徐曉莉,宋 偉,隋 昕,宋 蘭,王 曉,馮瑞娥,李 媛
中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院 1放射科 2病理科,北京 100730
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·論著·
原發(fā)性肺肉瘤樣癌的CT表現(xiàn)與病理特點(diǎn)
徐曉莉1,宋偉1,隋昕1,宋蘭1,王曉1,馮瑞娥2,李媛2
中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院1放射科2病理科,北京 100730
摘要:目的探討原發(fā)性肺肉瘤樣癌(PSC)的CT表現(xiàn)與診斷價值。方法回顧性分析20例PSC患者的臨床、影像資料,并與病理結(jié)果進(jìn)行對照。結(jié)果18例患者表現(xiàn)為單發(fā)肺腫塊,2例患者表現(xiàn)為多發(fā)肺腫塊,共22個腫塊。5個腫塊位于肺門區(qū),17個位于肺周,其中11個腫塊大于5 cm。9個腫塊邊界光滑,11個腫塊邊緣可見短粗毛刺和/或深分葉,2個腫塊邊界不清。2個腫塊有胸膜凹陷征,14個腫塊呈寬基底胸膜增厚。10個腫塊平掃密度均勻,7個腫塊內(nèi)可見低密度區(qū),5個腫塊可見空洞。15例行增強(qiáng)CT檢查,15個腫塊呈不規(guī)則環(huán)形和/或斑片狀強(qiáng)化,2個腫塊呈均勻輕度強(qiáng)化。6例患者單側(cè)或雙側(cè)肺門和/或縱隔腫大淋巴結(jié)。病理診斷多形細(xì)胞癌16例,梭形細(xì)胞癌4例。免疫組織化學(xué)檢查13例抗細(xì)胞角蛋白單克隆抗體陽性,15例波形蛋白陽性,8例細(xì)胞角質(zhì)蛋白陽性,1例上皮細(xì)胞膜抗原陽性,8例甲狀腺轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-1陽性。結(jié)論原發(fā)性PSC的影像表現(xiàn)具有一定特點(diǎn),但確診需要靠病理結(jié)合免疫組織化學(xué)檢查。
關(guān)鍵詞:肺肉瘤樣癌;計算機(jī)體層攝影術(shù);病理
ActaAcadMedSin,2016,38(1):93-98
肺肉瘤樣癌(pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma,PSC)是一組含有肉瘤形態(tài)細(xì)胞或肉瘤樣(梭形細(xì)胞和/或巨細(xì)胞)分化的非小細(xì)胞肺癌,臨床罕見,占肺部惡性腫瘤的2%~3%,PSC侵襲性強(qiáng),預(yù)后差,臨床表現(xiàn)無特異性[1- 2]。目前國內(nèi)對PSC結(jié)合影像特點(diǎn)、臨床表現(xiàn)及病理特征進(jìn)行的綜合報道尚少,常因認(rèn)識不足造成誤診。筆者回顧性分析了20例PSC的臨床、影像學(xué)及病理學(xué)表現(xiàn),以期加深對該病的認(rèn)識,提高診斷水平。
對象和方法
對象2008年1月至2014年9月在北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院就診的臨床、影像及病理資料完整的PSC患者20例,其中男13例,女7例,平均年齡(58.4±13.5)歲(27~81歲)。14例患者有吸煙史,其中13例吸煙≥20年包。臨床表現(xiàn):20例患者均出現(xiàn)咳嗽、咳痰,其中15例伴有痰中帶血,4例伴胸背疼,10例伴發(fā)熱,6例伴氣短。
CT掃描術(shù)前5例患者行胸部CT平掃,15例行平掃及胸部CT增強(qiáng)。采用西門子Somatom 64排螺旋CT機(jī)及西門子Definition雙源CT機(jī),自肺尖至肺底螺旋掃描,層厚、層間距均為7 mm,掃描架無角度,增強(qiáng)掃描采用高壓注射器肘靜脈團(tuán)注非離子型碘對比劑(碘海醇300 mg I/ml),注射速度2.5 ml/s,劑量1.5 ml/kg體質(zhì)量,延遲時間為35 s。
圖像分析由2名胸部專業(yè)的放射科醫(yī)師共同閱讀圖像(分別具備4年和9年臨床診斷經(jīng)驗(yàn)),觀察病灶的生長部位、大小(最大橫徑)、形態(tài)、邊緣、密度、強(qiáng)化方式、有無肺門和縱隔腫大淋巴結(jié)、有無胸膜增厚及胸腔積液、有無遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。意見不一致時,請第3位胸部專業(yè)的放射科醫(yī)師(具備20年臨床診斷經(jīng)驗(yàn))閱讀CT圖像,共同討論判定。CT術(shù)前分期參照國際抗癌聯(lián)盟(Union for International Cancer Control,UICC)的肺癌TNM分期第7版(2009)[3]。
病理診斷肉瘤樣癌診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)采用WHO肺腫瘤2004分類法:含有肉瘤成分或肉瘤樣分化(梭形細(xì)胞和/或巨細(xì)胞)的低分化非小細(xì)胞肺癌,且巨細(xì)胞或梭形細(xì)胞至少有10%,包括多形性癌(pleomorphic carcinoma,PC)、梭形細(xì)胞癌(spindle cell carcinoma,SCC)、巨細(xì)胞癌(giant cell carcinoma,GCC)、癌肉瘤(carcinosarcoma,CS)及肺母細(xì)胞瘤(pulmonary blastoma,PB)等5個亞型[2,4- 5]。免疫組織化學(xué)檢測指標(biāo)包括:波形蛋白(Vimentin)、細(xì)胞角質(zhì)蛋白(cytokeratin,CK)、上皮細(xì)胞膜抗原(epithelial membrane antigen,EMA)、抗細(xì)胞角蛋白單克隆抗體(anti-pan cytokeratin antibody,AE1/AE3)、甲狀腺轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-1(thyroid transcription factor-1,TTF- 1)等。
結(jié)果
CT表現(xiàn)20例PSC患者中,18例為肺內(nèi)單發(fā)病變,2例為肺內(nèi)多發(fā)病變,共22個腫塊。位于肺周的腫塊約占77%(17/22);腫塊平均直徑(5.7±5.4)cm(3~10 cm),其中11個腫塊>5 cm;約59%(13/22)的腫塊邊緣不規(guī)則或邊界不清;55%(12/22)的腫塊平掃密度不均,內(nèi)見低密度區(qū)或空洞(圖1);部分腫塊周圍可見暈征(1/22)或少量小斑片(3/22);增強(qiáng)掃描示88%(15/17)的腫塊呈不均勻輕度強(qiáng)化,表現(xiàn)為斑片狀和/或環(huán)形強(qiáng)化(圖2、3);約73%(16/22)的腫塊CT示鄰近胸膜不同程度受累,表現(xiàn)為胸膜黏連、增厚或胸膜凹陷等;5個腫塊累及支氣管致阻塞性肺不張,1個腫塊致阻塞性肺炎;30%(6/20)的患者見單側(cè)或雙側(cè)肺門和/或縱隔淋巴結(jié)腫大;1例病變累及心臟及肺靜脈(圖2),2例見肺內(nèi)或遠(yuǎn)隔轉(zhuǎn)移(表1)。
CT診斷與術(shù)前、術(shù)后分期20例患者術(shù)前CT均診斷為肺惡性腫瘤,17例行術(shù)前、術(shù)后TNM分期,術(shù)前TNM分期為ⅠB期(T2aN0M0)、ⅡA期(T2bN0M0)、ⅡB期(T3N0M0)、ⅢA期(T3N2M0)、ⅢB期(T4N2M0)的例數(shù)分別為7、2、5、1、2,術(shù)后分別為5、3、6、2、1;3例未行手術(shù)治療,CT分期為Ⅳ期(2例為T3N2M1,1例為T4N0M1)。
病理診斷17例患者行手術(shù)切除,3例患者穿刺活檢。15例手術(shù)標(biāo)本和3例穿刺標(biāo)本行免疫組織化學(xué)檢查。20例PSC患者中多形性癌16例(圖2E,2F),梭形細(xì)胞癌4例(圖3E);13例AE1/AE3陽性,15例Vimentin陽性,8例CK陽性,1例EMA陽性,8例TTF- 1陽性。
表 1 肺肉瘤樣癌患者的肺CT表現(xiàn)
a:腫塊與胸膜接觸面>3 cm/腫塊與胸膜之間接觸面長度與腫塊直徑的比值≥0.5
a:the interface length between mass and pleural>3 cm/the ratio of interface length and mass diameter≥0.5
圖1平掃CT(A)示右肺尖不規(guī)則腫塊,伴分葉及毛刺、內(nèi)部空洞,增強(qiáng)掃描(B)呈不均勻斑片狀強(qiáng)化
Fig1Axial plain CT(A) showed an irregular lobulated mass with spinous protuberance and inner cavity in right upper lobe,and contrast-enhanced CT scanning(B) showed inhomogeneous patchy enhancement
A. 增強(qiáng)胸部CT示腫塊呈輕度環(huán)形強(qiáng)化并斑片狀強(qiáng)化,左上葉肺不張;B. 增強(qiáng)胸部CT示左上肺靜脈及左心房內(nèi)低密度腫塊,強(qiáng)化形式與左上肺腫塊近似;C. 平掃胸部CT肺窗示左上肺邊界清晰的巨大腫塊;D. 平掃胸部CT縱膈窗示腫塊密度不均、內(nèi)見低密度區(qū),左側(cè)胸腔積液;E.病理HE染色示腫瘤性壞死,可見原有組織輪廓 (×40);F. 病理HE染色示腫瘤細(xì)胞多形性顯著,中等量胞漿,嗜酸性,染色質(zhì)深染,部分細(xì)胞可見核仁(×400)
A.transverse contrast-enhanced CT scan showed ring enhancement and patchy enhancement of the mass,accompanied with left upper lobe atelectasis;B.contrast-enhanced CT scan obtained at middle lung field showed a low-density lesion in the left superior pulmonary vein and left atrium,of which the enhancement was similar to the mass;C.plain CT scan at lung window showed a well-defined huge mass in left upper lobe;D.plain CT scan at mediastinal window showed inner low-attenuation area of the mass and pleural effusions on the left side;E.HE staining showed necrosis of the tumor with original contour remained(×40);F.HE staining showed remarkably pleomorphic,moderate amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm,stained nuclear chromatins,and some nucleoli in tumor cells (×400)
圖256歲男性患者,病理診斷為多形性癌
Fig2Pleomorphic carcinoma in a 56-year-old man
CT評價與手術(shù)病理17例手術(shù)患者中,CT評價與手術(shù)病理診斷完全符合的有9例,存在誤差的有8例,差異集中在評價胸膜侵犯和肺門、縱隔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移上,其中,CT提示胸膜受累、但病理證實(shí)胸膜未被累及者2例(胸膜凹陷和胸膜寬基底增厚各1例);CT未見胸膜黏連或增厚,術(shù)后病理證實(shí)胸膜受累者2例;CT提示肺門和/或縱膈淋巴結(jié)腫大者6例,病理證實(shí)有轉(zhuǎn)移者僅3例;3例示淋巴結(jié)腫大但病理證實(shí)淋巴結(jié)未受累(圖3);CT未見淋巴結(jié)腫大,但病理提示支氣管周淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者3例。
A. 平掃胸部CT肺窗示右下肺邊界清晰的巨大腫塊;B. 平掃胸部CT縱膈窗示腫塊密度不均、內(nèi)見略低密度區(qū),與鄰近胸膜廣基底黏連;C. 增強(qiáng)胸部CT示隆突下腫大淋巴結(jié)強(qiáng)化不均;D. 增強(qiáng)胸部CT示腫塊呈輕度環(huán)形強(qiáng)化并斑片狀強(qiáng)化,右下肺前基底段肺不張;E. 病理HE染色示腫瘤細(xì)胞呈梭形,束狀排列,間質(zhì)疏松,周邊可見壞死,細(xì)胞核染色質(zhì)深染,核仁不明顯(×200)
A.transverse plain CT scan showed a well-defined huge mass in right lower lobe;B.plain CT scan at mediastinal window showed low-attenuation area in the mass and adjacent pleural thickening with wide basement;C.contrast-enhanced CT scan showed inhomogeneous enhancement of subcarinal enlarged lymph node;D.contrast-enhanced CT scan showed irregular ring,patchy enhancement of the mass,and atelectasis was observed in the anterior basal segment of right lower lobe;E.HE staining showed that the tumor cells were composed of spindle cells arranged in bundle,accompanied with looser stroma and peripheral necrosis,markedly stained nucleus chromatins,and inconspicuous nucleoli were observed (×200)
圖359歲女性患者,病理診斷為梭形細(xì)胞癌
Fig3Spindle cell carcinoma in a 59-year-old woman
討論
1992年Ro等[6]提出了肉瘤樣癌的命名,2004年WHO肺腫瘤分類將PSC納入肺癌的8個主要類型中[4]。PSC分為5個亞型,其中,PC是分化差、含有梭形細(xì)胞和/或巨細(xì)胞或只由梭形或巨細(xì)胞成分組成的非小細(xì)胞癌;SCC是只由梭形細(xì)胞組成的非小細(xì)胞癌。影像學(xué)對于鑒別不同PSC亞型無特異性,病理組織學(xué)形態(tài)及免疫組織化學(xué)檢查有助于區(qū)分PSC亞型[6- 7]。
PSC臨床上多見于有重度吸煙史的60歲以上男性(肺母細(xì)胞瘤除外),臨床表現(xiàn)以咳嗽、咳痰、咯血為主,病變侵及胸膜、胸壁,可引起胸痛[5]。本組12例患者為60歲以上男性(60%),13例患者吸煙≥20年包(65%),20例患者的臨床特點(diǎn)與文獻(xiàn)報道基本一致。
PSC侵襲性強(qiáng),惡性度高,其CT表現(xiàn)有一定特點(diǎn)[7- 8]。PSC病灶往往較大,本組所有病灶均>3.0 cm,50%的腫塊>5 cm。本組周圍型肺腫塊約占77%,與文獻(xiàn)報道70%~90%周圍型PSC相一致[9- 10],本組右肺病變(59%)多于左肺,上下肺分布無差異。本組病例中約55%的腫塊平掃CT可見空洞/低密度區(qū)(壞死),約88%的腫塊CT增強(qiáng)后呈環(huán)狀強(qiáng)化和/或斑片狀強(qiáng)化,約70%的腫塊平掃密度均勻、增強(qiáng)后呈不規(guī)則環(huán)狀強(qiáng)化或斑片狀強(qiáng)化,增強(qiáng)CT中的低強(qiáng)化區(qū),對應(yīng)病理中腫塊黏液變性、出血、壞死。文獻(xiàn)報道直徑<5 cm的PSC病灶較少壞死、強(qiáng)化均勻,直徑>5 cm的病灶常出現(xiàn)壞死、呈周邊強(qiáng)化[10- 11],本組病例術(shù)前CT診斷>5 cm的腫塊均有壞死,80%的3~5 cm腫塊有壞死,與文獻(xiàn)報道有一定差異,本組病例數(shù)相對多,一定程度上體現(xiàn)了PSC較強(qiáng)侵襲性的生物學(xué)特性。本組CT示16個腫塊鄰近胸膜黏連/增厚,其中13個腫塊手術(shù)切除,所有手術(shù)切除腫塊中病理證實(shí)胸膜受累占68%(13/19),CT判斷胸膜有無受累的準(zhǔn)確率為79%,反映了CT判斷病變是否累及胸膜存在一定的局限性。本組病例腫塊累及胸膜約占73%,高于文獻(xiàn)報道的50%[5,10]。本組PSC出現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移僅占1/3,且轉(zhuǎn)移局限于同側(cè)肺門/縱隔淋巴結(jié);1例肺門/縱隔腫大淋巴結(jié)病理診斷為慢性炎癥,3例病理有支氣管周淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,但CT未見腫大淋巴結(jié),CT與病理診斷淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移不一致,與文獻(xiàn)報道相符[10]。本組有1例CT顯示左上肺巨大腫塊伴左上肺靜脈內(nèi)瘤栓、左心房內(nèi)腫塊,Aya等[12]也報道過1例,體現(xiàn)了PSC強(qiáng)侵襲性。PSC可遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移至骨、腦、肺、肝臟或腎上腺[13- 14],本組中有1例腦內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移伴骨轉(zhuǎn)移,1例肺內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移。
PSC的T分期和M分期是影響腫瘤預(yù)后的獨(dú)立因素[11],因此術(shù)前CT準(zhǔn)確分期有重要臨床意義。本組17例手術(shù)患者中,13例CT術(shù)前TNM分期準(zhǔn)確;4例術(shù)前分期錯誤,2例CT術(shù)前分期ⅠB(T2aN0M0),術(shù)后為ⅡA(T2aN1M0);1例CT術(shù)前分期為ⅡA(T2bN0M0),術(shù)后為ⅡB(T2bN1M0);1例CT術(shù)前分期為ⅢB(T4N2M0),術(shù)后為ⅢA(T4N0M0),主要是CT判斷淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(N)分期不準(zhǔn)確所致,而CT對原發(fā)腫瘤(T)分期、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移(M)分期與手術(shù)病理一致。
綜上,臨床上60歲以上的吸煙男性,CT發(fā)現(xiàn)肺外周較大腫塊,伴壞死或空洞、增強(qiáng)呈不均勻環(huán)狀或斑片狀強(qiáng)化,有胸膜受累,無論有無縱膈或肺門淋巴結(jié)腫大,應(yīng)考慮本病的可能。PSC影像學(xué)無特異性,需依靠病理,必要時結(jié)合免疫組織化學(xué)檢查以便確診PSC。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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Computed Tomographic and Pathological Features of Primary Pulmonary Sarcomatoid Carcinoma
XU Xiao-li1,SONG Wei1,SUI Xin1,SONG Lan1,WANG Xiao1,F(xiàn)ENG Rui-e2,LI Yuan21Department of Radiology,2Deparment of Pathology,PUMC Hospital,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100730,China Corresponding author:SONG WeiTel:010- 69159610,E-mail:cjr.songwei@vip.163.com
ABSTRACT:ObjectiveTo investigate the computed tomographic (CT) and pathological features of primary pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC). MethodsThe clinical data and CT images of 20 patients with pathologically confirmed PSC were retrospectively analyzed. ResultsSolitary pulmonary mass was identified in 18 patients and multiple pulmonary masses in 2 patients,amounting to 22 masses. There were 17 peripheral masses and 5 central masses,including 11 masses larger than 5 cm. The smooth margin was identified in 9 masses,deep lobulation and/or spinous protuberance in 11 masses,and ill-defined margin in 2 masses. Pleural indentation was identified in 2 masses and pleural thickening with wide basement was identified in 14 masses. On plain CT,cavity was observed in 5 masses,hypo-density in 7 masses,and homogeneous density in 10 masses. On contrast-enhanced CT scanning,irregular ring/patchy enhancement were shown in 15 masses and slightly homogenous enhancement in 2 masses. Of all patients,6 patients had unilateral or bilateral hilar and/or mediastinal lymphadenopathy. There were 16 pleomorphic carcinomas and 4 spindle cell carcinomas. Immunohistochemically,anti-pan cytokeratin antibody was positive in 13 patients,cytokeratin was positive in 8 patients,Vimentin was positive in 15 patients,epithelial membrane antigen was positive in 1 patient,and thyroid transcription factor- 1 was positive in 8 patients. ConclusionPSC has some specific CT features;however,the final confirmation of PSC still depends on pathological and immunohistochemical examinations.
Key words:pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma;x-ray computed tomography;pathology
(收稿日期:2015- 04- 20)
DOI:10.3881/j.issn.1000- 503X.2016.01.017
中圖分類號:R814.42
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號:1000- 503X(2016)01- 0093- 06
通信作者:宋偉電話:010- 69159610,電子郵件:cjr.songwei@vip.163.com