覃秋斌
[摘 要]高中英語語法教學中,傳統(tǒng)的“填鴨式”教學方式在現(xiàn)代教學中已逐漸露出弊端:教師講解形式單一,學生處于被動地接受語法知識的狀態(tài)。這種教學模式使課堂氣氛沉悶,學生對語法學習逐漸喪失了興趣和信心。合作學習打破了這種單一的教學模式,利用動態(tài)因素的互動,促進和諧的課堂氛圍。嘗試在高中語法教學中運用合作學習,旨在提高學生的學習效率。
[關鍵詞]英語 語法教學 合作學習
[中圖分類號] G633.41 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 16746058(2016)270038
長期以來,語法教學是英語教學的核心部分。在傳統(tǒng)的教學過程中,往往是教師講單調(diào)的語法規(guī)則,學生機械地在下面做筆記,操練。這種 “填鴨式”的教學模式在很大程度上框定了學生的思維,不能將語法知識靈活運用到真實語境中。同時,由于缺乏交流而導致課堂沉悶,學生對語法甚至這門語言逐漸喪失了興趣和信心。當前英語教學存在的普遍現(xiàn)象是:學生英語基礎知識薄弱,對學習英語缺乏興趣,沒有學習的主動性和積極性。要想改變現(xiàn)狀,教師應該改變課堂教學模式,促使學生主動參與課堂學習,激發(fā)他們的學習主動性,培養(yǎng)合作意識。
“小組合作學習”是指為了完成某項共同的任務,有明確分工,互相協(xié)作的一種學習方式。它興起于20世紀70年代的美國,在80年代中期取得重大的發(fā)展。并已經(jīng)形成有效的、有創(chuàng)意的教學理論和策略。90年代初,合作學習被引入我國,改變了以教師為中心,學生被動接受知識的教學模式。伴隨著新課程的實施,小組合作被運用于課堂教學中,并成為課改的閃光點。
一、合作學習的類型
根據(jù)合作學習的實踐,其活動分為以下3種類型:
1.師生互動型
以教師為主導、學生為主體的教學活動,引導學生積極思維, 充分發(fā)揮學生的學習能動性。
2.師師互動型
針對教師之間缺乏交流而提出來的學習類型。提倡教師之間合作進行教學設計,相互幫扶,共同研討。這有利于教師之間的共同成長與進步。
3.生生互動型
針對傳統(tǒng)教學的弊端,現(xiàn)代教學注重生生之間的互動。即通過對學生分組、定組員角色、分工、創(chuàng)設學生積極參與的學習氛圍,達成課堂教學的目標。
二、合作學習的方式和步驟
(一)創(chuàng)建學習小組
明確任務和要求之前,根據(jù)英語教學特點,綜合考慮成員的知識結(jié)構(gòu)、能力水平、性格和愛好等的差異性及互補性,采用教師指定和學生自愿相結(jié)合的方法,成立每組6-8人的學習小組。為了推動成員的積極性,組內(nèi)成員有不同的分工,如:組長、計時員、記錄員,他們的職責分別是負責組內(nèi)活動,協(xié)調(diào)組內(nèi)關系;記錄活動所用時間;記錄小組討論的成果等。要求成員之間互相學習,團結(jié)協(xié)作,達到共同學習的目的。
(二)明確任務
學生在參與合作討論時,往往不清楚該做些什么、怎樣做,達到什么標準。所以教師要在課前向?qū)W生明確學習目標,讓學生之間有明確分工,然后通過查閱資料,準備學習的內(nèi)容,從而在合作學習中表現(xiàn)自我,提高合作學習的質(zhì)量。
(三)合作學習的實踐步驟
下面以定語從句教學為例,應用和探討合作學習。
Ⅰ Background information
(1)The analysis of the students:most of students know little of the attributive clause.
(2)The analysis of the content: the attributive clause plays an important role in English study in high school.
ⅡTeaching objectives
(1)Distinguish and find out the 3 elements of the attributive clause.
(2)Solve relative problems by analyzing an attributive clause.
Ⅲ Key point and difficult point
To find out the roles that the relatives(關系詞) play by analyzing the structure of the attributive clause.
Teaching procedures:
Step I Lead in: Play a guessing game.
(Using some pictures.)
(1)T: It is a handsome boy who is taking a camera. Who is it?
Ss: It is Luo Zhixiang.
(2)T: He is a boy that is standing by the wall. Who is it?
Ss:He is our classmate.
(3)T: It is a machine which is used for washing clothes. What is it?
Ss:It is a washing machine.
(4)T:It is a stadium whose shape is just like a nest for birds. What is it?
Ss: It is the Bird Nest.
(5)T: He is a popular singer in Taiwan whom we are very familiar with and he is famous for rap music.
Ss:He is Jay.
(Draw the students attention and make them interested in this topic. In the game the teacher give some sentences that include the attributive clause by using different relative pronouns and prepare the students for further learning.)
Step II Presentation:
(1)Ask the students to answer the questions.
①T: Who is Luo Zhixiang?
Ss: He is a handsome boy who is taking a camera.
②T: Who is our classmate?
Ss: He is a boy that is standing by the wall.
③T: What is a washing machine?
Ss: It is a machine which is used for washing clothes.
④T: What is the Bird Nest?
Ss: It is a stadium whose shape is just like a nest for birds.
(Shown on the screen.)
(2)Present the structure of the Attributive Clause.
(Make the students pay attention to different sentences that can express the same meaning, especially their structures. Help them master the structure of the Attributive Clause.)
Step III Discussing and finding:
(1)Ask the students to find out some sentences that include the Attributive Clause, which appear in the text. In the meanwhile, ask them to point out the relatives and antecedents.
(Group work.)
Attributive Clause by reviewing some of the sentences which appear in the text.
(2)Then Ss are asked to fill in the chart by using what they have learned above.
關系詞所指先行詞在從句中所擔的成分
關系代詞
that 物,人;主語,表語,賓語
which 物,人;主語,表語,賓語
who 人;主語,表語,賓語
whom 人;表語,賓語
whose 物,人;定語
as 物,人;主語,表語,賓語
(Check if the students can distinguish the Attributive Clause. Make the students focus on the relationship between the antecedents and the relative pronouns. In this way the students can be trained to develop their own learning strategies.)
Step IV Summary:
Let the students sum up the usage of the relative pronouns.
(Group work.)
“Who, whom, whose, and that” can be used to refer to a person. “Which, that, and whose” can be used to refer to a thing. They are used as the subject, object and attribute.
(Train the students to cooperate with others by interacting with each other.Help the students find out and master the Attributive Clause, especially some difficult points about it.)
Step VI Application Race:
Students are divided into 6 groups. It is required that each group make Attributive Clause sentences as many as possible in given time, any group who make the most will be the winner.
(The purpose of learning a foreign language is to communicate with others by using it. In this class the students are trained to improve their listening and speaking.)
Step VII Conclusion:
Teacher will summarize the students progress and point out that Attributive Clause plays an important part in English grammar, which require students to use and master it in constant communication.
教學實踐證明,在英語課堂中采用合作學習,有利于小組中每個成員都積極參與活動中,活躍了課堂氛圍。學生通過相互交流,掌握定語從句這一語法知識,促進了聽、說、讀、寫水平的提高,還增強了學習英語的興趣。更重要的是,如果合作學習長期進行,就會培養(yǎng)學生善于聽取他人意見的優(yōu)良品質(zhì),培養(yǎng)他們較強的社交能力。
總之,合作學習不是一朝一夕的事情,我們還處在剛剛起步的階段,需要長期不懈的努力。雖然在這過程中取得了一些成績,但存在許多值得探索的問題。在今后的工作中,我們將會潛心鉆研,積極改善,采用更合理的合作方式,提高小組合作學習的時效性。
[ 參 考 文 獻 ]
[1]王坦.合作學習的理論與實施[M].北京:中國人事出版社,2002.
[2]周之筑.新課程下的中學英語語法教學[J].中學外語教學與研究,2006(3).
(責任編輯 黃 曉)