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普拉格雷在行經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療的急性冠脈綜合征患者中的應(yīng)用效果

2016-06-28 08:38:17王樹(shù)源黃家卓
實(shí)用心腦肺血管病雜志 2016年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:冠狀動(dòng)脈急性冠脈綜合征氯吡格雷

王樹(shù)源,黃家卓

·藥物與臨床·

普拉格雷在行經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療的急性冠脈綜合征患者中的應(yīng)用效果

王樹(shù)源,黃家卓

526020廣東省肇慶市第一人民醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科

【摘要】目的觀察普拉格雷在行經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(PCI)的急性冠脈綜合征(ACS)患者中的應(yīng)用效果。方法選取2013年11月—2014年7月在肇慶市第一人民醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科住院治療的ACS患者62例,隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組和觀察組,每組31例。兩組患者均進(jìn)行PCI,對(duì)照組患者于PCI術(shù)前3 d口服阿司匹林和氯吡格雷,術(shù)后繼續(xù)口服氯吡格雷維持治療1年;觀察組患者于PCI術(shù)前3 d口服阿司匹林和普拉格雷,術(shù)后繼續(xù)口服普拉格雷維持治療1年。比較兩組患者PCI術(shù)前及術(shù)后12 h血小板反應(yīng)指數(shù)(PRI)、TIMI血流3級(jí)率和術(shù)后12 h PRI<50%者所占比例;兩組患者出院后均隨訪(fǎng)1年,記錄其主要終點(diǎn)事件、次要終點(diǎn)事件和聯(lián)合終點(diǎn)事件發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果兩組患者術(shù)前PRI、TIMI血流3級(jí)率比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);觀察組患者術(shù)后12 h PRI低于對(duì)照組,術(shù)后12 h PRI<50%者所占比例高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);而兩組患者術(shù)后12 h TIMI血流3級(jí)率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。兩組患者主要終點(diǎn)事件發(fā)生率及發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比較、次要終點(diǎn)事件發(fā)生率及發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);而觀察組患者聯(lián)合終點(diǎn)事件發(fā)生率及發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論普拉格雷能有效抑制血小板聚集,降低ACS患者術(shù)后聯(lián)合終點(diǎn)事件發(fā)生率,具有較好的臨床應(yīng)用前景。

【關(guān)鍵詞】急性冠脈綜合征;血管成形術(shù),氣囊,冠狀動(dòng)脈;普拉格雷;氯吡格雷;治療效果

王樹(shù)源,黃家卓.普拉格雷在行經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療的急性冠脈綜合征患者中的應(yīng)用效果[J].實(shí)用心腦肺血管病雜志,2016,24(5):109-112.[www.syxnf.net]

Wang SY,Huang JZ.Application effect of prasugrel in acute coronary syndrome patients treated by PCI[J].Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease,2016,24(5):109-112.

急性冠脈綜合征(ACS)是一種臨床上常見(jiàn)的嚴(yán)重心血管疾病,其以冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊破裂或侵襲繼發(fā)完全或不完全閉塞性血栓形成為主要病理改變,常見(jiàn)于老年男性、吸煙及有高血壓、高脂血癥、糖尿病、肥胖及冠心病家族史者[1]。ACS主要臨床表現(xiàn)為發(fā)作性胸痛、胸悶等,可導(dǎo)致心律失常、心力衰竭甚至猝死,嚴(yán)重影響患者的生命安全和生活質(zhì)量。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),全球每年約有(800~900)萬(wàn)人因ACS而死亡[2]。近十年來(lái)我國(guó)ACS發(fā)病率逐年升高并已接近國(guó)際平均水平,而經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(PCI)作為ASS的首選治療方法,其在有效改善患者臨床癥狀的同時(shí)也存在一些弊端,如術(shù)后支架內(nèi)再狹窄、冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)血栓形成等[3]。

普拉格雷是第三代噻吩并吡啶類(lèi)抗血小板藥物,對(duì)P2Y12的抑制作用較氯吡格雷更快、更強(qiáng)[4]。有學(xué)者指出,PCI術(shù)后接受普拉格雷治療的ACS患者再缺血事件發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯低于接受氯吡格雷治療的ACS患者,但部分患者出血并發(fā)癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高,而與此相反的是,采用非侵入性方式治療的ACS患者接受普拉格雷治療后并不能達(dá)到滿(mǎn)意效果[5]。因此,歐洲心臟病學(xué)會(huì)(ESC)和美國(guó)心臟病協(xié)會(huì)(AHA)推薦ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者和非ST段抬高ACS患者接受PCI和普拉格雷治療[6],但鑒于普拉格雷會(huì)引起部分患者出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高,因此臨床用藥過(guò)程中不斷修改和完善了普拉格雷的適應(yīng)證和使用劑量:有卒中或短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作史的患者應(yīng)避免使用普拉格雷;年齡≥75歲和體質(zhì)量<60 kg的患者每日維持劑量減少至5 mg[7]。本研究旨在觀察普拉格雷在行PCI的ACS患者中的應(yīng)用效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1資料與方法

1.1一般資料選取2013年11月—2014年7月在肇慶市第一人民醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科住院治療的ACS患者62例,年齡30~75歲,均符合“2012年不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛和非ST段抬高型心肌梗死診斷治療指南”中不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛(UA)或急性心肌梗死(AMI)的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并經(jīng)冠狀動(dòng)脈造影檢查證實(shí),排除糖尿病、肝腎功能不全、心力衰竭、嚴(yán)重感染及合并其他嚴(yán)重器質(zhì)性疾病患者。將所有患者隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組和觀察組,每組31例。兩組患者性別、年齡、病程、體質(zhì)指數(shù)、收縮壓、舒張壓及吸煙率比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見(jiàn)表1),具有可比性。所有患者對(duì)本研究?jī)?nèi)容知情并簽署知情同意書(shū)。

1.2治療方法兩組患者均采用Judkins法進(jìn)行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影并按照相應(yīng)操作指南完成PCI手術(shù),對(duì)照組患者于PCI術(shù)前3 d口服阿司匹林(沈陽(yáng)康芝制藥有限公司生產(chǎn),國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20103712)100 mg/d和氯吡格雷〔賽諾菲(杭州)制藥有限公司生產(chǎn),國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20056410〕75 mg/d,術(shù)后繼續(xù)口服氯吡格雷75 mg/d維持治療1年;觀察組患者于PCI術(shù)前3 d口服阿司匹林100 mg/d和普拉格雷(美國(guó)禮來(lái)公司生產(chǎn))30 mg/d,術(shù)后繼續(xù)口服普拉格雷10 mg/d維持治療1年,體質(zhì)量<60 kg和/或年齡>75歲的患者普拉格雷劑量減為5 mg/d。

1.3觀察指標(biāo)比較兩組患者PCI術(shù)前及術(shù)后12 h血小板反應(yīng)指數(shù)(PRI)、TIMI血流3級(jí)率和術(shù)后12 h PRI<50%者所占比例;兩組患者出院后均隨訪(fǎng)1年,記錄其主要終點(diǎn)事件、次要終點(diǎn)事件和聯(lián)合終點(diǎn)事件發(fā)生情況,其中主要終點(diǎn)事件包括死亡、再梗死和卒中等,次要終點(diǎn)事件包括再入院、其他部位血栓、心功能不全等,主要終點(diǎn)事件與次要終點(diǎn)事件合計(jì)為聯(lián)合終點(diǎn)事件。

2結(jié)果

2.1PRI、TIMI血流3級(jí)率及術(shù)后12 h PRI<50%者所占比例兩組患者術(shù)前PRI、TIMI血流3級(jí)率比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。觀察組患者術(shù)后12 h PRI低于對(duì)照組,術(shù)后12 h PRI<50%者所占比例高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);而兩組患者術(shù)后12 h TIMI血流3級(jí)率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見(jiàn)表2)。

表2兩組患者PRI、TIMI血流3級(jí)率及術(shù)后12 h PRI<50%者所占比例比較

Table 2Comparison of PRI and the proportion of patients with 3-grade TIMI blood flow before PCI and after 12 hours of PCI,and PRI less than 50% after 12 hours of PCI between the two groups

組別例數(shù)術(shù)前PRI(x±s)術(shù)后12hPRI(x±s)術(shù)前TIMI血流3級(jí)〔n(%)〕術(shù)后12hTIMI血流3級(jí)〔n(%)〕術(shù)后12hPRI<50%者所占比例〔n(%)〕對(duì)照組311.78±0.131.41±0.249(29.0)26(83.9)12(38.7)觀察組311.75±0.181.25±0.218(25.8)27(87.1)21(67.7)χ2(t)值0.884a2.827a0.0810.1305.248P值0.3800.0060.7760.7180.022

注:a為t值;PRI=血小板反應(yīng)指數(shù)

表1 兩組患者一般資料比較

注:a為χ2值;1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa

2.2終點(diǎn)事件兩組患者主要終點(diǎn)事件發(fā)生率及發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比較、次要終點(diǎn)事件發(fā)生率及發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);而觀察組患者聯(lián)合終點(diǎn)事件發(fā)生率及發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見(jiàn)表3)。

表3 兩組患者終點(diǎn)事件發(fā)生情況比較〔n(%)〕

注:P1值為χ2值對(duì)應(yīng)P值,P2值為RR值對(duì)應(yīng)P值

3討論

PCI是我國(guó)冠心病患者首選治療方法,但其使缺血部位心肌重新恢復(fù)血運(yùn)同時(shí)會(huì)因血運(yùn)重建而導(dǎo)致缺血心肌再灌注損傷,這也是目前影響PCI效果的重要原因之一[8-9]。據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,ACS患者PCI術(shù)后因再灌注損傷而導(dǎo)致的死亡或心力衰竭發(fā)生率約為20%[10];無(wú)復(fù)流、冠狀動(dòng)脈及其他部位血栓形成、支架內(nèi)再狹窄、心功能不全等也會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響ACS患者PCI術(shù)后生存質(zhì)量和預(yù)后。研究表明,血小板活性增強(qiáng)、血液處于高凝狀態(tài)是ACS患者PCI術(shù)中或術(shù)后易產(chǎn)生微血栓、冠狀動(dòng)脈或其他部位血管栓塞并導(dǎo)致再狹窄的主要原因[11-12]。

普拉格雷為第三代噻吩并吡啶類(lèi)抗血小板藥物,可有效抑制P2Y12受體,具有體內(nèi)代謝快、活性成分轉(zhuǎn)化率高、抗血小板聚集作用強(qiáng)等優(yōu)勢(shì)。2011年ESC將普拉格雷列為非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)、ACS和STEMI患者的治療藥物[13-15]。近年來(lái)有學(xué)者指出,普拉格雷在降低PCI術(shù)后患者再梗死及支架內(nèi)血栓形成風(fēng)險(xiǎn)方面較氯吡格雷更具優(yōu)勢(shì),雖然普拉格雷相關(guān)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)會(huì)有所增高,但亞組分析結(jié)果顯示出血并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高僅限于年齡>75歲、體質(zhì)量<60 kg和有卒中病史的患者[16-17]。Kurz等[7]通過(guò)對(duì)9 502例ACS患者進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),普拉格雷聯(lián)合PCI在年輕ACS患者中的應(yīng)用效果較好,出血并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低。

本研究結(jié)果顯示,觀察組患者術(shù)后12 h PRI低于對(duì)照組,術(shù)后12 h PRI<50%者所占比例高于對(duì)照組,說(shuō)明普拉格雷能更快更強(qiáng)更持久地發(fā)揮抗血小板作用;隨訪(fǎng)1年發(fā)現(xiàn),兩組患者主要終點(diǎn)事件發(fā)生率及發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、次要終點(diǎn)事件發(fā)生率及發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)間均無(wú)明顯差異,而觀察組患者聯(lián)合終點(diǎn)事件發(fā)生率及發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均低于對(duì)照組,提示普拉格雷能有效降低ACS患者術(shù)后聯(lián)合終點(diǎn)事件發(fā)生率,這與Verdoia等[4]研究結(jié)果一致。Saito等[18]通過(guò)對(duì)1 363例ACS患者進(jìn)行回顧性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),治療24~48周后,普拉格雷聯(lián)合阿司匹林組患者主要不良心血管事件發(fā)生率為9.4%,低于氯吡格雷聯(lián)合阿司匹林組的11.8%。

綜上所述,普拉格雷作為新一代強(qiáng)效抗血小板藥物,能有效抑制血小板聚集,降低ACS患者術(shù)后聯(lián)合終點(diǎn)事件發(fā)生率,具有較好的臨床應(yīng)用前景。但本研究為回顧性研究,且排除了糖尿病、肝腎功能不全、心力衰竭等患者,可能存在一定的選擇偏倚,普拉格雷的應(yīng)用效果仍有待于在今后的研究中進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。

參考文獻(xiàn)

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[2]Levine GN,Jeong YH,Goto S,et al.Expert consensus document:World Heart Federation expert consensus statement on antiplatelet therapy in East Asian patients with ACS or undergoing PCI[J].Nat Rev Cardiol,2014,11(10):597-606.

[3]胡云東,胡敏,曲波,等.國(guó)產(chǎn)氯吡格雷用于經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療的可行性及安全性研究[J].實(shí)用心腦肺血管病雜志,2015,23(2):21-24.

[4]Verdoia M,Barbieri L,Suryapranata H,et al.Switching from Clopidogrel to Prasugrel in patients undergoing PCI:A meta-analytic overview[J].Platelets,2015.[Epub 2015 May 13]

[5]Zhou BD,Zu LY,Mi L,et al.An analysis of patients receiving emergency CAG without PCI and the value of GRACE score in predicting PCI possibilities in NSTE-ACS patients[J].J Geriatr Cardiol,2015,12(3):246-250.

[6]楊軍,程文偉.非ST抬高急性冠脈綜合征患者經(jīng)皮冠脈介入治療術(shù)后氯吡格雷使用方法的探討[J].實(shí)用心腦肺血管病雜志,2009,17(2):83-85.

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(本文編輯:鹿飛飛)

Application Effect of Prasugrel in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients Treated by PCI

WANGShu-yuan,HUANGJia-zhuo.

DepartmentofCardiovascularMedicine,theFirstPeople′sHospitalofZhaoqing,Zhaoqing526020,China

【Abstract】ObjectiveTo observe the application effect of prasugrel in acute coronary syndrome patients treated by PCI.MethodsFrom November 2013 to July 2014,a total of 62 inpatients with acute coronary syndrome were selected in the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine,the First People′s Hospital of Zhaoqing,and they were randomly divided into control group and observation group,each of 31 cases.Patients of both groups received PCI after admission,patients of control group received oral aspirin combined with clopidogrel before 3 days of PCI,and continuously received oral clopidogrel for 1 year after PCI;patients of observation group received oral aspirin combined with prasugrel before 3 days of PCI,and continuously received oral prasugrel for 1 year after PCI.Platelet reactivity index(PRI) and the proportion of patients with 3-grade TIMI flow before PCI and after 12 hours of PCI,and the proportion of patients with PRI less than 50% were compared between the two groups;patients of the two groups were followed up for 1 year to observe the incidence of primary end point events,secondary end point events and clinical endpoints.ResultsNo statistically significant differences of PRI or the proportion of patients with 3-grade TIMI flow was found between the two groups before PCI(P>0.05);after 12 hours of PCI,PRI of observation group was statistically significantly lower than that of control group,the proportion of patients with PRI less than 50% of observation group was statistically significantly higher than that of control group,while no statistically significant differences of the proportion of patients with 3-grade TIMI flow was found between the two groups(P>0.05).No statistically significant differences of incidence or occurrence risk of primary end point events or secondary end point events was found between the two groups(P>0.05),while incidence and occurrence risk of clinical endpoints of observation group was statistically significantly lower than those of control group,respectively(P<0.05).ConclusionPrasugrel can effectively inhibit the platelet aggregation and reduce the incidence of clinical endpoints of acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing PCI,has relatively good application prospect on clinic.

【Key words】Acute coronary syndrome;Angioplasty,balloon,coronary;Prasugrel;Clopidogrel;Treatment outcome

【中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)】R 542.2

【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】B

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008-5971.2016.05.030

(收稿日期:2015-12-30;修回日期:2016-04-29)

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