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植物蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白研究進(jìn)展

2016-05-30 16:56張清胡偉長(zhǎng)張積森
熱帶作物學(xué)報(bào) 2016年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:基因功能

張清 胡偉長(zhǎng) 張積森

摘 要 蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白(SUT)在植物的生長(zhǎng)代謝中調(diào)控蔗糖的運(yùn)輸和分配,并通過蔗糖信號(hào)影響其它代謝途徑。植物蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)較為保守,屬于12次跨膜的膜蛋白基因家族。對(duì)已完成基因組測(cè)序的10個(gè)單子葉和8個(gè)雙子葉植物的蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白聚類分析表明,該基因家族可以分為5個(gè)亞族,SUT1、SUT2、SUT3、SUT4、SUT5,其中SUT2和SUT4為單、雙子葉所共有的基因,SUT1為雙子葉特異,而SUT3、SUT5為單子葉特異。單、雙子葉蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白是由2個(gè)祖先基因進(jìn)化而來。SUT的組織分布和遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化研究表明,SUT參與植物蔗糖運(yùn)輸與貯存、非生物脅迫響應(yīng)、胚乳發(fā)育等,且SUT家族成員之間存在功能差異。SUT2的表達(dá)受SnRKs調(diào)控,而SUT4表達(dá)則調(diào)控部分生物鐘相關(guān)基因,同時(shí)篩部移動(dòng)信號(hào)等也調(diào)節(jié)SUT的表達(dá)。本文綜述了植物蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白基因分類、生理功能及其在不同水平上的調(diào)控等方面的研究進(jìn)展,為更好的理解蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白對(duì)植物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的影響及其分子機(jī)制提供參考。

關(guān)鍵詞 蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白;單雙子葉植物;基因進(jìn)化;基因功能;基因家族

中圖分類號(hào) Q946.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A

Abstract Sucrose transporters(SUT)regulate the sugar distributions in tissues and influence several plant metabolic pathways by using sucrose as the signal. Plant sucrose transporters are conservative proteins containing 12 transmembrane protein domains. Phylogenetic analysis of the whole sucrose transporter families from 10 monocotyledon and 8 dicotyledon demonstrates that the gene family could be separated into two groups for five subfamilies(SUT1, SUT2, SUT3, SUT4, SUT5). The results suggested that sucrose transporters of monocotyledon and dicotyledonwere originated from two different ancient genes. In addition, the genes in SUT2 and SUT4 subfamilies exist in both monocotyledon and dicotyledon, and SUT1 specifically exists in the dicotyledon, while, the SUT3 and SUT5 are monocotyledon-specific. SUT families play roles in the process of transportation and storage of sucrose, abiotic stress response and the development of endosperm as well, and the gene members of SUT families present diverse functions in plant. In addition,the expression level of SUT families is proved to regulated by the long-range signal;furthermore, the gene network for two of members, SUT2 and SUT4, have been investigated in the families, showing that the expression level of SUT2 is regulated by SnRKs, while, SUT4 regulated some of biological clock related genes. In this paper,we reviewed the progresses on different aspects of SUT genes, such as classification,physiological function and regulation at different levels,providing details about their the effects on plant growth and development.

Key words Sucrose transporters;Monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants;Gene evolution; Gene function;Gene families

doi 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2016.01.031

蔗糖作為一種非還原糖,是大多數(shù)高等植物的主要光合同化產(chǎn)物。光合作用產(chǎn)生的蔗糖除了部分維持光合組織自身的代謝外,大部分通過韌皮部長(zhǎng)距離運(yùn)輸?shù)狡渌M織進(jìn)行代謝或儲(chǔ)存。在植物中,生產(chǎn)或輸出同化產(chǎn)物的組織通常稱之為“源”,而接收、利用或儲(chǔ)存同化產(chǎn)物的組織稱之為“庫(kù)”[1-2]。蔗糖從源到庫(kù)的運(yùn)輸和分配過程中,韌皮部的“裝載”和“卸載”都涉及到兩條途徑:第1條為共質(zhì)體途徑,蔗糖分子從葉肉細(xì)胞進(jìn)入到篩管分子-伴胞復(fù)合體(sieve element-companion cell,SE/CC),需要經(jīng)過細(xì)胞與細(xì)胞間的胞間連絲,不需要經(jīng)過跨膜運(yùn)輸;第2條為質(zhì)外體途徑,即蔗糖分子從葉肉細(xì)胞進(jìn)入到篩管分子-伴胞復(fù)合體,不是通過胞間連絲而是通過錨定在篩管分子-伴胞復(fù)合體上的蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白進(jìn)行跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[3]。質(zhì)外體途徑在大多數(shù)植物中占有重要的地位,該途徑依賴一種特殊的載體蛋白來介導(dǎo)蔗糖分子的跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),這個(gè)過程需要能量驅(qū)動(dòng)[4]。最近的研究表明,質(zhì)外體途徑中,蔗糖分子從韌皮部薄壁細(xì)胞流出,進(jìn)入到篩管伴胞復(fù)合體中的過程需要SWEET(Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters)蛋白和蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白共同來完成[5]。蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白(sucrose/H+cotransporter或sucrose transporters,SUCs或SUTs)可以依賴H+2ATPase形成的質(zhì)膜電化學(xué)勢(shì)差耦聯(lián)進(jìn)行蔗糖的跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),所以又稱蔗糖-H+共轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白(sucrose/H+co-transporters,SUCs)。蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白作為一類具有蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)活性的載體廣泛地存在于高等植物的各種組織中,介導(dǎo)植物體中蔗糖的輸入和輸出,在多種生理過程中起著非常重要的作用[6]。近年來,基因組領(lǐng)域的研究為SUT基因的分類與基因組演化提供了新的數(shù)據(jù)資源,不同的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)SUT家族主成員SUT1、SUT2、SUT4表達(dá)與分子網(wǎng)絡(luò)調(diào)控方面均有明顯進(jìn)展。為此,本文對(duì)蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的生理生化、基因組學(xué)、基因功能與分子調(diào)控機(jī)制進(jìn)行較為全面的綜述。

1 單雙葉植物中的蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白基因家族分類

蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白是配糖體戊糖苷己糖醛(glycoside-pentoside-hexuronide,GPH)陽離子家族的成員,屬于主要易化子超家族(major facilitator superfamily,MFS)[7],該家族成員顯著的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)是具有12個(gè)由α-螺旋構(gòu)成的高疏水性跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域(圖1),其序列高度保守,存在很多保守的氨基酸。水稻OsSUT1中發(fā)現(xiàn)了6個(gè)對(duì)蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)功能至關(guān)重要的氨基酸位點(diǎn)D177、R188、D329、D331、R335和E336[8]。Ricky等在高粱(Sorghum bicolor)中發(fā)現(xiàn)了6個(gè)蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白基因,并克隆出了高粱兩個(gè)品種(cv.Rio和cv.BTx623)中的蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白基因的cDNA,序列比較發(fā)現(xiàn)只有SbSUT4的N端結(jié)構(gòu)域中包含一個(gè)LXXLL結(jié)構(gòu),可能是液泡膜的靶位點(diǎn)[9],兩個(gè)高粱品種中的SbSUT5有9個(gè)氨基酸(A32G,G33A,E34G,K35E,G37A,L272V,V355M,T396M,K426R)的差異(圖1),SbSUT1有一個(gè)氨基酸(I381V)的差異,SbSUT2在Rio中有T41的插入,SbSUT3、SbSUT4、SbSUT6在兩個(gè)品種中無氨基酸差異。盡管ZmSUT4與ShSUT4在結(jié)構(gòu)上存在差異,但是它們的序列的相似度卻達(dá)到了88%[10]。在小麥中,研究者通過比較基因組學(xué)的方法鑒定了六倍體小麥中的一個(gè)新的蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的3個(gè)同系成員(TaSUT2),它的3個(gè)同系成員TaSUT2A、TaSUT2B、TaSUT2D的開放讀碼框(Open Reading Frame, ORF)分別為1 518、1 518、1 524 bp,編碼的蛋白分別為506、506、508個(gè)氨基酸,分子量約為54 ku,這三者之間的3UTR區(qū)域存在較大差異[11]。

目前對(duì)蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的基因家族的分類先后有兩種,第1種是把植物蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白基因分成3個(gè)類型[13],其中第1類型的蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白基因只在雙子葉植物中存在,與菠菜SoSUT1和擬南芥AtSUT2的同源性較高[14],第2、3類型為單雙子葉植物蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白基因共有,第2類型的植物蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白基因與擬南芥中的AtSUT2較為同源,第3類型則與擬南芥中的AtSUT4較為同源,為此推測(cè),第2、3類型的植物蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白可能是蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的祖先形式,在進(jìn)化的過程中,它們共同祖先的進(jìn)化早于單雙子葉植物的分歧[13]。另一種是根據(jù)對(duì)更多植物SUT基因序列同源性分析,將植物蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白共分為5個(gè)亞族:SUT1、SUT2、SUT3、SUT4和SUT5亞族[6],其中,SUT2和SUT4亞族是單雙子葉植物共有的,而SUT3和SUT5亞族是單子葉植物特有的,SUT1亞族是雙子葉植物特有的,這說明單子葉植物的蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白與雙子葉植物的蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白在進(jìn)化上可能存在著某種先后進(jìn)化關(guān)系。

在基因演化研究中,對(duì)來源于更多有代表性物種的基因家族成員進(jìn)行聚類分析,更有利于得到可靠的結(jié)論。近年來,多種植物的基因組被解析,這為研究植物糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白基因的演化提供了可靠的數(shù)據(jù)。到目前為止,已經(jīng)至少在11種單子葉植物和30多種雙子葉植物中發(fā)現(xiàn)了蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白基因,除了在擬南芥、水稻中的研究較為深入外,其他物種的蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白基因有待深入研究[6, 12]。為進(jìn)一步考查上述兩種分類方法的合理性,我們將10種單子葉植物和8種雙子葉植物中找到的78種蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白基因的氨基酸序列進(jìn)行聚類分析發(fā)現(xiàn),其聚類結(jié)果可以將植物蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白共分為5個(gè)亞族,這與Kühn等[6]的主張是一致的(圖2)。SUT1和SUT4共存一族,而SUT2、SUT3和SUT5共存一族,這預(yù)示單雙子葉植物的蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白起源于2個(gè)祖先基因,支持Reinders等[13]認(rèn)為SUT2和SUT4是單雙子葉植物的蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白共同祖先的假說(見圖2),但這結(jié)果進(jìn)一步推測(cè)SUT4的祖先基因在單雙子葉分化后產(chǎn)生雙子葉特異性的SUT1,而SUT2的祖先基因則在單雙子葉分化后產(chǎn)生單子葉特異的SUT3和SUT5。

2 蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白基因的生理功能研究

2.1 單子葉植物蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白基因的生理功能研究

在單子葉的模式植物水稻中,在葉片、葉鞘、圓錐花序和萌發(fā)的種子中都檢測(cè)到了OsSUT1的表達(dá)[15-16]。在水稻的灌漿階段,OsSUT1在葉片的韌皮部、第一節(jié)間、花莖中表達(dá),為灌漿過程轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)所需要的蔗糖,而抑制OsSUT1的表達(dá)會(huì)影響谷粒的充實(shí)程度[17],此外,OsSUT1的表達(dá)水平可以調(diào)控響應(yīng)水稻鹽脅迫的基因[18],在萌發(fā)的胚中,OsSUT1、OsSUT2、OsSUT4的表達(dá)量比OsSUT3和OsSUT5高,而且差異顯著[16],用GUS染色分析OsSUT4的啟動(dòng)子的結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)該基因在水稻種子的糊粉層和胚中特異表達(dá),可以推測(cè)OsSUT4在介導(dǎo)蔗糖從胚乳到達(dá)萌發(fā)的胚中起著非常關(guān)鍵的作用[19]。通過反義抑制水稻蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白基因OsSUT5的表達(dá),可以顯著降低其愈傷組織誘導(dǎo)植株再生率,這表明OsSUT5基因影響水稻組織培養(yǎng)過程中外植體對(duì)蔗糖的吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[20]。

小麥中,研究表明非葉組織包括穎片、外稃對(duì)小麥種子光合同化物的貢獻(xiàn)率為10%~44%,抽穗前期與后期都在麥穗的穎片中檢測(cè)到了TaSUT1的表達(dá),這說明TaSUT1可能在介導(dǎo)蔗糖從穗狀花序到韌皮部裝載過程中起著非常重要的作用[21-22]。據(jù)最新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),把大麥的SUT基因遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化到冬小麥中可以增加產(chǎn)量和微量營(yíng)養(yǎng)素的含量[23]。而在酵母中表達(dá)TaSUT2,結(jié)果顯示TaSUT2可以被錯(cuò)誤定位在細(xì)胞質(zhì)膜上,這種錯(cuò)誤定位可以功能互補(bǔ)酵母SUSY7/ura3的突變表型[11]。

高粱族(Trib. Andropogoneae)的代表性作物有高粱和糖料作物甘蔗。在高粱中,SbSUT1在“源”和“庫(kù)”中都被檢測(cè)到,SbSUT2存在于所有的組織中,SbSUT4存在于成熟的葉子中,SbSUT5在莖中表達(dá),SbSUT6在植株生長(zhǎng)時(shí)期的葉片的“源”和“庫(kù)”中表達(dá),但具體的功能還有待進(jìn)一步研究[12]。在糖料作物甘蔗中,從澳大利亞栽培種中克隆出來的一個(gè)蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白基因命名為ShSUT1[24],后來將從夏威夷栽培種中克隆出來的一個(gè)比SbSUT1多7個(gè)氨基酸殘基的蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白命名為ShSUT2A[24]。用雙極電壓鉗技術(shù)對(duì)在非洲爪蟾蜍卵母細(xì)胞中表達(dá)的ShSUT1進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ShSUT1對(duì)蔗糖具有高選擇性,但是在膜電勢(shì)為-137 mV、pH=5.6、K0.5=8.26 mmol/L的條件下ShSUT1對(duì)蔗糖的親和性較低,同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)蔗糖的類似物三氯蔗糖能競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性抑制ShSUT1的酶活性[13]。ShSUT2被發(fā)現(xiàn)在維管束鞘周圍的細(xì)胞層中表達(dá),ShSUT1和ShSUT1A可能在回收從莖的薄壁細(xì)胞滲出蔗糖分子的過程中起到重要作用[3,25]。目前對(duì)單子葉植物的SUT5亞族的蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的功能特征還不是很清楚[26]。

2.2 雙子葉植物中的蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白基因的生理功能研究

編碼基因表達(dá)特征和亞細(xì)胞定位是研究植物蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白運(yùn)輸性質(zhì)的重要手段,而YFP(yellow fluorescent protein,黃色熒光蛋白)、GFP(green fluorescent protein,綠色熒光蛋白)融合表達(dá)定位和免疫定位經(jīng)常被用來研究蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白在植物組織中的定位。茄科植物SUT蛋白主要定位在木質(zhì)部的薄壁組織細(xì)胞和韌皮部的伴胞中[27];馬鈴薯StSUT4-GFP融合蛋白定位在質(zhì)膜上,StSUT4的mRNA穩(wěn)定性的調(diào)控發(fā)生在轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平上,在遠(yuǎn)紅光照射的條件下,其穩(wěn)定性增強(qiáng)[28-29];馬鈴薯、番茄和煙草的SUT1存在于無核的篩管細(xì)胞質(zhì)膜中[30];煙草的NtSUT4在質(zhì)膜中表達(dá)[29];胡蘿卜(Daucuscarota)DoSUT1在葉片中表達(dá),在韌皮部中起到裝載的作用,DoSUT2主要在庫(kù)組織韌皮部中表達(dá)[31];荷花LjSUT4定位在液泡膜上[32]。有些轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白在庫(kù)器官中特異表達(dá),如葡萄中的VvSUC11、VvSUC12,利用基因工程技術(shù)把這兩個(gè)基因?qū)氲教鸩说膲K根中能有效提高轉(zhuǎn)基因甜菜的含糖量[33-34];芭蕉(Musa basjooSiebold)的PmSUC1在花粉管和花粉粒中表達(dá)[35];在蓖麻種子發(fā)芽的過程中,蓖麻RCSUT1在子葉的表皮細(xì)胞以及相鄰的胚乳和韌皮部中表達(dá)[5,35-36];擬南芥AtSUT2在葉片的伴細(xì)胞和韌皮部中表達(dá),主要在韌皮部起到裝載蔗糖的作用[37]。在擬南芥種子早期萌發(fā)過程中,AtSUT5被認(rèn)為在胚乳中特異表達(dá),為胚乳提供生物素,從而影響三酰甘油的積累[38-39]。AtSUT3、AtSUT4主要在成熟植株的源葉片的細(xì)脈中表達(dá),而AtSUT4還在液泡中表達(dá),可能參與調(diào)控蔗糖的運(yùn)輸和存儲(chǔ)過程[40-41]。桃子PpSUT1在源細(xì)胞的質(zhì)膜中表達(dá),在韌皮部中行使裝載的功能;PpSUT4在液泡中表達(dá),參與調(diào)控液泡中蔗糖的流入流出,從而維持細(xì)胞代謝[42]。歐洲白蠟樹FeSUT1在葉片細(xì)脈的篩管細(xì)胞中表達(dá),異源表達(dá)FeSUT1發(fā)現(xiàn)該蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白可以回收滲漏到篩管外的蔗糖分子,過表達(dá)FeSUT1使歐洲白蠟樹葉片的碳的代謝在春天和深秋發(fā)生異常[43]。SWEET家族基因與蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白家族基因同屬于MFS超家族,研究表明,SWEET也行使介導(dǎo)蔗糖運(yùn)輸?shù)墓δ埽谥参锏捻g皮部薄壁組織中表達(dá),可以將葉脈中的蔗糖傳遞給SUT1,為植物中的病原微生物和共生體提供營(yíng)養(yǎng)[5,44-46]。SWEET9在擬南芥、煙草等植物的花的蜜腺中高度表達(dá),該位置蔗糖的輸出需要大量招募SWEET9[47]。

植物中不同的蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白分布的組織細(xì)胞部位不同,行使的功能也不同,如擬南芥AtSUT1在花粉中高度表達(dá),主要在花粉萌發(fā)過程中介導(dǎo)蔗糖的攝取,敲除AtSUT1的突變會(huì)導(dǎo)致植株花青素合成減少,而且一些與花青素合成相關(guān)的基因的表達(dá)也相應(yīng)會(huì)減少[48],AtSUT9幾乎在所有組織中都有表達(dá),AtSUT9基因的缺失會(huì)導(dǎo)致植株由于非生物脅迫誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的ABA合成受阻,從而使植株適應(yīng)脅迫的能力下降[49]。茄屬植物的SUT4在質(zhì)膜、液泡、內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)中表達(dá),可能參與調(diào)控茄科植物的生理節(jié)律,SUT4發(fā)生突變會(huì)導(dǎo)致植物中乙烯的合成不再遵守白晝的節(jié)律[29]。但在擬南芥的研究中,AtSUT4和AtSUT2與一些非生物脅迫的耐受性相關(guān),這兩者可以通過蔗糖信號(hào)來調(diào)控ABA-依賴的途徑,進(jìn)而來響應(yīng)非生物脅迫[11,50]。煙草蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白NtSUT1的過表達(dá)可以提高煙草細(xì)胞對(duì)鋁離子的耐受性[51]。蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白除了轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蔗糖外還具備其他的功能,擬南芥AtSUT2可以轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)麥芽糖和配糖物,如熊果苷、水楊苷等[52]。AtSUT9可以轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蝸牛素、水楊苷、麥芽糖等[52]。

3 植物蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的調(diào)控

3.1 蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平調(diào)節(jié)

植物蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白受不同的代謝產(chǎn)物和相關(guān)基因的調(diào)控,是植物能夠適應(yīng)外界刺激(溫度、光照、光周期、病蟲害等脅迫)的應(yīng)答機(jī)制之一[6]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),蔗糖能通過一些特異的啟動(dòng)子對(duì)蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié),如受蔗糖誘導(dǎo)的patatin啟動(dòng)子和韌皮部特異表達(dá)的rolC啟動(dòng)子[53]。SnRKs(Sucrose nonfermenting-1(SNF1)-related protein kinases)家族基因被認(rèn)為與調(diào)控代謝和響應(yīng)脅迫相關(guān),其中SnRK1主要作用于調(diào)控碳代謝和能量狀態(tài)的過程[54-55],而SnRK2、SnRK3受脅迫調(diào)節(jié),參與ABA介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)途徑[56]。SnRK2激酶的負(fù)調(diào)控因子磷酸酶PP2C在ABA的調(diào)控下可以使PYR/PYL/RCAR蛋白結(jié)合并抑制PP2C,使SnRK2能自激活,磷酸化下游的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(ABF/AREB),促進(jìn)ABA應(yīng)答基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄[57-59]。擬南芥中SnRKs基因的表達(dá)受AtSUT2、AtSUT4和AtSUT9的調(diào)控[40,49],而SnRKs基因在小麥中參與蔗糖信號(hào)調(diào)控途徑[60]。AtSUT2和AtSUT4基因在擬南芥中被證明是受脅迫誘導(dǎo),同時(shí)蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白基因家族成員AtSUT3調(diào)控AtSUT2和AtSUT4基因的表達(dá)[40]。SUT4的表達(dá)影響一些生物鐘調(diào)控相關(guān)的基因(如StFT、StSOC1、StCO)的表達(dá),這些生物鐘相關(guān)基因參與調(diào)控光周期依賴的塊莖組織器官發(fā)育[29](圖3)。在種子的萌發(fā)和生長(zhǎng)過程中,AtSUT9基因受低濃度的蔗糖誘導(dǎo),該基因的缺失還會(huì)抑制一些響應(yīng)低蔗糖信號(hào)相關(guān)基因的表達(dá),同時(shí)還會(huì)抑制一些受ABA誘導(dǎo)的基因(如SnRk2.2/3/6, ABF2/3/4, ABI1/3/4, RD29A, KIN1和KIN2)的表達(dá)[49]。黑麥草的LpSUT2被認(rèn)為是在亞細(xì)胞水平上參與調(diào)控蔗糖和果糖的信號(hào)途徑,影響植物落葉[61]。雙分子熒光互補(bǔ)實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,蕃茄中的SlSUT2參與調(diào)控油菜素類固醇信號(hào),影響灌木菌根的形成[62]。

蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白基因的表達(dá)除了受相關(guān)基因的調(diào)節(jié)外,還受某些篩部移動(dòng)信號(hào)的調(diào)節(jié),如蔗糖分子、赤霉素、細(xì)胞分裂素、miRNA以及其他的一些小分子存在于韌皮部汁液中,構(gòu)成了篩部長(zhǎng)距離運(yùn)輸?shù)男盘?hào)[63],歐洲油菜的導(dǎo)管滲出液中可以檢測(cè)到18個(gè)不同家族的32個(gè)miRNA[64],其中miR172在許多植物中被認(rèn)為與調(diào)控開花有關(guān)[65-66],在馬鈴薯中過表達(dá)miR172可以促進(jìn)開花、加速誘導(dǎo)塊莖形成[67],這與StSUT4在RNAi作用下下調(diào)表達(dá)產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果一樣,可能是因?yàn)閙iRNA參與調(diào)控光敏色素B的下游途徑,從而影響GA信號(hào)途徑中的BEL5的表達(dá)[68]。通過共注射南瓜中的RNA-binding 韌皮部蛋白CmPP16發(fā)現(xiàn)StSUT1 mRNA 可以通過胞間連絲結(jié)構(gòu)在細(xì)胞間移動(dòng)[69]。南瓜的CmSUT1 mRNA可以在菟絲子與其宿主植物南瓜之間進(jìn)行移動(dòng)[70]。菠菜SoSUT1、番茄SlSUT1的mRNA都被證實(shí)在韌皮部中可以流動(dòng)[28]。用35S融合表達(dá)SoSUT2使其帶有c-myc標(biāo)簽但不含UTR區(qū)域,仍然能在韌皮部汁液中檢測(cè)到SoSUT2的mRNA,說明3′和5′UTR不是SoSUT1 mRNA通過胞間連絲所必須的[28]。迄今為此,人們?cè)谟?種不同的方法證明蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的mRNA至少可以在擬南芥、南瓜、馬鈴薯、番茄、煙草5種植物的韌皮部流動(dòng)[28,70-71],但韌皮部中蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白mRNA的作用機(jī)理到現(xiàn)在為止還不是很清楚,這些mRNA是否會(huì)被運(yùn)回伴細(xì)胞中翻譯需要進(jìn)一步探究。

3.2 蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的轉(zhuǎn)錄后調(diào)節(jié)

蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的mRNA半衰期比較短,通常為60~130 min[28,72],受生物鐘節(jié)律和白晝節(jié)律的調(diào)控[31,73]。研究認(rèn)為可以通過調(diào)控蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的mRNA穩(wěn)定性來調(diào)節(jié)其表達(dá)水平,環(huán)己酰亞胺是一種基因翻譯抑制劑,也可以影響SUT mRNA的穩(wěn)定性,當(dāng)SUT1的翻譯被抑制而導(dǎo)致其mRNA變得不穩(wěn)定時(shí),SUT2和SUT4 mRNA的積累增加到了原來的四倍,而同時(shí)加入放線菌素D和環(huán)己酰亞胺可以增加SUT2和SUT4轉(zhuǎn)錄本的穩(wěn)定性[28]。SUT4和SUT2的RNA結(jié)合蛋白可能在轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平上參與調(diào)控StSUT4 mRNA的穩(wěn)定性(圖4),這可能會(huì)影響轉(zhuǎn)錄本在細(xì)胞間或者長(zhǎng)距離的運(yùn)輸[74];在紅光/遠(yuǎn)紅光照射減弱或者遮陰的條件下,StSUT4的mRNA在源葉中大量積累,下調(diào)StSUT4的表達(dá)可以緩解避蔭綜合征[73](這種綜合癥是指在高密度光照條件下,增加紅光/遠(yuǎn)紅光比率會(huì)促進(jìn)植株莖的伸長(zhǎng)并誘導(dǎo)植株提前開花),而增加遠(yuǎn)紅光照射和用放線菌素D處理都會(huì)導(dǎo)致StSUT4 mRNA大量積累,這可能是由于增加了轉(zhuǎn)錄本的穩(wěn)定性,但沒有增加轉(zhuǎn)錄活性[73]。StSUT4可能參與了光敏色素B依賴的途徑,啟動(dòng)了避蔭響應(yīng)機(jī)制以至于遠(yuǎn)紅光照射可以增加StSUT4轉(zhuǎn)錄本的半衰期,SUT4的mRNA 在乙烯和赤霉素處理的條件下積累,這說明SUT4可能參與連接光照信號(hào)途徑和激素信號(hào)途徑[73]。

3.3 蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的翻譯后調(diào)節(jié)

在高等植物中,蛋白質(zhì)互作在蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的翻譯后水平調(diào)控中起到了決定性的作用[75],比如形成同源寡聚化和異源寡聚化的蛋白[6]。Renders等[76-77]利用分裂泛素化酵母雙雜交系統(tǒng)對(duì)SUT1蛋白進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SUT1之間可以形成有功能的同源二聚體,并進(jìn)一步在植物中用分裂的YFP證實(shí)了該結(jié)論[78]。此外,通過分裂泛素化酵母雙雜交系統(tǒng)、免疫共沉淀和雙分子熒光互補(bǔ)測(cè)定發(fā)現(xiàn),蘋果(Maluspumila)蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白MdSUT1與山梨醇轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白MdSOT6在細(xì)胞色素b5(Cyb5)的參與下能發(fā)生特殊的反應(yīng),增加蔗糖濃度會(huì)抑制MdSUT1與Cyb5的相互作用,但不受葡萄糖濃度變化的影響[79]。擬南芥中AtSUT4/Cyb5-2復(fù)合物可能參與蔗糖和葡萄糖的信號(hào)途徑[80]。核苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶是淀粉合成中重要的酶,以變構(gòu)的四聚體形式存在,其活性受糖和光的調(diào)節(jié),主要是通過小亞基氧化還原所依賴的二聚化作用來實(shí)現(xiàn)[81-82],用免疫共沉淀的方法鑒定與StSUT1作用的蛋白發(fā)現(xiàn)StSUT1可以與核苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶四聚體的大亞基--1-磷酸葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)乙酰酶相互作用[83],因此,淀粉的合成不僅受可利用的糖和核苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶小亞基的二聚化作用的調(diào)節(jié),同時(shí)還受StSUT1與核苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶大亞基之間互作的調(diào)節(jié)。StSUT1可以與具有抗菌功能的細(xì)胞壁蛋白SN1相互作用,這種SN1蛋白富含脯氨酸,在馬鈴薯中,SN1抑制的表型與蛋白質(zhì)二硫鍵異構(gòu)酶被干擾的表型相似,這種蛋白質(zhì)二硫鍵異構(gòu)酶也可以與SUT發(fā)生互作[83]。

蛋白質(zhì)的磷酸化與去磷酸化是調(diào)節(jié)蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的重要形式。14-3-3蛋白被認(rèn)為是通過結(jié)合磷酸化的蛋白來調(diào)控許多胞內(nèi)的代謝過程,在擬南芥中,AtSUC6可以直接作用14-3-3x蛋白,這說明AtSUC6在行使功能的過程中也被磷酸化[84]。蛋白磷酸化抑制劑岡田酸影響甜菜(Beta vulgaris)BvSUT1的mRNA的表達(dá)量、轉(zhuǎn)錄速率以及轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的活性[85],然而,蛋白激酶抑制劑卻不影響B(tài)vSUT1的轉(zhuǎn)錄和活性[86]。AtSUT5被首次直接證明其N端出現(xiàn)了磷酸化現(xiàn)象[87]。此外,質(zhì)譜分析發(fā)現(xiàn),擬南芥AtSUT1蛋白的第20位點(diǎn)的絲氨酸和第393位點(diǎn)的蘇氨酸是該蛋白的主要磷酸化位點(diǎn)[88-89]。

4 研究展望

蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白作為植物中重要的功能基因家族,人們對(duì)單雙子葉植物進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的基因組學(xué)研究,對(duì)模式植物擬南芥,研究人員主要集中在亞細(xì)胞定位、結(jié)構(gòu)、功能方面,有較為系統(tǒng)的研究。盡管如此,在植物蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白領(lǐng)域的研究依然還存在廣泛的空白,如模式植物的擬南芥,對(duì)其AtSUT6、AtSUT7、AtSUT8的基因功能還不清楚;在主要的作物中,蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白基因家族的功能研究均還處于起步階段,蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白領(lǐng)域還有許多科學(xué)問題值得我們?nèi)ヌ剿鳎海?)蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白在植物的生長(zhǎng)代謝中處于什么樣的位置?它又是如何影響其他代謝途徑和如何受調(diào)控? (2)單雙子葉植物的蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白家族基因在進(jìn)化上存在著先后順序,這家族基因的主要成員功能有何分工,單雙子葉植物特異的蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白基因使單雙子葉植物在蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)過程中存在哪些差異?(3)蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白在糖料作物的功能和調(diào)控是否存在特殊機(jī)制?其中典型的例子是甘蔗,蔗糖是甘蔗中最重要的光合同化產(chǎn)物,研究其蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的分子機(jī)制具有實(shí)踐意義,但甘蔗遺傳背景高度復(fù)雜,這給甘蔗蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的基因組學(xué)和分子生物學(xué)研究帶來了巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。筆者課題組正在從事甘蔗蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白基因家族成員之間的基因組學(xué)工作,并同步研究它們的功能。

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