楊淑輝,楊家斐,邢新博,胡麗麗,尚柳彤,王鑫坤,胡明艷,支曼,聶明明
肥厚性硬膜炎的MRI影像表現(xiàn)及鑒別診斷
楊淑輝,楊家斐*,邢新博,胡麗麗,尚柳彤,王鑫坤,胡明艷,支曼,聶明明
目的探討肥厚性硬膜炎(HP)的磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)表現(xiàn),以提高對(duì)肥厚性硬膜炎的診斷水平。材料與方法回顧性分析2013年7月至2016年6月于我院就診的7例經(jīng)臨床及病理證實(shí)的肥厚性硬膜炎(hypertropic pachymeningitis,HP)患者的MRI影像資料,總結(jié)其影像特點(diǎn)。結(jié)果7例肥厚性硬膜炎,2例累及胸椎硬脊膜,5例累及多部位硬腦膜,均表現(xiàn)為硬膜不均勻性增厚,6例增厚的硬膜在T1WI呈等信號(hào),T2WI呈低信號(hào),其中2例T2WI低信號(hào)邊緣可見條帶狀高信號(hào)影環(huán)繞;僅1例增厚的硬膜表現(xiàn)為T1WI呈稍低信號(hào),T2WI呈稍高信號(hào);增強(qiáng)后7例增厚的硬腦(脊)膜均呈明顯強(qiáng)化,3例伴有腦實(shí)質(zhì)或脊髓受累,軟腦(脊)膜異常強(qiáng)化。結(jié)論HP以硬腦(脊)膜廣泛性不均勻增厚為特點(diǎn),T2WI多呈低信號(hào),明顯強(qiáng)化,可伴有軟腦(脊)膜、腦實(shí)質(zhì)或脊髓受累。
硬膜;腦膜炎;磁共振成像
肥厚性硬膜炎(hypertropic pachymeningitis,HP)是一種非常少見的以硬腦(脊)膜增厚、炎性纖維化為特征的疾病。HP包括肥厚性硬腦膜炎(Hypertropic cranial pachymeningitis,HCP)和肥厚性硬脊膜炎(Hypertropic spinal pachymeningitis,HSP),二者可單獨(dú)發(fā)生,也可同時(shí)發(fā)生,HSP更為罕見。HP發(fā)病率極低,極易導(dǎo)致漏診及誤診。MRI的應(yīng)用使得確診HP的病例數(shù)逐漸增加。本研究回顧了我院經(jīng)臨床、影像及手術(shù)病理證實(shí)的7例HP患者的MRI影像學(xué)資料,歸納總結(jié)其MRI特征表現(xiàn)和診斷要點(diǎn)。
1.1 一般資料
收集2013年7月至2016年6月行MR平掃及增強(qiáng)檢查并排除其他引起硬膜增厚的疾病或手術(shù)病理結(jié)果確診的HP患者7例,其中男5例,女2例,年齡36~59歲,平均年齡49.14歲。病程3 d至10年,平均病程18.2個(gè)月。7例患者中,5例HCP患者均有頭暈、頭痛,2例伴有腦神經(jīng)受累,累及的神經(jīng)包括滑車神經(jīng)、外展神經(jīng)、前庭蝸神經(jīng)、舌咽神經(jīng)。2例HSP患者,均有脊髓和神經(jīng)根受壓癥狀,包括胸背部疼痛、雙下肢無(wú)力、行走困難。7例患者入院后均做了頭顱或胸椎MR平掃及增強(qiáng)掃描檢查,其中1例行4次胸椎MRI檢查。
1.2 儀器與方法
應(yīng)用Siemens NOVUS 1.5 T 超導(dǎo)MR掃描儀進(jìn)行檢查。頭顱MR平掃及增強(qiáng)掃描序列:平掃行橫軸面 TIWI、T2WI、DWI掃描,增強(qiáng)掃描后行橫軸面、矢狀面及冠狀面T1WI掃描。主要掃描參數(shù):平掃橫軸面T1WI (TSE),TR 500~600 ms,TE 14 ms;橫軸面T2WI (TSE),TR 5000~6000 ms,TE 103 ms;DWI序列,b值為1000。脊柱MR平掃及增強(qiáng)掃描檢查序列:矢狀面T1WI、T2WI、矢狀面T2WI壓脂像,橫軸面T2WI;增強(qiáng)后行矢狀面、冠狀面、軸面抑脂像TIWI。主要參數(shù):矢狀面T1WI (TSE),TR 450~650 ms,TE 14 ms;矢狀面T2WI (TSE),TR 5000~6000 ms,TE 116 ms;矢狀面T2WI壓脂像(TSE/FS),TR 7000 ms,TE 140 ms;橫軸面T2WI (TSE),TR 6460 ms,TE 117 ms;頭顱及脊柱MR增強(qiáng)后均行矢冠軸三個(gè)方向T1WI掃描,掃描參數(shù)與平掃T1WI一致,對(duì)比劑為釓噴酸葡胺注射液,劑量 0.2 mmol/kg,采用高壓注射器經(jīng)肘靜脈以2 ml/s勻速推注。
2.1 MR表現(xiàn)
本組7例HP的患者中,HCP5例,增厚的硬腦膜均呈條帶狀,5例均表現(xiàn)為多處硬腦膜增厚,4例增厚的硬腦膜呈連續(xù)的,1例呈跳躍性、不連續(xù);4例累及顱底硬腦膜,4例累及大腦鐮,2例累及小腦幕,2例累及枕部硬腦膜,1例累及額部硬腦膜;4例增厚的硬腦膜T1WI呈等信號(hào),T2WI呈低信號(hào),其中2例病灶在T2WI上表現(xiàn)為低信號(hào)病灶邊緣出現(xiàn)條狀高信號(hào)影環(huán)繞,呈“軌道征”,1例在FLAIR上顯示更加清晰;僅1例增厚的硬膜表現(xiàn)為T1WI呈稍低信號(hào),T2WI呈稍高信號(hào);增強(qiáng)掃描檢查顯示增厚的硬膜呈明顯強(qiáng)化,3例病灶強(qiáng)化較均勻,2例病灶表現(xiàn)為邊緣強(qiáng)化更明顯;2例伴有增厚的硬腦膜鄰近的腦實(shí)質(zhì)病變,在T1WI上呈稍低信號(hào),T2WI上呈稍高信號(hào),邊界不清,DWI未見彌散受限;1例腦實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)病灶可見不規(guī)則環(huán)形強(qiáng)化;2例軟腦膜受累,增強(qiáng)掃描可見強(qiáng)化;3例伴有副鼻竇炎、乳突炎、右側(cè)咽旁感染。
HSP 2例,均位于胸段硬脊膜,表現(xiàn)為長(zhǎng)節(jié)段(均大于11個(gè)椎體節(jié)段)的脊髓腹側(cè)硬脊膜增厚,呈條帶狀,且增厚的硬脊膜均呈明顯強(qiáng)化;1例伴有背側(cè)硬脊膜增厚;另1例同時(shí)伴有軟脊膜強(qiáng)化及脊髓內(nèi)稍長(zhǎng)T2信號(hào),治療后第一次復(fù)查影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)加重,而后好轉(zhuǎn)(圖1~4)。
2.2 臨床治療及病理結(jié)果
7例患者中,5例經(jīng)臨床及影像學(xué)檢查確診,激素治療,3例好轉(zhuǎn),1例HSP出現(xiàn)加重-好轉(zhuǎn)的表現(xiàn);2例經(jīng)病理確診,其中1例硬腦膜病變經(jīng)手術(shù)切除病理提示IgG4相關(guān)性硬腦膜炎,鏡下亦可見腦膜增厚,纖維組織增生,腦膜、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔、Virchow robbins space周圍及腦實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)可見大量淋巴細(xì)胞、漿細(xì)胞及吞噬細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),散見個(gè)別多核巨細(xì)胞及嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞。周圍腦實(shí)質(zhì)組織疏松水腫,伴反應(yīng)性星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生,散見creutzfeldt細(xì)胞;結(jié)合免疫組化及特殊染色結(jié)果:IgG (+)、IgG4 (+),約20~30個(gè)/HP)、IgG4/IgG約20%、CD3 (+)、CD20 (+)、CD68 (+),考慮IgG4相關(guān)性肥厚性硬腦膜炎,炎癥波及軟腦膜并沿Virchow robbins space累及腦實(shí)質(zhì);另1例硬脊膜病變經(jīng)腫瘤探查活檢術(shù)提示退變的纖維結(jié)締組織,局部可見炎性細(xì)胞。
3.1 HP的病因
肥厚性硬膜炎(HP)按病因可分為特發(fā)性和繼發(fā)性兩大類,大多數(shù)為特發(fā)性,常無(wú)明顯原因;少數(shù)為繼發(fā)性,可能的病因包括:(1)感染,包括結(jié)核、梅毒、真菌、細(xì)菌如乳突炎、中耳炎及副鼻竇炎等;(2)自身免疫性疾病,如類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎,類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎并發(fā)脊膜炎和(或)腦膜炎;(3)非感染性慢性炎癥疾病,包括Wegener肉芽腫、多發(fā)性纖維硬化癥、P-ANCA陽(yáng)性;(4)惡性腫瘤,如肺癌、惡性淋巴瘤、神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤的浸潤(rùn)及轉(zhuǎn)移;(5)醫(yī)原性,如藥物、腰穿及長(zhǎng)期透析等;其他如外傷[1]。本組3例HCP患者分別有副鼻竇炎、乳突炎、右側(cè)咽旁感染,筆者認(rèn)為可能是由于炎癥經(jīng)血行途徑至硬腦膜而引起的硬膜炎,應(yīng)屬于繼發(fā)性HP。盡管目前HP的發(fā)病機(jī)制仍未明確,但是越來越多的證據(jù)表明異常的自身免疫可能起到了重要的作用[2]。本組中1例經(jīng)手術(shù)切除病理提示IgG4相關(guān)性硬腦膜炎。近來,有人推斷IgG4相關(guān)性肥厚性硬脊膜炎是之前被診斷為特發(fā)性肥厚性硬脊膜炎的一類疾病[3-5]。IgG4相關(guān)性硬腦膜炎相當(dāng)罕見,截止到2014年僅有10例被報(bào)道[6],病因不明。
3.2 病理學(xué)特點(diǎn)
肥厚性硬膜炎病變的硬膜呈稠密的纖維變性,呈同心排列,可見玻璃變性,有淋巴細(xì)胞、漿細(xì)胞、纖維母細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),還可見上皮樣組織細(xì)胞、朗罕巨細(xì)胞等,而由上皮細(xì)胞、多核巨細(xì)胞和成纖維細(xì)胞構(gòu)成的非特異性肉芽腫則是本病特征性的病理改變[7-8]。本組中1例硬脊膜病變經(jīng)腫瘤探查活檢術(shù)提示退變的纖維結(jié)締組織,局部可見炎性細(xì)胞,與報(bào)道一致。另一例患者術(shù)后病理提示IgG4相關(guān)性肥厚性硬腦膜炎,鏡下亦可見腦膜增厚,纖維組織增生,腦膜、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔、Virchow robbins space周圍及腦實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)可見大量淋巴細(xì)胞、漿細(xì)胞及吞噬細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),散見個(gè)別多核巨細(xì)胞及嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞,免疫組化及特殊染色結(jié)果:IgG (+)、IgG4 (+),約20~30個(gè)/HP)、IgG4/ IgG約20%。
圖1女,58歲,胸背部疼痛2個(gè)月。A、B:胸1~12水平脊髓腹側(cè)硬脊膜呈廣泛性增厚,T2WI呈低信號(hào),T1WI呈等信號(hào),邊界清晰;胸10水平脊髓內(nèi)可見片狀稍高信號(hào)影;C:增厚的硬脊膜呈明顯強(qiáng)化;D~F:治療后行3次復(fù)查,病變呈現(xiàn)加重-好轉(zhuǎn)過程,病灶始終未完全消失圖2女,44歲,頭痛伴右手不利10 d,經(jīng)手術(shù)切除病理提示IgG4相關(guān)性硬腦膜炎;A、B:左側(cè)額部硬腦膜增厚,T1WI呈稍低信號(hào),T2WI呈稍高信號(hào),邊界不清,鄰近腦實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)可見混雜信號(hào)影;C、D:左側(cè)額部增厚的硬腦膜明顯強(qiáng)化,鄰近大腦鐮前份可見條帶狀類似強(qiáng)化,左側(cè)額部軟腦膜可見條狀強(qiáng)化,左側(cè)額葉內(nèi)異常信號(hào)可見環(huán)形強(qiáng)化。E:腦膜增厚,纖維組織增生,可見大片淋巴細(xì)胞、漿細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),可見Virchow robbins space (HE ×100)。F:免疫組化染色(胞漿著色),漿細(xì)胞胞漿棕黃色,可見少量顆粒狀沉積,IgG4 (+,約20~30個(gè)/HPF),IgG4/ IgG約20%Fig. 1Female, fifty-eight years old, chest and back pain for two years. A, B: The ventral spinal dura matter in level of thoracic first to twelfth was thickening extensively. It showed hypointense on T2WI and isointense on T1WI, the boundary is clear. Patchy hyperintense signal could be seen in the spinal cord of the tenth thoracic level. C: The thickening dura matter showed obvious enhancement. D—F: Flowing-up three times after treatment, the lesion appeared worse-improved process, but it never completely disappeared.Fig. 2Female, forty-four years old, dizzy and right hand adverse for ten days. The pathological result was IgG4-related hypertrophic pachymeningitis. A, B: The cerebral dura matter of left frontal part was thickening, and it showed hypointense on T1WI and hyperintense on T2WI. The boudary was ill-def i ned, and heterogenous signal could be seen near the cerebral parenchyma. C, D: The thickening cerebral dura matter showed obvious enhancement and the anterior portion of the cerebral falx showed similar strip-like enhancement. The left frontal leptomeninges showed strip-like enhancement and the abnormal signal in left frontal lobe showed ring-like enhancement. E: The photomicrograph showed thickening of dura mater, prolifera?tion of f i brous tissue, inf i ltration of abundant lymphocyte and plasma cells, and Virchow robbins space (HE ×100). F: IgG and IgG4 staining revealed that most of the plasma cells were tan and a small amount of granular deposited. IgG4 (positive, plasma cells/high power f i eld, 20—30), and that the ratio of IgG4-positive plasma cells to the overall IgG-positive cells was 20%.
3.3 HP的臨床表現(xiàn)
HCP好發(fā)于中老年人,男女發(fā)病無(wú)明顯差異,本組5例HCP中,女性1例,男性4例,可能與病例數(shù)較少有關(guān);文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道HCP好發(fā)于顱底、小腦幕及大腦鐮[9],本組累及顱底硬腦膜4例,累及大腦鐮4例,累及小腦幕2例,累及枕部硬腦膜2例,累及額部硬腦膜1例,筆者認(rèn)為本組病例中3例伴有副鼻竇炎、乳突炎及咽旁感染,感染灶緊鄰顱底,易經(jīng)血行途徑至顱底首先引起顱底硬腦膜的增厚,而后蔓延至小腦幕及大腦鐮。HCP的主要臨床表現(xiàn)包括:(1)頭痛:是HCP最常見的癥狀,有時(shí)也是惟一癥狀,與腦膜刺激有關(guān);(2)顱神經(jīng)受損:海綿竇硬膜病變與顱神經(jīng)Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ癥狀密切相關(guān);鐮幕交界處的硬腦膜病變與顱神經(jīng)Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ癥狀密切相關(guān)[10-11]。本組2例累及海綿竇旁硬腦膜,伴有顱神經(jīng)Ⅳ、Ⅵ受損;1例累及雙側(cè)小腦幕,伴有顱神經(jīng)Ⅷ、Ⅸ受損,與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道一致;(3)小腦性共濟(jì)失調(diào);(4)意向性震顫;(5)癲癇發(fā)作;(6)顱內(nèi)高壓征象:包括視乳頭水腫及寬基步態(tài)。
HSP可發(fā)生于任何年齡,發(fā)病高峰是40~60歲,男女發(fā)病無(wú)明顯差異,頸胸段硬膜常受累,全脊柱硬膜受累罕見。腹側(cè)較背側(cè)常見[12]。臨床表現(xiàn)多由于增厚的硬脊膜壓迫神經(jīng)根及脊髓所導(dǎo)致,通常表現(xiàn)為神經(jīng)根性疼痛、四肢無(wú)力、麻木,有時(shí)伴有膀胱和直腸功能失調(diào)。
3.4 HP的MR表現(xiàn)
圖3男,58歲,間斷性頭痛10年,加重半年。A:左側(cè)小腦幕增厚,中央呈低信號(hào),邊緣可見條狀稍高信號(hào);B~D:病灶顯示更加清晰,呈“軌道征”;E、F:病灶呈明顯強(qiáng)化,邊緣強(qiáng)化較顯著圖4男,36歲,右側(cè)眼眶周圍疼痛伴有視物模糊1個(gè)月。A、B:大腦鐮后份及右側(cè)枕部硬腦膜呈條帶狀增厚,T1WI呈等信號(hào),T2WI呈低信號(hào),鄰近腦實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)可見片狀異常信號(hào)影;C、D:增厚的硬腦膜呈明顯強(qiáng)化,邊緣強(qiáng)化較明顯,大腦鐮旁的軟腦膜可見強(qiáng)化,鄰近腦實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)異常信號(hào)未見強(qiáng)化Fig. 3Male, f i fty-eight years old, intermittent headache for ten years and aggravated for half a year. A: The left tentorium cerebelli was thickening. The central part of it showed hypointense and the edge showed slightly hyperintense. B—D: The lesions showed more clearly and like track sign. E, F: The lesions showed obvious enhancement, especially the edge.Fig. 4Male, thirty-six years old, the right orbit pain and blurred vision for one month. A, B: The posterior part of cerebral falx and right occipital dura matter were strip-like thickening. It showed isointense on T1WI and hypointense on T2WI, and patchy abnormal signal could be seen in adjacent cerebral parenchyma. C, D: The thickening cerebral dura matter was enhanced obviously. The pia matter besides the cerebral falx was enhanced and there was no enhancement in adjacent cerebral parenchyma.
隨著MR檢查的廣泛應(yīng)用,人們對(duì)HP的認(rèn)識(shí)越來越多,檢出率也隨之增加;HP的MR檢查具有較高的組織分辨率及多方位成像的優(yōu)點(diǎn),是HP的首選影像檢查;MR能夠準(zhǔn)確的顯示病灶的位置、大小、形態(tài)、范圍、信號(hào)特點(diǎn)、強(qiáng)化方式以及鄰近組織受累的情況,對(duì)于病灶的確診及療效的評(píng)估具有重要的作用。
MR平掃表現(xiàn)為硬腦(脊)膜局灶性或廣泛性不均勻增厚,Kupersmith等[12]對(duì)7例HCP患者研究后發(fā)現(xiàn)腦脊液蛋白異常的患者,硬腦膜病變更加彌漫,本組中有1例HCP硬腦膜病變范圍、程度最重的患者腦脊液蛋白升高,其余4例HCP患者未見腦脊液蛋白增高,與Kupersmith等[12]的發(fā)現(xiàn)一致。增厚的硬膜多呈連續(xù)性、條帶狀,邊界多較清晰,信號(hào)較均勻,鄰近的腦實(shí)質(zhì)或脊髓受壓,增厚的硬膜在T1WI上多呈等信號(hào),在T2WI上多呈低信號(hào),主要與硬膜的纖維化有關(guān),增厚的硬膜病理上為纖維組織增生,纖維組織含水量少,因此T2WI上呈明顯低信號(hào),此為較具特征性的MR影像學(xué)改變[13]。本組1例病變表現(xiàn)為T1WI呈稍低信號(hào),T2WI呈稍高信號(hào),此信號(hào)特點(diǎn)未見文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,手術(shù)切除病理結(jié)果為IgG4相關(guān)性硬腦膜炎,筆者認(rèn)為可能與病灶處于急性期,其內(nèi)炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)明顯有關(guān),炎性組織細(xì)胞豐富,組織間隙較大,自由水增多,因此表現(xiàn)為在T1WI上呈稍低信號(hào),T2WI上呈稍高信號(hào);文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道在T2WI部分低信號(hào)增厚的硬膜邊緣可出現(xiàn)條帶狀稍高信號(hào)影[14],本組中有2例出現(xiàn)此征象,其中1例在FLAIR像上病灶中央低邊緣高信號(hào)的特點(diǎn)顯示更加清晰,似“雙軌征”,筆者認(rèn)為其形成機(jī)制可能是主要與肥厚硬膜周邊的炎性浸潤(rùn)較中央明顯有關(guān)。史麗靜等[14]報(bào)道的9例HCP中,發(fā)現(xiàn)2例伴有鄰近腦實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)異常信號(hào),且治療后消失,推斷可能與硬腦膜增厚,局部受壓,導(dǎo)致血液回流障礙有關(guān);Lv等[15]推測(cè)腦內(nèi)病灶為靜脈梗塞引起的缺血性病變。本組中3例HP伴有腦實(shí)質(zhì)(脊髓)受累,筆者認(rèn)為可能伴有鄰近病變位置腦(脊髓)炎形成,一般缺血性病變治療后不會(huì)消失;其中1例腦內(nèi)病灶增強(qiáng)后可見環(huán)形強(qiáng)化,筆者認(rèn)為可能伴有腦組織的炎性反應(yīng),即腦炎的形成,之前未見相關(guān)報(bào)道。增強(qiáng)掃描后增厚的硬腦(脊)膜呈明顯強(qiáng)化,其機(jī)制可能為肥厚的硬膜內(nèi)彌漫性單核細(xì)胞及淋巴細(xì)胞炎性浸潤(rùn),病變內(nèi)小血管增生;另外炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)可致增生的纖維組織間隙增大,對(duì)比劑容易滲漏至組織間隙[16]。部分病例硬膜周邊強(qiáng)化較中央明顯,可能與外周活動(dòng)性炎癥較中央明顯有關(guān)[17]。本組中有3例HP伴有軟腦(脊)膜的強(qiáng)化,可能為合并軟腦膜炎所致。
由于HP比較罕見,治療策略方面仍不明確。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,對(duì)于容易切除的病例可采取手術(shù)治療,也可以采取活檢明確診斷后行激素治療[6]。少數(shù)HP能夠自限;大部分經(jīng)積極治療可緩解癥狀,控制發(fā)展;但仍有少部分HP病情可持續(xù)進(jìn)展[18]。本組1例HSP激素治療行4次MRI復(fù)查,影像學(xué)上表現(xiàn)反復(fù),說明了HP治療上的不確定性,為預(yù)后判斷提供了影像學(xué)支持,既往文獻(xiàn)沒有這方面的影像學(xué)證據(jù)。我們認(rèn)為增厚的硬膜范圍、厚度、強(qiáng)化程度、軟腦膜是否強(qiáng)化及是否伴有鄰近腦實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)異常信號(hào),均是評(píng)估其嚴(yán)重程度及療效的影像學(xué)標(biāo)志。
HP的診斷基于MRI特征性影像表現(xiàn),同時(shí)需要排除其他炎癥或腫瘤性病變,活檢仍是診斷HP的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
3.5 鑒別診斷
肥厚性硬腦(脊)膜炎需要與以下疾病進(jìn)行鑒別:(1)低顱壓綜合征,是一組由各種原因引起側(cè)臥位腰椎穿刺腦脊液壓力低于60 mm H2O 等為主要表現(xiàn)的臨床綜合征;30~40歲女性多見,體位性頭痛是特征性表現(xiàn);在MRI上主要表現(xiàn)為硬腦(脊)膜彌漫性、連續(xù)、均勻的線狀強(qiáng)化,并不累及軟腦(脊)膜,可伴有硬腦膜下積液或血腫、腦組織的移位(如小腦扁桃體下疝)、垂體增大、靜脈竇擴(kuò)張等[19];而HP多表現(xiàn)為硬腦(脊)膜不均勻性增厚,可累及軟腦(脊)膜,很少合并硬膜下血腫或積液,無(wú)腦組織移位表現(xiàn),腰穿腦脊液壓力正常,激素治療效果明顯。(2)硬膜轉(zhuǎn)移瘤,好發(fā)于老年人,多有原發(fā)惡性腫瘤的病史,可表現(xiàn)為硬腦(脊)膜的局限性或彌漫性的增厚,增厚的硬膜在T1WI上多呈稍低信號(hào),T2WI上多呈稍高信號(hào),增強(qiáng)掃描呈輕中度強(qiáng)化,多伴有鄰近骨質(zhì)破壞,結(jié)合臨床病史及影像表現(xiàn)與HP鑒別不難。(3)硬膜外淋巴瘤,表現(xiàn)為硬膜外軟組織信號(hào),在T1WI及T2WI上呈等信號(hào),包裹腦實(shí)質(zhì)及脊髓,發(fā)生于硬脊膜的病灶有向椎間孔延伸的特點(diǎn),鄰近骨質(zhì)可有骨質(zhì)破壞,增強(qiáng)掃描病灶呈輕中度強(qiáng)化,全身多無(wú)炎性反應(yīng)癥狀。(4)腦(脊)膜瘤,形態(tài)多為半圓形或圓形,病灶多較局限,邊界清晰,病灶多與硬腦(脊)膜呈寬基底相連,在T1WI上呈等或稍低信號(hào),T2WI上呈稍高信號(hào),信號(hào)多較均勻,可伴有鈣化,增強(qiáng)掃描呈均勻性明顯強(qiáng)化,部分病灶可見腦(脊)膜尾征,如果病灶較大,信號(hào)可不均勻,內(nèi)部可見壞死,而HP范圍多較廣泛,結(jié)合其MR信號(hào)特點(diǎn)可與之鑒別。(5)脊髓慢性硬膜外血腫,可表現(xiàn)為硬膜外帶狀或新月形異常信號(hào),范圍多較局限[20],多為外傷性或自發(fā)性,而且病灶一般不強(qiáng)化。
總之,HP是一種引起神經(jīng)損害的少見疾病,應(yīng)注意其臨床表現(xiàn)及典型MRI影像表現(xiàn),當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)MRI出現(xiàn)硬腦(脊)膜局限性或彌漫性增厚,且在T2WI上呈典型的低信號(hào)特點(diǎn),增強(qiáng)掃描呈明顯強(qiáng)化,應(yīng)想到肥厚性硬膜炎的可能,以提高該病的診斷及治療的及時(shí)性和準(zhǔn)確性。
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MR imaging findings and differential MRI diagnosis of hypertropic pachymeningitis
YANG Shu-hui, YANG Jia-fei*, XING Xin-bo, HU Li-li, SHANG Liu-tong, WANG Xin-kun, HU Ming-yan, ZHI Man, NIE Ming-ming
MR Department of the First Affliliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
Objective:To investigate MR imaging f i ndings of hypertropic pachymeningitis (HP) and improve the diagnostic accuracy of HP.Materials and Methods:We retrospectively analyzed MRI data of 7 patients with HP conf i rmed by clinic and pathology between July 2013 to June 2016 in our hospital. The characteristics of MRI were summarized.Results:In 7 cases of HP, 2 cases involved spinal dura matter, and 5 cases involved multiple cerebral dura matter. All 7 cases showed dural thickening. 6 cases showed isointense on T1WI and hypointense on T2WI, 2 cases of them showed hyperintense in the edge on T2WI. Only 1 case showed hypo-intensity signal on T1WI and hyperintense on T2WI. The thickening dura matter of 7 cases showed obvious enhancement. Three cases involved cerebral parenchyma or spinal cord, and abnormal enhancement of pia matter could be found.Conclusions:HP is characterized by extensive and uneven thickening of dura matter, which shows hypointense on T2WI and obvious enhancement, and may accompany with involvement of pia matter, cerebral parenchyma or spinal cord.
Dura mater; Meningitis; Magnetic resonance imaging
Yang JF, E-mail: yjf01@sina.com
Received 2 Aug 2016, Accepted 10 Oct 2016
解放軍總醫(yī)院第一附屬醫(yī)院磁共振室,北京 100048
楊家斐,E-mail:yjf01@sina.com
2016-08-02
接受日期:2016-10-10
R445.2;R742
A
10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2016.11.006
楊淑輝, 楊家斐, 邢新博. 等. 肥厚性硬膜炎的MRI影像表現(xiàn)及鑒別診斷. 磁共振成像, 2016, 7(11): 825-830.*