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S100A8、S100A9在卵巢癌中的研究進展

2016-03-09 21:36:04伍財亮楊永秀
國際婦產(chǎn)科學雜志 2016年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:二聚體卵巢癌活化

伍財亮,楊永秀

·綜述·

S100A8、S100A9在卵巢癌中的研究進展

伍財亮,楊永秀△

由位于表皮分化簇基因編碼的S100蛋白屬小分子鈣結(jié)合蛋白,是正常表皮分化所必需的,表達具有種屬特異性,只在脊椎動物中表達。S100A8、S100A9為S100蛋白家族成員,兩者在體內(nèi)可形成二聚體或異二聚體發(fā)揮作用,參與多種細胞功能調(diào)節(jié)。S100A8和S100A9可誘導白細胞介素1β(IL-1β)、腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)、IL-17、IL-6等多種炎癥因子的表達,與炎癥的發(fā)生、發(fā)展密切相關(guān)。另外,S100A8和S100A9可通過Wnt信號通路、晚期糖基化終產(chǎn)物受體(RAGE)和Akt1/Smad5-ID3-p21信號通路,影響細胞的增殖、凋亡和侵襲遷移能力,在腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中發(fā)揮重要作用,并通過活化細胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白1/2(ERK1/2)和p70核糖體蛋白S6激酶(p70S6K),在腫瘤耐藥中也發(fā)揮著不容忽視的作用。對S100A8、S100A9及其在卵巢癌中的研究進展進行綜述。

鈣粒蛋白A;鈣粒蛋白B;鈣結(jié)合蛋白質(zhì)類;卵巢腫瘤

S100蛋白最早由Moore[1]在腦組織中發(fā)現(xiàn),由于可溶于100%的硫酸銨溶液,故命名為“S100蛋白”。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)該蛋白為脊椎動物特異表達,并表現(xiàn)出細胞特異的表達模式。S100蛋白在髓系細胞中大量表達,是一種含有保守EF手型結(jié)構(gòu)的鈣離子結(jié)合蛋白,目前已知蛋白種類超過20多種,分別表達于不同組織、細胞中[2]。S100蛋白作為細胞內(nèi)調(diào)節(jié)因子通過與酶、細胞骨架亞基、轉(zhuǎn)錄因子和核酸等相互作用,調(diào)節(jié)自身生物學功能,如參與調(diào)節(jié)蛋白磷酸化、細胞增殖、分化以及鈣離子穩(wěn)態(tài)等,也可通過自分泌或旁分泌作為細胞外信號蛋白與靶細胞表面G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體、晚期糖基化終產(chǎn)物受體(RAGE)等受體相互作用,參與調(diào)節(jié)炎癥反應(yīng)、細胞增殖和凋亡等。

S100A8和S100A9是S100蛋白家族中的兩個重要成員,由1號染色體編碼[3],兩者在體內(nèi)可通過形成同源二聚體或異二聚體發(fā)揮作用[4]。早期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)S100A8、S100A9只表達于髓源性細胞,如中性粒細胞及活化的巨噬細胞[5],并且與炎癥發(fā)生密切相關(guān),在皮膚慢性炎癥扁平苔癬的表皮及真皮組織中的表達高于正常皮膚組織[6]。此外,由骨髓來源的抑制性細胞分泌的S100A8、S100A9,可作為趨化因子促進炎癥發(fā)展[7]。外源性S100A8和S100A9蛋白也可通過誘導炎性因子[白細胞介素1β(IL-1β)、腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)、IL-17、IL-6等]表達[6,8],在炎癥反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮重要作用。

1 S100A8、S100A9蛋白與腫瘤

S100A8和S100A9不僅在炎癥反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮作用,越來越多的研究表明,兩者在腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中也起著關(guān)鍵作用。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在結(jié)直腸癌、甲狀腺癌和口腔癌患者中,癌組織內(nèi)S100A8和(或)S100A9的轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯水平均高于正常組織[9-11],并且與腫瘤分化相關(guān),表現(xiàn)為腫瘤分化程度越低,腫瘤組織中的表達含量越高[9,12]。另外,體外研究發(fā)現(xiàn),S100蛋白對腫瘤有促進作用[12-13],其促進作用與S100蛋白濃度有關(guān),濃度為10 μg/mL、20 μg/mL時可促進結(jié)直腸癌細胞、肝癌細胞的增殖,但當濃度增加至40 μg/mL、80 μg/mL及120 μg/mL時,其促進效應(yīng)消失。同時也有學者通過生物工程,使S100A9在口腔癌細胞中過表達,研究內(nèi)源性S100蛋白對腫瘤細胞的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)與對照組比較,S100A9過度表達細胞的增殖、侵襲與遷移能力均增強[10]。另外有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)S100蛋白還可保護腫瘤細胞免于凋亡[14]。探討S100蛋白調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤增殖所涉及的分子機制發(fā)現(xiàn),S100A8可通過Akt1和Smad5(sekelsky mothers against dpp5)活化分化抑制蛋白3(ID3),從而抑制p21的表達,進而干擾細胞周期,并促進細胞增殖[11];而在腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移方面,S100A8可通過誘導經(jīng)典Wnt通路的活化[15],影響其下游的血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)及基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)的表達[16];有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在結(jié)腸腫瘤細胞中,S100A8/S100A9異二聚體可通過與靶細胞表面RAGE相互作用,活化絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)和核因子κB(NF-κB)信號通路,增強下游基因(如Cxcl1、Ccl5、Ccl7、Slc39a10、Lcn2、Zc3h12a和Enpp2等)的表達,而這些基因的表達與白細胞募集、血管生成、腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移等有關(guān)[17]。由此可見,在腫瘤發(fā)展過程中,S100蛋白作為上游分子,通過調(diào)節(jié)下游基因的表達,促進腫瘤生長、轉(zhuǎn)移。但最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),S100A9可通過促進細胞甲基化[18],抑制細胞增殖,并促進凋亡效應(yīng),起到抑癌作用。綜上,無論是促進或是抑制腫瘤發(fā)展,都為S100A8和S100A9作為腫瘤新的治療靶點提供了理論基礎(chǔ)。

2 S100A8、S100A9蛋白與腫瘤耐藥

化療是腫瘤手術(shù)前后的主要治療手段之一,然而腫瘤耐藥仍是亟待解決的問題。在腫瘤細胞水平,有多種不同通路導致耐藥,如影響藥物的吸收和加快藥物在細胞內(nèi)代謝等。S100蛋白在腫瘤耐藥中發(fā)揮著重要作用。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),S100P亞類蛋白的低量表達可增加卵巢癌細胞系對紫杉醇的耐藥性[19];S100A4蛋白的過表達可增加癌細胞系對甲氨蝶呤的耐藥性[20]。S100A8和S100A9也與細胞耐藥息息相關(guān),有學者發(fā)現(xiàn),在乳腺癌中癌細胞表達的CXC趨化因子配體1/2(CXCL1/2)可誘導CD11b+Gr1+細胞聚集,導致腫瘤組織局部微環(huán)境中S100A8和S100A9含量增加,而S100A8和S100A9可活化細胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白1/2(ERK1/2)和p70核糖體蛋白S6激酶(p70S6K),繼而使腫瘤細胞對化療藥物耐受[21]。另外,有學者指出,細胞自噬可維持腫瘤組織中干細胞的數(shù)量,并且維持其干性,保護腫瘤細胞免于凋亡以及對化療藥物產(chǎn)生抵抗[22]。越來越多的研究指出S100蛋白與細胞自噬關(guān)系密切,如Ghavami等[23]和Wang等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn)S100A8和S100A9可通過氧自由基將溶酶體與線粒體在功能上串連起來,從而誘導細胞自噬;抑制S100A8的表達,可減少細胞自噬的發(fā)生[24],并可增加白血病細胞對化療藥物的敏感性[25]。

3 S100A8、S100A9蛋白與卵巢癌

卵巢癌的發(fā)病率在婦科腫瘤中排第3位,然而病死率無論是在發(fā)展中國家還是發(fā)達國家都居高不下。我國2015年癌癥數(shù)據(jù)分析提示,我國卵巢癌新發(fā)病例達5.21萬,死亡病例達2.25萬[26]。對比美國癌癥數(shù)據(jù),預(yù)測2016年美國卵巢癌新發(fā)病例達2.2萬余例,死亡病例達1.4萬余例[27]。這與缺乏早期篩查手段及有效治療措施密切相關(guān)。卵巢癌的生存率與腫瘤分期有關(guān),分期越高,生存率越低[28]。因此,卵巢癌早期診斷尤為重要。

腫瘤的發(fā)生受多方面因素的影響,炎癥在腫瘤中的作用日益受到關(guān)注。有研究指出,長期未控制的炎癥可導致免疫反應(yīng)紊亂,從而使體內(nèi)細胞微環(huán)境改變,這可促進癌基因活化以及對細胞周期蛋白、DNA修復蛋白和凋亡蛋白的轉(zhuǎn)錄后修飾[29]。目前已知潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎、乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎和女性生殖道高危型人乳頭瘤病毒(HPV)感染都與相應(yīng)的腫瘤發(fā)生相關(guān)。而在卵巢癌中,如子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥等一些炎性疾病,可增加其發(fā)生風險[30]。如前所述,S100A8、S100A9蛋白在炎癥與腫瘤的發(fā)生過程中發(fā)揮著重要作用。已有不少學者對S100蛋白在卵巢癌中的作用展開研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)S100A4蛋白的上調(diào)可增加在體與離體卵巢癌細胞的侵襲性[31],而這種上調(diào)與卵巢癌細胞系S100A4基因第1個內(nèi)含子中的CpG位點的低甲基化和低氧刺激有關(guān);此外,干擾卵巢癌細胞S100A11的表達,除了抑制癌細胞的侵襲性外,還抑制腫瘤細胞增殖和錨定非依賴生長[32]。然而對S100A8、S100A9在卵巢癌中所起的作用研究有限,如在對禽類自發(fā)性卵巢癌組織、血清進行蛋白質(zhì)組學研究時發(fā)現(xiàn),在早、晚期卵巢癌中有超過300個蛋白的表達量較正常組織高2倍以上,其中包括在人體中也表達的S100A6、S100A9、S100A11等[33]。此外,在卵巢癌患者的血清、卵巢囊泡液以及腹水中也均能檢測到S100A8、S100A9蛋白表達[34-36],且Ⅱ期患者表達量較正常升高2~12倍,而Ⅰ、Ⅲ期患者表達量與正常無差異[34]。鑒于此,有學者將卵巢囊泡液內(nèi)S100A8、S100A9表達量用于鑒別交界性卵巢腫瘤、卵巢癌與良性卵巢腫瘤,發(fā)現(xiàn)其敏感度分別為28.6%、63.3%,特異度分別為95%、74.8%[35]。由此可見,卵巢腫瘤患者體內(nèi)S100蛋白表達增加,并與腫瘤分期有關(guān),但目前尚無研究證明S100A8和(或)S100A9蛋白對卵巢癌的直接作用。只在有限的基礎(chǔ)實驗中發(fā)現(xiàn),卵巢癌細胞系(SNU-840)并不表達S100A9,且不能將外源性的S100A9蛋白內(nèi)化,在給予外源性S100A9治療時,對該卵巢癌細胞增殖并無明顯的促進與抑制作用[18]。

4 結(jié)語與展望

卵巢癌的早期診斷可明顯改善預(yù)后,然而目前缺乏有效的卵巢癌篩查方法。如前所述,在使用S100A8和S100A9鑒別卵巢良惡性腫瘤時,其精確性尚可,雖缺乏大樣本研究支持,但仍可作為潛在有效的早期篩查手段之一。此外,雖然不斷有新的研究證明S100A8、S100A9蛋白在腫瘤發(fā)生中發(fā)揮作用,但在卵巢癌領(lǐng)域尚未涉及,將來可通過研究外源性不同濃度梯度及內(nèi)源性不同表達水平的S100A8、S100A9蛋白對卵巢癌細胞的生物學特性的影響,探索S100A8、S100A9蛋白作為卵巢癌治療的新靶點的可能。

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Research Progress of S100A8 and S100A9 Proteins in Ovarian Neoplasms

WU Cai-liang,YANG Yong-xiu.The First Medicine School of Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China(WU Cai-liang);Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,The First Hospital of Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China(YANG Yong-xiu)

YANG Yong-xiu,E-mail:yongxiuyang@163.com

S100 proteins are small calcium binding proteins,which encoded by genes located in the epidermal differentiation complex,and they are expressed exclusively in vertebrates and are indispensable for normal epidermal differentiation.S100A8 and S100A9 proteins belong to S100 proteins family,which act as homodimers and heterodimers in regulating many cellular functions.S100A8 and S100A9 were associated with inflammatory by inducing the expression of cytokines,such as IL-1β,TNF-α,IL-17,IL-6.Meanwhile,many researchers discovered both of them are connected with development of tumors by acting with Wnt signaling pathway,RAGE and Akt1/Smad5-ID 3-p21 signaling to impact on proliferation,apoptosis and invasiveness.Besides,S100A8 and S100A9 act as regulator of tumor drug resistance by activating ERK1/2 and p70S6K.Herein,we review the progress of S100A8 and S100A9 proteins in ovarian neoplasms.

Calgranulin A;Calgranulin B;Calcium-binding proteins;Ovarian neoplasms(J Int Obstet Gynecol,2016,43:669-672)

2016-05-17)

[本文編輯王昕]

730000蘭州大學第一臨床醫(yī)學院(伍財亮);蘭州大學第一醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科(楊永秀)

楊永秀,E-mail:yongxiuyang@163.com

△審校者

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