同意書(shū)。
1.2 麻醉方法
患者進(jìn)入手術(shù)室后,監(jiān)測(cè)心率(HR)、脈搏血氧飽和度(SpO2)和心電圖(ECG);麻醉前連接TD-3200麻醉深度檢測(cè)儀(深圳市太極醫(yī)療科技有限公司)監(jiān)測(cè)鎮(zhèn)靜深度[腦電雙頻譜指數(shù)(BIS)];在局部麻醉下行橈動(dòng)脈穿刺置管,直接監(jiān)測(cè)動(dòng)脈血壓。麻醉前靜脈輸注6%羥乙基淀粉130∶0.4氯化鈉注射液(北京費(fèi)森尤斯卡比醫(yī)藥公司,批號(hào):81ID113)5 mL/kg擴(kuò)容,術(shù)中以10 mL/(kg·h)維持輸液。先對(duì)患者進(jìn)行導(dǎo)尿和消毒鋪手術(shù)巾,準(zhǔn)備開(kāi)始手術(shù)前,依次靜脈注射丙泊酚(Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH;進(jìn)口藥品注冊(cè)證號(hào):H20110277;批號(hào):10H19565)2 mg/kg、順苯磺酸阿曲庫(kù)銨(浙江仙琚制藥股份有限公司,批號(hào):140303)0.15 mg/kg和瑞芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,批號(hào):6140501)1 μg/kg進(jìn)行快速麻醉誘導(dǎo),3 min后進(jìn)行氣管插管,同時(shí)開(kāi)始手術(shù)。麻醉維持:靜脈輸注瑞芬太尼0.15 μg/(kg·min)和丙泊酚4~10 mg/(kg·h)。根據(jù)BIS監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果調(diào)整異丙酚的輸注速度,使手術(shù)期間患者的BIS值維持在40~50。手術(shù)結(jié)束前10 min靜脈注射舒芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,批號(hào):1140310)0.1 μg/kg和鹽酸托烷司瓊(山東羅欣藥業(yè)集團(tuán)股份有限公司,批號(hào):514102053)2 mg,手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí)停止輸注瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚,術(shù)后帶管回麻醉恢復(fù)室(PACU)。改良Aldrete評(píng)分≥9分送回病房[7]。
1.3 右美托咪定的應(yīng)用
在胎兒娩出并斷臍后分別單次靜脈泵注右美托咪定(江蘇恒瑞醫(yī)藥股份有限公司,批號(hào):15011432)0.4 μg/kg(D1組)、0.6 μg/kg(D2組)、0.8 μg/kg(D3組)和1.0 μg/kg(D4組),D0組泵注等容量生理鹽水作為對(duì)照,泵注時(shí)間均為15 min。研究所用藥液由不參與給藥的醫(yī)務(wù)人員根據(jù)隨機(jī)號(hào)和患者體重抽取相應(yīng)的藥物并用生理鹽水稀釋至25 mL交予研究者使用。
1.4 拔管標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
呼吸空氣時(shí)SpO2≥92%;呼吸方式正常,呼吸頻率<30 次/min,潮氣量>300 mL;意識(shí)恢復(fù);保護(hù)性咳嗽、吞咽反射恢復(fù);肌力恢復(fù),持續(xù)握拳有力,無(wú)支撐下抬頭堅(jiān)持10 s以上[8]。
1.5 觀察指標(biāo)
監(jiān)測(cè)并記錄患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)前(T0)、拔管后1 min(T1)、5 min(T2)、10 min(T3)和15 min(T4)時(shí)的收縮壓(SBP)、舒張壓(DBP)、HR、和SpO2;觀察并記錄所有患者的清醒時(shí)間(停用麻醉藥物到呼喚患者能睜眼的時(shí)間)、拔管時(shí)間(停用麻醉藥物到拔除氣管導(dǎo)管時(shí)間)和轉(zhuǎn)出PACU時(shí)間;觀察泵注右美托咪定后心血管系統(tǒng)不良事件的發(fā)生情況:高血壓(SBP≥180 mmHg或DBP≥110 mmHg)(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)、低血壓(SBP<90 mmHg)、心動(dòng)過(guò)速(HR≥110次/min)、心動(dòng)過(guò)緩(HR<50次/min)。開(kāi)始輸注藥物至輸注結(jié)束后15 min內(nèi)出現(xiàn)的不良事件才視為是由藥物所引起的不良事件。
1.6 心血管系統(tǒng)不良事件的處理
患者出現(xiàn)SBP≥180 mmHg或DBP≥110 mmHg時(shí)靜脈注射烏拉地爾20 mg;SBP<90 mmHg時(shí)靜脈注射甲氧明2 mg;出現(xiàn)HR≥110 次/min時(shí)靜脈注射艾司洛爾20 mg;出現(xiàn)HR<50 次/min時(shí)靜脈注射阿托品0.3 mg;用藥2 min后若情況未改善則重復(fù)給藥。
1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組比較采用單因素方差分析,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 四組患者一般情況比較
兩組患者年齡、體重、身高、孕齡、手術(shù)時(shí)間和出血量比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。
2.2 血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化
各組間T0時(shí)的SBP、DBP和HR差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。與D0組比較,D1組T1、T2、T3、T4時(shí)的SBP、DBP和HR無(wú)明顯改變,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);D2、D3、D4組T1、T2、T3、T4時(shí)的SBP、DBP和HR明顯降低(P < 0.05)。與T0時(shí)比較,D0和D1組T1、T2、T3、T4時(shí)的SBP、DBP和HR均明顯升高(P < 0.05);D2~D4組T1~T4時(shí)的SBP、DBP和HR均明顯降低(P < 0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。2.3 蘇醒時(shí)間的變化
與D0組比較,D1、D2組患者清醒時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間和轉(zhuǎn)出PACU時(shí)間差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),D3、D4組患者清醒時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間和轉(zhuǎn)出PACU時(shí)間均明顯延長(zhǎng)(P < 0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
2.4 心血管系統(tǒng)不良事件發(fā)生情況
所有患者在輸注右美托咪定后均未出現(xiàn)需要處理的心血管系統(tǒng)不良事件。
3 討論
重度子癇前期是最嚴(yán)重的妊娠期合并癥之一,通過(guò)剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)適時(shí)終止妊娠是其有效的治療手段。研究表明,只要術(shù)前給予合理的液體治療,術(shù)中合理使用血管活性藥物,硬膜外麻醉、腰麻或腰麻-硬膜外聯(lián)合麻醉均可以安全地用于重度子癇前期剖宮產(chǎn)患者[9-12]。但對(duì)于存在椎管內(nèi)麻醉禁忌證、椎管內(nèi)麻醉失敗、無(wú)法有效控制的嚴(yán)重高血壓、心肺功能不全無(wú)法耐受椎管內(nèi)麻醉或需要緊急手術(shù)等特殊情況時(shí)則必須采用全身麻醉。全身麻醉恢復(fù)期隨著麻醉藥物的停用,麻醉深度逐漸變淺,生理反射逐漸恢復(fù),在各種不良刺激的作用下,交感神經(jīng)-腎上腺髓質(zhì)系統(tǒng)和下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺皮質(zhì)系統(tǒng)被激活,使內(nèi)源性兒茶酚胺分泌增加,導(dǎo)致患者出現(xiàn)高血壓、心動(dòng)過(guò)速等心血管應(yīng)激反應(yīng),氣管導(dǎo)管和吸痰操作等對(duì)咽喉及氣管的刺激會(huì)引起嗆咳、躁動(dòng),進(jìn)一步加劇血流動(dòng)力學(xué)波動(dòng)。重度子癇前期患者交感神經(jīng)處于過(guò)度緊張狀態(tài),聲、光等輕微的刺激甚至精神情緒波動(dòng)都會(huì)引起劇烈的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)波動(dòng)甚至誘發(fā)子癇和心腦血管意外。研究表明,重度子癇前期產(chǎn)婦收縮壓≥160 mmHg且持續(xù)時(shí)間超過(guò)1 min,腦出血或腦梗死的發(fā)生率將明顯增加[13]。因此對(duì)于行全身麻醉的重度子癇前期剖宮產(chǎn)患者,麻醉恢復(fù)期應(yīng)采取各種措施減少應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的發(fā)生。
右美托咪定是高選擇性的α2腎上腺素能受體激動(dòng)劑,作用于腦干藍(lán)斑核的α2受體,產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)靜、催眠作用;作用于脊髓后角突觸前和中間神經(jīng)元突觸后膜的α2受體,使細(xì)胞膜超極化,抑制疼痛信號(hào)向腦的傳導(dǎo),產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)痛作用;右美托咪定還能通過(guò)抑制脊髓側(cè)角交感神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)的發(fā)放,從而抑制交感神經(jīng)末梢去甲腎上腺素的釋放,降低血液中兒茶酚胺的濃度,降低交感神系統(tǒng)的興奮性。用于復(fù)合全身麻醉除了具有降低其他麻醉藥物使用量、穩(wěn)定血流動(dòng)力學(xué)和降低局部心肌缺血發(fā)生率的作用,還能明顯抑制氣管插管和氣管拔管期間的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)[14-16]。以往的研究表明,靜脈注射右美托咪定0.4~0.8 μg/kg能有效抑制高血壓患者全身麻醉恢復(fù)期氣管拔管引起的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),減少血流動(dòng)力學(xué)波動(dòng),且不延長(zhǎng)患者蘇醒時(shí)間和拔管時(shí)間[17-22]。本研究結(jié)果表明,術(shù)中單次靜脈注射右美托咪定0.6~1.0 μg/kg能有效抑制重度子癇前期剖宮產(chǎn)患者全身麻醉恢復(fù)期的氣管拔管反應(yīng),具有降低應(yīng)激反應(yīng)和維持血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定的作用,但研究結(jié)果同時(shí)也顯示,右美托咪定的劑量達(dá)到0.8 μg/kg會(huì)導(dǎo)致患者蘇醒時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間和轉(zhuǎn)出PACU時(shí)間明顯延長(zhǎng),說(shuō)明隨著右美托咪定使用劑量的增加,其鎮(zhèn)靜作用逐漸加強(qiáng),對(duì)患者蘇醒質(zhì)量和蘇醒時(shí)間也會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同程度的影響。本研究中所有患者用藥后均未出現(xiàn)需要處理的心血管不良事件,可能主要與右美托咪定輸注速度較慢,且術(shù)中根據(jù)麻醉深度檢測(cè)儀的監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果及時(shí)調(diào)整其他麻醉藥物的使用量有關(guān)。Turan等[23]的研究表明,手術(shù)結(jié)束前使吸入麻醉藥的濃度降低50%后再靜脈注射右美托咪定,未見(jiàn)高血壓和心動(dòng)過(guò)緩發(fā)生。說(shuō)明輸注右美托咪定后的低血壓和心動(dòng)過(guò)緩不完全是由右美托咪定所引起的,還與其他麻醉藥物有關(guān)。
綜上所述,術(shù)中單次靜脈注射右美托咪定0.6 μg/kg能有效抑制重度子癇前期剖宮產(chǎn)患者全身麻醉恢復(fù)期的氣管拔管反應(yīng),對(duì)循環(huán)系統(tǒng)無(wú)不良影響,不延長(zhǎng)患者的蘇醒時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間和轉(zhuǎn)出PACU時(shí)間。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Menda F,Kner O,Sayin M,et al. Dexmedetomidine as an adjunct to anesthetic induction to attenuate hemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation in patients undergoing fast-track CABG [J]. Ann Card Anaesth,2010,13(1):16-21.
[2] Bindu B,Pasupuleti S,Gowd UP,et al. A double blind,randomized,controlled trial to study the effect of Dexmedetomidine on hemodynamic and recovery responses during tracheal extubation [J]. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol,2013,29(2):162-167.
[3] 陸姚,余駿馬,董春山,等.右美托咪定對(duì)老年骨科手術(shù)患者全麻恢復(fù)期質(zhì)量的影響[J].中華麻醉學(xué)雜志,2012,32(6):742-744.
[4] Uysal HY,Tezer E,Türkoglu M,et al. The effects of Dexmedetomidine on hemodynamic responses to tracheal ntubation in hypertensive patients:a comparison with esmolol and sufentanyl [J]. J Res Med Sci,2012,17(1):22-31.
[5] Lee YY,Wong SM,Hung CT. Dexmedetomidine infusion as a supplement to isoflurane anaesthesia for vitreoretinal surgery [J]. Br J Anaesth,2007,98(4):477-483.
[6] 樂(lè)杰.婦產(chǎn)科學(xué)[M].7版.北京:人民衛(wèi)生出版社,2008:94-95.
[7] 李然,許幸,吳新民,等.右美托咪定對(duì)高血壓患者全麻恢復(fù)期氣管拔管反應(yīng)的影響:多中心、隨機(jī)、盲法、安慰劑對(duì)照臨床研究[J].中華麻醉學(xué)雜志,2013,33(4):397-401.
[8] 莊心良,曾因明,陳伯鑾.現(xiàn)代麻醉學(xué)[M].3版.北京:人民衛(wèi)生出版社,2006:1883.
[9] Henke VG,Bateman BT,Leffert LR. Focused review:spinal anesthesia in severe preeclampsia [J]. Anesth Analg,2013, 117(3):686-693.
[10] Lambert G,Brichant JF,Hartstein G,et al. Preeclampsia:an update [J]. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg,2014,65(4):137-149.
[11] Bjornestad E,Rosseland LA. Anaesthesia for caesarean section [J]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen,2010,130(7):748-751.
[12] Visalyaputra S,Rodanant O,Somboonviboon W,et al. Spinal versus epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery in severe preeclampsia:a prospective randomized,multicenter stu-dy [J]. Anesth Analg,2005,101(3):862-868.
[13] Martin JN,Thigpen BD,Moore RC,et al. Stroke and severe preeclampsia and eclampsia:a paradigm shift focusing on systolic blood pressure [J]. Obstet Gynecol,2005,105(2):246-254.
[14] Wijeysundera DN,Bender JS,Beattie WS. Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists for the prevention of cardiac complications among patients undergoing surgery [J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2009,7(4):CD004126.
[15] 周力文.右美托咪定在腹部手術(shù)硬膜外麻醉中的輔助效果研究[J].中國(guó)當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥,2014,21(27):93-94,97.
[16] 唐娜,陳麗.右美托咪定的臨床研究進(jìn)展[J].中國(guó)當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥,2015,22(23):19-21.
[17] 萬(wàn)春花,張明瑜,王強(qiáng),等.右美托咪定減少神經(jīng)外科手術(shù)患者麻醉蘇醒期躁動(dòng)的效果及安全性[J].中國(guó)當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥,2014,21(9):90-92.
[18] 吳新民,王天龍.右美托咪定臨床應(yīng)用指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)(2013)[J].中華麻醉學(xué)雜志,2013,33(10):1165-1167.
[19] 鄭彈,馮宇峰,孫彩虹.右美托咪定預(yù)防老年高血壓患者全麻氣管插管及拔管時(shí)心血管反應(yīng)的研究[J].中國(guó)實(shí)用醫(yī)藥雜志,2013,8(30):3-5.
[20] 丁玲玲,張宏,米衛(wèi)東,等.右美托咪啶對(duì)老年患者在機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡手術(shù)麻醉蘇醒期及術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能的影響[J].中南大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):醫(yī)學(xué)版,2015,40(2):129-135.
[21] 章玲賓,樊理華.右美托咪定在高血壓全身麻醉患者圍拔管期的應(yīng)用[J].中國(guó)藥物與臨床,2012,12(8):1047-1049.
[22] Guler G,Akin A,Tosun Z,et al. Single-dose Dexmedetomidine attenuates airway and circulatory reflexes during extubation [J]. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,2005,49(8):1088-1091.
[23] Turan G,Ozgultekin A,Turan C,et al. Advantageous effect of Dexmedetomidine dose heamodynamic and recovery responses during extubation for intracranial surgery [J]. Eur J Anaesthesiol,2008,25(10):816-820.
(收稿日期:2015-10-06 本文編輯:任 念)
中國(guó)醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào)2016年7期