黃亞輝 周璐 王建輝 李芳 田文嫻 王靜
[摘要] 目的 分析心電圖額面P波電軸與肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病的關(guān)系。 方法 回顧性分析該院2014年1月—2015年1月同期行胸部DR/CT、心電圖與肺功能檢查的住院患者的病史,篩選出符合條件者2 891人,將其分為肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病組與非肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病組,其中前者1 145人,后者1 746人,比較兩組心電圖額面P波電軸。 結(jié)果 肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者額面P波電軸大于非肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者,并且與FEV1/預(yù)計(jì)值呈負(fù)相關(guān),相關(guān)系數(shù)r=-0.308,以α=0.05,P<0.05,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。 結(jié)論 額面P波電軸對(duì)肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病診斷有臨床價(jià)值,并可用于評(píng)估其嚴(yán)重程度。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 額面P波電軸;肺功能;肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病
[中圖分類號(hào)] R4 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1674-0742(2016)02(c)-0187-03
Analysis of Correlation between P Wave Electrical Axis of Electrocardiogram Frontal Surface and Pneumonectasis/Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
HUANG Ya-hui, ZHOU Lu, WANG Jian-hui, LI Fang, TIAN Wen-xian, WANG Jing
Second department of Respiratory and Critical disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou,Henan Province,450052 China
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the correlation between P wave electrical axis of frontal surface and pneumonectasis/ chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods The disease history of inpatients receiving chest DR/CT, electrocardiogram and pulmonary function examination in our hospital from January 2014 to January 2015 were retrospectively analyzed, 2 891 cases meeting the requirements were selected and divided into the pneumonectasis/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease group with 1 145 cases and the non- pneumonectasis/ chronic obstructive pulmonary disease group with 1 746 cases, the P wave electrical axis of electrocardiogram frontal surface of the two groups was compared. Results The P wave electrical axis in patients with pneumonectasis/ chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was higher than that in patients with non- pneumonectasis/ chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and it was negatively correlated with FEV1/predicated value, correlation coefficient r=-0.308, α=0.05,P<0.05, the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion P wave electrical axis of frontal surface in diagnosis of pneumonectasis/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has a clinical value, and it can be used to evaluate its severity.
[Key words] Frontal P-wave axis; Pulmonary function;Emphysema/Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
慢性阻塞性肺疾?。璺危┦且环N常見的以持續(xù)性氣流受限為主要特征的可以預(yù)防和治療的疾病,今已成為全球第四大致死性疾病,并且呈上升趨勢(shì)。流行病學(xué)研究表明2020年慢阻肺將成為全球第三大致死性疾病,至于其發(fā)病危險(xiǎn)因素仍不詳細(xì),但有研究表明,吸入香煙煙霧及其他有毒顆粒為其主要病因[1-7]。肺功能為臨床診斷慢性阻塞性肺疾病的主要方法,其價(jià)格昂貴,限制基層醫(yī)院開展相關(guān)檢查。心電圖為一項(xiàng)最基本的心臟檢查,廣泛應(yīng)用于各級(jí)醫(yī)院,而肺與心臟又均位于胸腔之中,共同實(shí)現(xiàn)了機(jī)體血液循環(huán),長(zhǎng)期肺部病變也可波及心臟,引起心電圖變化,典型表現(xiàn)如肺型P波,肺栓塞SIQIIITIII等,有學(xué)者研究發(fā)現(xiàn)心電圖額面P波電軸與肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病可能存在聯(lián)系[1,8-17],為此展開研究。為此對(duì)該院2014年1月—2015年1月同期行胸部DR/CT、心電圖與肺功能檢查患者進(jìn)行研究,共篩選出符合條件者2 891人,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
該院2014年1月—2015年1月同期行胸部DR/CT、心電圖與肺功能檢查患者4 480人,篩選出符合條件者2 891人,其中女性1 99人,平均年齡(62.85±9.12)歲,男性1 962人,平均年齡(63.78±9.37)歲,診斷為肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病者1 145人,無肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病者1 746人。篩選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡>45歲;②竇性心律[1,8-9]。慢阻肺診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考2015年G0LD指南。
1.2 記錄方法
采用回顧性統(tǒng)計(jì)方法分析。所有研究對(duì)象均記錄清晰標(biāo)準(zhǔn)12導(dǎo)聯(lián)心電圖,由兩位醫(yī)師分別獨(dú)立對(duì)心電圖進(jìn)行分析,如有不同意見,由高年資醫(yī)師指導(dǎo),直至意見相同,1測(cè)量I、III導(dǎo)聯(lián)P波振幅,根據(jù)正弦函數(shù)、余弦函數(shù)求出P波電軸,即sinB=3b2/4(a2+b2+ab)(其中B為額面P波電軸度數(shù),a、b分別為心電圖I、III導(dǎo)聯(lián)P波振幅);胸部DR/CT由兩位醫(yī)師分別獨(dú)立分析完成,意見相悖時(shí)亦由高年資醫(yī)師指導(dǎo)完成;肺功能測(cè)量由經(jīng)過專業(yè)培訓(xùn)技師完成。敏感性=a/(a+c),特異性=d/(d+c),陽性預(yù)測(cè)值=a/(a+b),陰性預(yù)測(cè)值=d/(c+d)(其中a為真陽性,b為假陽性,c為假陰性,d為真陰性)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)方法
采用SPSS20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,兩樣本獨(dú)立性分析采用t檢驗(yàn),兩變量相關(guān)性分析采用Pearson積矩相關(guān)分析,在α=0.05時(shí),P<0.05差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病與非肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病的額面P波電軸比較
比較肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病與非肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病的額面P波電軸,前者均值為(76.12±23.34),后者為(43.33±20.67),在α=0.05時(shí),P<0.05,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。見表1。
2.2 不同額面P波電軸對(duì)肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病診斷的敏感性、特異性、陽性預(yù)測(cè)值及陰性預(yù)測(cè)值的比較
當(dāng)額面P波電軸≥60°、70°、80°、90°時(shí),對(duì)肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病診斷的敏感性、特異性、陽性預(yù)測(cè)值及陰性預(yù)測(cè)值,見表2。
2.3 額面P波電軸與FEV1/預(yù)計(jì)值相關(guān)性分析
采用Pearson積矩相關(guān)分析對(duì)額面P波電軸與FEV1/預(yù)計(jì)值分析,結(jié)果顯示額面P波電軸與FEV1/預(yù)計(jì)值呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.308,P<0.05)。(FEV1為1 s用力呼氣容積。)
3 討論
肺部疾病會(huì)引起心電圖變化,這在早期就引起了學(xué)者注意,并提出“肺型P波、哥特式”P波等觀點(diǎn),既往多項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果也表明額面P波電軸與肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病關(guān)系密切,而且P波電軸與肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病的嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān)。
Faruk AKTüRK等[11]對(duì)95例患者進(jìn)行研究,結(jié)果表明心電圖額面P波垂直電軸比心電圖右心肥大、肺型P波更敏感,能早期的反應(yīng)慢阻肺的嚴(yán)重程度及急性加重,并且指出P波電軸與FEV1%呈線性相關(guān),相關(guān)系數(shù)為-0.422。
該研究結(jié)果表明肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病的平均額面P波電軸為(76.12±23.34)°,非肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的額面P波電軸為(43.33±20.67)°,在α=0.05時(shí),P<0.05,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。隨著額面P波電軸的增加,對(duì)肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病診斷的敏感性逐漸下降,特異性逐漸增加,當(dāng)額面P波電軸為60°時(shí),對(duì)肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病診斷的敏感性、特異性、陽性預(yù)測(cè)值及陰性預(yù)測(cè)值分別為80.00%、82.70%、75.21%和86.31%,采用Pearson積矩相關(guān)分析對(duì)額面P波電軸與FEV1/預(yù)計(jì)值分析,結(jié)果表明兩者之間存在負(fù)相關(guān),相關(guān)系數(shù)r=-0.308,即肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病越嚴(yán)重,額面P波電軸越大,有學(xué)者研究表明以下葉肺氣腫與額面P波電軸相關(guān)性最強(qiáng),與Faruk AKTüRK等研究相比,該研究相關(guān)性欠佳,可能與入組患者慢性阻塞性肺疾病類型(紅喘型、紫腫型)、肺功能通氣受限嚴(yán)重程度、肺氣腫發(fā)生的部位及東西方人群體型差異有關(guān),國內(nèi)關(guān)于額面P波電軸的研究相對(duì)欠缺。關(guān)于此兩者之間的關(guān)系尚未明朗,機(jī)制亦不清楚,有學(xué)者推測(cè)可能與右心擴(kuò)大、右心壓力增大、胸腔壓力、心臟位置有關(guān),maeda等對(duì)9例肺型P波的慢性阻塞性肺疾病的患者行右心導(dǎo)管檢查,結(jié)果顯示右心房壓力未見明顯增高,不支持右心壓力增高導(dǎo)致額面P波電軸增加[18]。目前比較支持的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為額面P波電軸增加可能與慢阻肺時(shí)殘氣量增加致使膈肌下移,下移膈肌牽拉右心房,導(dǎo)致其解剖位置和除極方向改變,從而使P電軸右偏。對(duì)支氣管哮喘患者及肺間質(zhì)纖維化患者進(jìn)行的研究支持此項(xiàng)觀點(diǎn),哮喘急性發(fā)作期,患者呼氣功能受損為主,雙肺殘氣量增加,肺充氣程度加重,額面P波電軸右偏,與緩解期或吸入支氣管擴(kuò)張劑治療后,額面P波電軸會(huì)減輕;肺間質(zhì)纖維化呈限制性通氣功能障礙,多引起額面P波電軸水平化。
P波正向且PIII>PI時(shí),理論上aVL導(dǎo)聯(lián)P波為負(fù)向,以此為依據(jù)進(jìn)行的一些研究結(jié)果表明在篩查慢阻肺時(shí),aVL導(dǎo)聯(lián)P波為負(fù)向與PIII>PI確有等效性[1],但Bajal等人的研究結(jié)果顯示兩者存在差異,考慮皮膚電阻變化或電極與皮膚接觸不佳所致[19-20]。
該研究的不足之處在于采用回顧性分析,入組肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病的患者年齡較大,男性比例大,此對(duì)結(jié)果可能造成影響,但魯端等學(xué)者對(duì)100例健康人心電圖額面P波電軸進(jìn)行研究發(fā)起其并不受性別差異的影響[21]。
心電圖額面P波電軸對(duì)肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病診斷的敏感性、特異性均較高,并且隨著病變程度逐漸增大,可應(yīng)用于肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病的診斷及病情評(píng)估,病變?cè)缙诨颊咴诜喂δ芪匆娒黠@異常時(shí)已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了心電圖、胸部DR/CT的變化。但由于P波振幅較小,測(cè)量誤差較大,限制其臨床應(yīng)用,隨著心電圖技術(shù)的逐漸提高,其在肺氣腫/慢性阻塞性肺疾病的診斷價(jià)值也會(huì)逐漸被人們所重視。
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(收稿日期:2015-11-27)