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間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞來源的Exosome對神經(jīng)損傷的保護(hù)作用

2016-03-23 03:26:38魏俊吉陳云飛薛春玲馬百濤沈雅梅包新杰王任直趙春華
關(guān)鍵詞:間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞

魏俊吉,陳云飛,薛春玲,馬百濤,沈雅梅,關(guān) 健,包新杰,吳 昊,韓 欽,王任直,趙春華

1中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,北京 100730 2中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)研究所組織工程中心,北京 100005

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·論著·

間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞來源的Exosome對神經(jīng)損傷的保護(hù)作用

魏俊吉1,陳云飛2,薛春玲2,馬百濤1,沈雅梅2,關(guān)健1,包新杰1,吳昊1,韓欽2,王任直1,趙春華2

1中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,北京 1007302中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)研究所組織工程中心,北京 100005

王任直電話:010- 69152532,電子郵件:wangrz@126.com

摘要:目的研究脂肪間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(MSC)來源的Exosome對谷氨酸神經(jīng)損傷的保護(hù)作用及可能機(jī)制。方法采用透射電鏡和Western blot法檢測人脂肪MSC來源的Exosome的特征,ELISA法檢測Exosome中主要的細(xì)胞因子。用PC12細(xì)胞建立谷氨酸神經(jīng)細(xì)胞損傷模型,并分為對照組(未經(jīng)谷氨酸損傷的細(xì)胞)、Glu組(谷氨酸損傷未經(jīng)其他處理的細(xì)胞)、Glu+Exo組(谷氨酸損傷后用100 ng/ml MSC Exosome 處理的細(xì)胞)、Glu+Exo+Akt組(谷氨酸損傷后用MSC Exosome同時(shí)加10 μmol/L Akt 抑制劑LY294002處理的細(xì)胞)、Glu+Exo+Erk組(谷氨酸損傷后用MSC Exosome 同時(shí)加10 μmol/L Erk抑制劑U0126處理的細(xì)胞)和Glu+Exo+TrkB組(谷氨酸損傷后用MSC Exosome同時(shí)加10 μmol/L TrkB抑制劑K252a處理的細(xì)胞),MTS法檢測各組細(xì)胞的存活率并進(jìn)行比較。結(jié)果透射電鏡下可見Exosome為40~100 nm的小囊泡結(jié)構(gòu),Western blot法檢測結(jié)果顯示其可表達(dá)CD63、CD81、HSP70和HSP90等特征性蛋白。ELISA檢測結(jié)果顯示Exosome中主要包含的細(xì)胞因子為肝細(xì)胞生長因子和胰島素樣生長因子,含量分別為9336.49±258.63和58645.50±16014.62;而腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子、血管內(nèi)皮生長因子和神經(jīng)生長因子含量均較低,分別為1928.25±385.47、1136.94±5.99和33.34±9.43。MTS檢測結(jié)果顯示,對照組、Glu組、Glu+Exo組、Glu+Exo+Akt組、Glu+Exo+Erk組和Glu+Exo+TrkB組的PC12細(xì)胞存活率分別為0.842±0.047、0.306±0.024、0.566±0.026、0.461±0.016、0.497±0.003和0.515±0.034,其中,Glu組顯著低于對照組(P=0.02),Glu+Exo組顯著高于Glu組(P=0.01),Glu+Exo+Akt組顯著低于Glu+Exo組(P=0.01)。結(jié)論人脂肪MSC來源的Exosome具有保護(hù)谷氨酸神經(jīng)損傷的作用,這可能是通過激活磷脂?;?激酶-絲氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶信號(hào)通路來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。

關(guān)鍵詞:間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞;Exosome;神經(jīng)損傷;治療機(jī)制

ActaAcadMedSin,2016,38(1):33-36

間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(mesenchymal stem cell,MSC)是一種中胚層來源的多能干細(xì)胞,目前臨床上已開始用于治療脊髓損傷、外傷性腦損傷、心肌梗死等。在腦缺血損傷的體內(nèi)模型中,MSC雖然有改善神經(jīng)功能的作用,但檢測后卻發(fā)現(xiàn)其很少分化為神經(jīng)細(xì)胞和血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,因此可能是通過促進(jìn)內(nèi)源性神經(jīng)細(xì)胞和血管內(nèi)皮生長來改善神經(jīng)功能。Exosome是一種細(xì)胞分泌的小囊泡,可作為細(xì)胞間物質(zhì)信息交換的載體,以往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MSC分泌的Exosome對腎損傷和肺損傷具有修復(fù)作用[1- 2]。本研究觀察了脂肪MSC來源的Exosome對谷氨酸神經(jīng)損傷的保護(hù)作用,探討了其可能的機(jī)制。

材料和方法

人脂肪MSC來源的Exosome的提取和鑒定成人脂肪組織取自2014年10月至2015年4月在北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院整形外科接受吸脂手術(shù)的25~35歲健康女性(本研究經(jīng)中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)研究所倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),供者均簽署知情同意書)。脂肪MSC培養(yǎng)方法參見文獻(xiàn)[3]。將第8代培養(yǎng)的MSC繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)48 h后更換為無血清的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)基,培養(yǎng)24 h后收取上清,離心去細(xì)胞碎片,然后用相對分子質(zhì)量為100 000的濾膜過濾后進(jìn)行濃縮(200 ml濃縮至1~2 ml)[4]。采用透射電鏡觀察濃縮后的Exosome并拍照,蛋白質(zhì)印跡法檢測其抗原表達(dá)。提取Exosome總蛋白,經(jīng)BCA法定量,取40 mg總蛋白進(jìn)行10%聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳,轉(zhuǎn)到PVDF膜上。一抗CD63(美國Lifetechnology公司)、CD81、HSP70和HSP90(美國Santacruz公司)按1∶1000稀釋,并4℃孵育過夜,內(nèi)參為GAPDH(美國Santa Cruz公司),二抗室溫孵育1 h,ECL法熒光顯色,并拍照。

ELISA法檢測MSC分泌的Exosome所含細(xì)胞生長因子采用ELISA法檢測MSC分泌的Exosome中所含的細(xì)胞生長因子,包括:肝細(xì)胞生長因子(hepatocyte growth factor,HGF)、腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子(brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)、血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、胰島素樣生長因子(insulin-like growth factor,IGF)、神經(jīng)生長因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)。ELISA試劑盒購自上海森雄公司,檢測方法按說明書進(jìn)行。

細(xì)胞系培養(yǎng)PC12細(xì)胞系(鼠嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞系)購自中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)研究所細(xì)胞中心,采用1640RPMI培養(yǎng)基,加5%胎牛血清和5%馬血清,37℃、5%CO2條件下培養(yǎng)至80%融合,常規(guī)消化傳代。

谷氨酸神經(jīng)細(xì)胞損傷模型的建立和分組將PC12細(xì)胞按照1×105個(gè)/孔的密度接種至96孔細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)板,正常培養(yǎng)24 h后棄去培養(yǎng)上清,D-hanks’洗 1遍,用DF12配制的0.5 mmol/L谷氨酸室溫下作用15 min,棄去含谷氨酸的培養(yǎng)基,D-hanks’洗2遍,分別用不同組別培養(yǎng)基孵育,37℃培養(yǎng)箱培養(yǎng)24 h。具體分組如下:(1)未經(jīng)谷氨酸損傷的細(xì)胞(對照組);(2)谷氨酸損傷未經(jīng)其他處理的細(xì)胞(Glu組);(3)谷氨酸損傷后用100 ng/ml MSC Exosome 處理的細(xì)胞(Glu+Exo組);(4)谷氨酸損傷后用MSC Exosome Akt 抑制劑(10 μmol/L LY294002,美國Sigma公司)處理的細(xì)胞(Glu+Exo+Akt組);(5)谷氨酸損傷后用MSC Exosome 同時(shí)加Erk抑制劑(10 μmol/L U0126,美國Sigma公司)處理的細(xì)胞(Glu+Exo+Erk組);(6)谷氨酸損傷后用MSC Exosome同時(shí)加TrkB抑制劑(10 μmol/L K252a,美國Sigma公司)處理的細(xì)胞(Glu+Exo+TrkB組)。

MTS法檢測各組細(xì)胞存活率接種細(xì)胞:用含10%胎小牛血清的培養(yǎng)液配成單個(gè)細(xì)胞懸液,以每孔1000個(gè)細(xì)胞接種到96孔板,每孔體積100 μl,根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康呐囵B(yǎng)或24 h加藥。呈色:每孔加MTS溶液20 μl,繼續(xù)孵育2 h。比色:選擇490 nm波長,在酶聯(lián)免疫檢測儀上測定各孔光吸收值,記錄結(jié)果。

統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,組間數(shù)據(jù)比較采用t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

結(jié)果

人脂肪MSC來源的Exosome的特征鑒定從人脂肪MSC培養(yǎng)上清中提取Exosome,透射電子顯微鏡下可見Exosome為40~100 nm的小囊泡結(jié)構(gòu)(圖1A)。Western blot法檢測結(jié)果顯示,Exosome可表達(dá)CD63、CD81、HSP70和HSP90(圖1B)。

A.電鏡圖;B.Westen blot法鑒定Exosome抗原的表達(dá)

A.electron microscopy;B.Western blotting

圖1人脂肪間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞源的Exosome的特征

Fig1Exosome characteristics of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell

人脂肪MSC來源Exosome分泌細(xì)胞生長因子的測定結(jié)果首先調(diào)整Exosome濃度為1000 μg/ml,然后用ELISA法檢測Exosome分泌的細(xì)胞生長因子濃度,結(jié)果顯示Exosome中主要包含的細(xì)胞因子為HGF和IGF,含量分別為9336.49±258.63和58645.50±16014.62;而BDNF、VEGF和NGF含量均較低,分別為1928.25±385.47、1136.94±5.99和33.34±9.43。

人脂肪MSC來源的Exosome對谷氨酸神經(jīng)損傷的保護(hù)作用MTS檢測結(jié)果顯示,對照組、Glu組、Glu+Exo組、Glu+Exo+Akt組、Glu+Exo+Erk組和Glu+Exo+TrkB組的PC12細(xì)胞存活率分別為0.842±0.047、0.306±0.024、0.566±0.026、0.461±0.016、0.497±0.003和0.515±0.034,其中,Glu組顯著低于對照組(P=0.02),Glu+Exo組顯著高于Glu組(P=0.01),Glu+Exo+Akt組顯著低于Glu+Exo組(P=0.01)。

討論

已知MSC培養(yǎng)基上清中含有大量Exosome,Exosome是多種活細(xì)胞內(nèi)分泌的直徑30~100 nm的小囊泡體,其中含有大量蛋白和RNA,可在細(xì)胞間進(jìn)行物質(zhì)傳遞,并且可表達(dá)CD63、CD81、HSP70和HSP90抗體[6]。本研究采用電鏡和Western blot法檢測了人脂肪MSC來源的Exosome的特征,結(jié)果顯示鏡下所見的Exosome為40~100 nm的小囊泡結(jié)構(gòu),可表達(dá)CD63、CD81、HSP70和HSP90抗體,提示本研究成功提取Exosome。

已知IGF、HGF、BDNF、NGF和VEGF細(xì)胞因子對大腦損傷具有一定的保護(hù)作用,所以本研究采用ELISA法檢測了Exosome中這5種細(xì)胞因子的含量,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)IGF和HGF含量較高,而BDNF、NGF和VEGF含量較低,推測可能是IGF和HGF這兩種細(xì)胞因子對神經(jīng)損傷具有保護(hù)作用。

White等[7]研究顯示,腦卒中時(shí),大量谷氨酸可在細(xì)胞間堆積,引起神經(jīng)細(xì)胞過度興奮,導(dǎo)致大量鈣離子內(nèi)流,活化NOS,造成氧自由基堆積,最終引發(fā)DNA損傷和細(xì)胞凋亡,因此本研究選擇了谷氨酸神經(jīng)損傷模型來研究Exosome對神經(jīng)損傷的保護(hù)機(jī)制。而由于原代神經(jīng)細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)困難,故以嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞系PC12代替神經(jīng)細(xì)胞。造模結(jié)果顯示,Glu組的細(xì)胞存活率顯著低于對照組,而Glu+Exo組顯著高于Glu組,提示Exosome可以促進(jìn)細(xì)胞的存活和生長。

已知磷脂酰肌醇- 3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(phosphoino- sitide3kinase/Akt,PI3K/Akt)通路是神經(jīng)細(xì)胞存活的重要通路,而80%神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子調(diào)節(jié)的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞存活都是通過PI3/K-Akt通路實(shí)現(xiàn)的[8]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)IGF和HGF含量較高,因此添加了Glu+Exo+TrkB(TrkB抑制劑組)、Glu+Exo+Akt組(Akt抑制劑組)和Glu+Exo+Erk組(Erk抑制劑組),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)使用Akt抑制劑LY294002時(shí),MSC來源的Exosome保護(hù)谷氨酸神經(jīng)損傷顯著下降,而TrkB抑制劑組和Erk抑制劑組的效果不明顯,提示人脂肪MSC來源Exosome對神經(jīng)損傷的保護(hù)作用可能是通過PI3/K-Akt通路實(shí)現(xiàn)的。

綜上,本研究結(jié)果顯示,人脂肪MSC分泌的Exosome對谷氨酸神經(jīng)損傷具有保護(hù)作用,這可能是通過激活PI3/K-Akt信號(hào)通路實(shí)現(xiàn)的,但MSC分泌的Exosome中含有大量不同種類的蛋白和非編碼RNA,所以激活PI3/K-Akt信號(hào)通路的具體機(jī)制仍然需要進(jìn)一步研究。MSC在腦缺血?jiǎng)游锬P椭芯哂幸种蒲装Y反應(yīng)、促進(jìn)血管新生和神經(jīng)細(xì)胞增殖、減少凋亡的作用,不同MSC分泌的Exosome是否具有相似的作用,也是今后進(jìn)一步研究的方向。

參考文獻(xiàn)

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[3]Cao Y,Sun Z,Liao L,et al. Human adipose tissue-derived stem cells differentiate into endothelial cellsinvitroand improve postnatal neovascularizationinvivo[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2005,332(2):370- 379.

[4]Lin R,Wang S,Zhao RC. Exosomes from human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote migration through Wnt signaling pathway in a breast cancer cell model [J]. Mol Cell Biochem,2013,383(1- 2):13- 20.

[5]Lu S,Lu C,Han Q,et al. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells protect PC12 cells from glutamate excitotoxicity-induced apoptosis by upregulation of XIAP through PI3-K/Akt activation [J]. Toxicology,2011,279(1- 3):189- 195.

[6]Skog J,Wurdinger T,van Rijn S,et al. Glioblastoma microvesicles transport RNA and proteins that promote tumour growth and provide diagnostic biomarkers [J]. Nat Cell Biol,2008,10:1470-1476.

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Protection of Nerve Injury with Exosome Extracted from Mesenchymal Stem Cell

WEI Jun-ji1,CHEN Yun-fei2,XUE Chun-ling2,MA Bai-tao1,SHEN Ya-mei2,GUAN Jian1,BAO Xin-jie1,WU Hao1,HAN Qin2,WANG Ren-zhi1,ZHAO Chun-hua2

1Department of Neurosurgery,PUMC Hospital,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100730,China2Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100005,China Corresponding author:ZHAO Chun-huaTel:010- 65125311,E-mail:zhaochunhua@vip.163.com; WANG Ren-zhiTel:010- 69152532,E-mail:wangrz@126.com

ABSTRACT:ObjectiveTo investigate the protective effect of Exosomes from human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells(hAMSCs) in neural injury induced by glutamate and its possible mechanism. MethodsCharacteristics of Exosomes from hAMSCs were identified by electron microscopy and Western blot analysis.Cytokines that might play a major role in the protective effect were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The protective action of Exosome and its possible signaling pathway were researched by the in vitro neural injury induced by glutamate,including control group(without Glu),Glu group(dealing with Glu),Glu+Exo group(dealing with Glu +100 ng/ml Exo),Glu+Exo+Akt group(dealing with Glu+100 ng/ml Exo+10 μmol/L Akt),Glu+Exo+Erk group(dealing with 100 ng/ml Glu+100 ng/ml Exo+10 μmol/L Erk),and Glu+Exo+TrkB group(dealing with Glu+100 ng/ml Exo +10 μmol/L TrkB). ResultsExosomes from hAMSCs had similar sizes to those isolated from other kinds of cells,and expressed the characteristic proteins such as CD63,CD81,HSP70,and HSP90. Cytokines that had neurotrophic effects on Exosomes were mainly insulin-like growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor,with the concentration being 9 336.49±258.63 and 58 645.50±16 014.62,respectively;brain derived neurotrophic factor,nerve growth factor,and vascular endothelial growth factor had lower levels,with the concentration being 1928.25±385.47,1136.94±5.99,and 33.34±9.43,respectively. MTS assay showed that the PC12 cell survival rates were 0.842±0.047,0.306±0.024,0.566±0.026,0.461±0.016,0.497±0.003,and 0.515±0.034 in the control group,Glu group,Glu+Exo group,Glu+Exo+Akt group,Glu+Exo+Erk group,and Glu+Exo+TrkB group;obviously,it was significantly lower in Glu group than in control group(P=0.02),significantly higher in Glu+Exo group than in Glu group(P=0.01),and significantly lower in Glu+Exo+Akt group than in Glu+Exo group(P=0.01). ConclusionExosomes secreted from hAMSCs have protective effect against neuron damage induced by glutamate,which may be mediated through activating the PI3/K-Akt signalling pathway.

Key words:mesenchymal stem cells;exosome;nerve damage;treatment mechanism

(收稿日期:2015- 11- 27)

DOI:10.3881/j.issn.1000- 503X.2016.01.006

中圖分類號(hào):R642

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A

文章編號(hào):1000- 503X(2016)01- 0033- 04

通信作者:趙春華電話:010- 65125311,電子郵件:zhaochunhua@vip.163.com;

基金項(xiàng)目:國家自然科學(xué)基金(81371344)Supported by National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(81371344)

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