翟麗潔
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會(huì)陰無(wú)保護(hù)接生126例臨床研究
翟麗潔
目的探討會(huì)陰無(wú)保護(hù)接生在正常分娩中的臨床效果及其對(duì)母嬰的影響。方法選取2015年7月至2015年12月在我院產(chǎn)科符合經(jīng)陰道分娩的126例初產(chǎn)婦。經(jīng)患者的知情同意和自主選擇分為觀察組68例和對(duì)照組58例。觀察組在會(huì)陰無(wú)保護(hù)狀態(tài)下進(jìn)行分娩,對(duì)照組保護(hù)會(huì)陰進(jìn)行分娩。比較兩組產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)程時(shí)間、會(huì)陰裂傷及側(cè)切率、新生兒窒息、產(chǎn)后抗生素使用率等情況。結(jié)果觀察組產(chǎn)程(9.32±1.13) h,比對(duì)照組(12.43±1.62) h短,P<0.05;觀察組會(huì)陰部Ⅰ度裂傷多于對(duì)照組(69.12% VS 10.34%,P<0.05),而觀察組會(huì)陰側(cè)切術(shù)為19.11%(13/68)低于對(duì)照組的74.13%(43/58)(P<0.05);觀察組產(chǎn)后抗生素使用率明顯低于對(duì)照組的(23.52% VS 89.66%,P<0.05)。結(jié)論會(huì)陰無(wú)保護(hù)接生術(shù)更貼近自然分娩規(guī)律,產(chǎn)婦會(huì)陰裂傷及側(cè)切率和產(chǎn)后抗生素使用率低,值得臨床推廣。
無(wú)保護(hù)接生;初產(chǎn)婦;會(huì)陰側(cè)切術(shù)
目前,我國(guó)是全球剖宮產(chǎn)率最高的國(guó)家之一[1],剖宮產(chǎn)雖然可以減輕產(chǎn)婦在生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的痛苦,但也存在很多缺點(diǎn),如不利于新生兒建立正常呼吸。現(xiàn)在提倡提高產(chǎn)科分娩服務(wù)質(zhì)量,促進(jìn)自然分娩,降低剖宮產(chǎn)率[2]。經(jīng)陰道自然分娩是胎兒發(fā)育正常的情況下,孕婦骨盆發(fā)育正常,以及各方面身體狀況良好,達(dá)到自然分娩的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3],在醫(yī)療安全有保障的環(huán)境下,不采取人為因素干預(yù)的方式,使胎兒經(jīng)陰道娩出,是目前國(guó)內(nèi)外公認(rèn)的最為理想的分娩方式[4]。產(chǎn)后恢復(fù)快、并發(fā)癥少,部分產(chǎn)婦分娩以后當(dāng)天就可以下床活動(dòng)。自然分娩的新生兒經(jīng)過(guò)產(chǎn)道時(shí)受到擠壓,有利于新生兒出生后迅速建立正常呼吸和良好發(fā)育,增強(qiáng)抵抗力。為降低剖宮產(chǎn)率,提高自然分娩的醫(yī)療服務(wù)質(zhì)量,對(duì)我院產(chǎn)科126例自然分娩的初產(chǎn)婦進(jìn)行研究分析,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1.1臨床資料選取2015年7月至2015年12月在我院產(chǎn)科進(jìn)行分娩的126例初產(chǎn)婦,年齡18~30歲,平均孕(39.13±1.15)周,新生兒估計(jì)體質(zhì)量(3 450±10) g。均符合經(jīng)陰道分娩的條件,骨盆外測(cè)量均正常,所有產(chǎn)婦均為單胎足月和頭位且排除分娩前各種妊娠合并癥,排除早產(chǎn)、過(guò)期產(chǎn)、胎兒宮內(nèi)窘迫及雙胎等。經(jīng)患者知情同意和自主選擇分為觀察組68例和對(duì)照組58例。兩組產(chǎn)婦在年齡、孕周及胎兒估計(jì)體質(zhì)量等方面差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2方法
1.2.1觀察組采用會(huì)陰無(wú)保護(hù)狀態(tài)下分娩:產(chǎn)婦在宮口開(kāi)全、胎頭撥露2 cm之前均采取自由體位。宮口開(kāi)全后,囑咐產(chǎn)婦上產(chǎn)床,對(duì)會(huì)陰部進(jìn)行消毒,耐心等待胎頭著冠,不選擇做會(huì)陰側(cè)切,使產(chǎn)道得到充分?jǐn)U張,醫(yī)生做好接生前準(zhǔn)備。指導(dǎo)產(chǎn)婦呼吸及用力,促進(jìn)胎頭進(jìn)一步下降。當(dāng)胎頭娩出>1/3時(shí),助產(chǎn)士用左手置于胎頭上,不加以用力,不對(duì)會(huì)陰進(jìn)行干預(yù),但要控制胎頭娩出速度。在宮縮期胎頭娩出時(shí),指導(dǎo)產(chǎn)婦不要用力;胎肩娩出時(shí),按自然情況下,讓胎兒軀體慢慢地隨生產(chǎn)過(guò)程旋轉(zhuǎn),直到胎兒背朝下,雙腳娩出,完成分娩過(guò)程。
1.2.2對(duì)照組采用保護(hù)會(huì)陰的方法:產(chǎn)婦進(jìn)入分娩的活躍期時(shí),一般采取人工破膜的方法;當(dāng)宮口開(kāi)全、胎頭撥露至?xí)幒舐?lián)合時(shí),對(duì)會(huì)陰部進(jìn)行消毒,準(zhǔn)備接生。采取保護(hù)會(huì)陰的方法,助產(chǎn)士用右手墊以無(wú)菌巾置于陰道口與肛門(mén)之間,宮縮時(shí)助產(chǎn)士用右手大魚(yú)際托住產(chǎn)婦的會(huì)陰部,向上方托壓,左手食指與中指入陰道內(nèi)協(xié)助俯屈,并在宮縮時(shí)將會(huì)陰組織向外牽拉以使其擴(kuò)張,力度要適中,根據(jù)宮縮規(guī)律,間歇性牽拉擴(kuò)張。以此種方式保護(hù)會(huì)陰,直至胎兒完全娩出。
觀察組產(chǎn)程(9.32±1.13)h比對(duì)照組(12.43±1.62)h短(P<0.05);觀察組會(huì)陰部Ⅰ度裂傷多于對(duì)照組(69.12% VS 10.34%,P<0.05),而觀察組會(huì)陰側(cè)切術(shù)為19.11%(13/68)低于對(duì)照組的74.13%(43/58)(P<0.05);觀察組產(chǎn)后抗生素使用率明顯低于對(duì)照組的(23.52% VS 89.66%,P<0.05),見(jiàn)表1。兩組產(chǎn)婦均無(wú)新生兒窒息發(fā)生。
表1 兩組產(chǎn)婦各觀察指標(biāo)對(duì)比結(jié)果 例/%
隨著人們對(duì)自然分娩關(guān)注度的提高,人們意識(shí)到分娩是一種自然規(guī)律和自然現(xiàn)象,因此目前臨床上都在大力推薦實(shí)行自然分娩。經(jīng)陰道自然分娩的新生兒在經(jīng)過(guò)產(chǎn)道時(shí)受到自然擠壓[5],可以排出積存在肺間質(zhì)里的羊水,降低了新生兒發(fā)生各種肺部疾病的可能。本組會(huì)陰無(wú)保護(hù)接生術(shù)顯示,雖然無(wú)保護(hù)接生對(duì)會(huì)陰及陰道有一定的損傷,造成外陰輕度水腫,但明顯減少了會(huì)陰側(cè)切手術(shù),避免產(chǎn)婦對(duì)切口縫合的疼痛恐懼及產(chǎn)后瘢痕影響美觀等心理,提高產(chǎn)婦及家屬的依從性,也提高了醫(yī)療服務(wù)質(zhì)量。同時(shí),無(wú)保護(hù)接生可縮短產(chǎn)程,降低抗生素使用率,利明顯大于弊。
本研究顯示,會(huì)陰保護(hù)接生Ⅰ度陰道撕裂傷明顯高于對(duì)照組,但會(huì)陰側(cè)切手術(shù)率明顯低于對(duì)照組。此外因產(chǎn)程延長(zhǎng)及會(huì)陰側(cè)切術(shù)造成產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后易引起感染,對(duì)照組產(chǎn)后感染率增加,抗生素使用率增加。因此,會(huì)陰無(wú)保護(hù)接生術(shù)更貼近自然分娩規(guī)律,可降低產(chǎn)婦會(huì)陰裂傷及側(cè)切率、新生兒窒息等分娩并發(fā)癥,并且促進(jìn)產(chǎn)婦健康分娩,值得臨床推廣。
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Clinical Study of 126 Unprotected Perineum Delivery Cases
ZHAI Li-jie
(Yiyang County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Yiyang 471600,China)
ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical effect of the delivery method without perineum protection in normal pregnant women and its influence on mother and infant.MethodsFrom July 2014 to December 2014,126 cases of primiparae who can delivery by vaginal delivery in our hospital were selected.According to the informed consent of the patients as well as the independent choice,126 cases were divided into the observation group of 68 cases without perineum protection,the control group of 58 cases with perineum protection.The maternal labor time,perineal laceration,rate of episiotomy,neonatal asphyxia,and postpartum antibiotic us rate were compared in two groups.ResultsThe delivery process of observation group (9.32±1.13) h were shorter than that of the control group (12.43±1.62) h (P<0.05).The observation group was moreⅠdegree perineal laceration than that of the control group(69.12% VS 10.34%,P<0.05),while the episiotomy during the delivery process in observation group were 19.11% (13/68) lower than that of control group 74.13% (43/58) (P<0.05).The antibiotic use rate in postpartum was significantly lower in observation group than that of the control group (23.52% VS 89.66%,P<0.05).ConclusionUnprotected perineum delivery was closer to the rules of natural childbirth.It was worthy of clinical application because it significantly reduced perineal laceration,rate of episiotomy,and antibiotic use rate in postpartum.
unprotected perineum delivery;primipara;episiotomy
1672-688X(2016)03-0231-02DOI:10.15926/j.cnki.issn1672-688x.2016.03.021
2016-03-07
宜陽(yáng)縣中醫(yī)院,河南洛陽(yáng) 471600
翟麗潔(1971-),女,河南宜陽(yáng)人,主管護(hù)師,從事婦產(chǎn)科臨床護(hù)理工作。
R714.3;R473.71
B