陳 奇, 吳 巍, 徐小峰△, 湯 匯, 曹學(xué)書
1江蘇大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院骨科,鎮(zhèn)江 2120012華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬同濟(jì)醫(yī)院骨科,武漢 4300303江蘇省鎮(zhèn)江市黎明社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心檢驗(yàn)科,鎮(zhèn)江 212031
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Toll樣受體-4在不同人群膝關(guān)節(jié)液中的表達(dá)及其與骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎病情的關(guān)系*
陳奇1,吳巍2,徐小峰1△,湯匯3,曹學(xué)書1
1江蘇大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院骨科,鎮(zhèn)江2120012華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬同濟(jì)醫(yī)院骨科,武漢4300303江蘇省鎮(zhèn)江市黎明社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心檢驗(yàn)科,鎮(zhèn)江212031
摘要:目的探索Toll樣受體-4(Toll-like receptor-4,TLR-4)在不同人群膝關(guān)節(jié)液中的表達(dá)及其與骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎(osteoarthritis,OA)病情嚴(yán)重程度之間的關(guān)系。方法招募符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的受試者,分別納入正常組、創(chuàng)傷組、輕度OA組、重度OA組,另設(shè)陰性對(duì)照組和陽(yáng)性對(duì)照組,抽取各組受試者關(guān)節(jié)液,以ELISA法檢測(cè)TLR-4,酶標(biāo)儀讀取A值,以t檢驗(yàn)比較各組間A值的差異。結(jié)果正常組TLR-4水平和陰性對(duì)照組相當(dāng)(t=1.284,P=0.210),創(chuàng)傷組TLR-4表達(dá)較正常組明顯增高(t=74.019,P=0.000),位于5~10 ng/mL之間。無論是輕度OA還是重度OA,TLR-4水平均高于正常組(輕度vs.正常:t=169.173,P=0.000;重度vs.正常:t=927.885,P=0.000),但兩組間比較,重度OA組TLR-4水平高于輕度OA組(t=178.186,P=0.000),前者位于5~10 ng/mL之間,后者小于5 ng/mL。結(jié)論TLR-4在正常人群膝關(guān)節(jié)液中無明顯表達(dá),在創(chuàng)傷性急性應(yīng)激患者膝關(guān)節(jié)液中表達(dá)明顯增高。在OA患者膝關(guān)節(jié)液的TLR-4表達(dá)高于正常人群,且與OA病情嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)。
關(guān)鍵詞:Toll樣受體-4;關(guān)節(jié)積液;創(chuàng)傷應(yīng)激;骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎
Toll樣受體(Toll-like receptor,TLR)是細(xì)胞表面一種重要的模式調(diào)節(jié)受體(pattern recognition receptors,PRRs),其結(jié)構(gòu)上屬于Ⅰ型跨膜糖蛋白,分為胞外域、跨膜域和胞內(nèi)域,胞外域主要行使識(shí)別配體并與之結(jié)合形成配體-受體復(fù)合物的功能。胞內(nèi)域與白細(xì)胞介素1受體(interleukin-1 receptor,IL-1R)家族成員胞漿區(qū)高度同源,稱為Toll-IL-1受體結(jié)構(gòu)域(Toll-IL-1 receptor domain,TIR),藉此來募集下游含有TIR的信號(hào)分子,組成信號(hào)復(fù)合體,傳遞信息,調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體功能。TLR發(fā)現(xiàn)最早、最重要的功能是對(duì)免疫反應(yīng)的調(diào)控,包括啟動(dòng)初始免疫以及通過不同的亞型介導(dǎo)不同的炎性環(huán)境[1],因而與許多炎性疾病的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)。膝關(guān)節(jié)是全身最復(fù)雜、最重要的負(fù)重關(guān)節(jié),在壓力負(fù)荷、創(chuàng)傷、代謝異常等因素的作用下,微環(huán)境發(fā)生著動(dòng)態(tài)改變,了解TLR在膝關(guān)節(jié)液中的表達(dá),能夠幫助我們更加深入地理解膝關(guān)節(jié)病變的病理過程,指導(dǎo)臨床診治。本實(shí)驗(yàn)擬研究經(jīng)典的TLR亞型——TLR-4在正常膝關(guān)節(jié)液、創(chuàng)傷性膝關(guān)節(jié)積液/積血、以骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎(osteoarthritis,OA)為代表的慢性退變性疾病膝關(guān)節(jié)積液中的表達(dá),以探索其中的規(guī)律。
1材料與方法
1.1實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象及分組
按如下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)選擇招募對(duì)象,所有研究對(duì)象按江蘇大學(xué)臨床倫理學(xué)規(guī)范要求履行告知義務(wù)并簽署同意書。①正常組:選擇正常人群,無膝關(guān)節(jié)外傷、感染性疾病、非感染性炎癥(包括OA、類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎等)。②創(chuàng)傷組:選擇新鮮閉合的膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍骨折患者,既往無膝關(guān)節(jié)病變病史。③OA組:選擇臨床診斷為OA的患者,既往無膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍骨折病史、無膝關(guān)節(jié)感染病史、無類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎等其他非感染性炎癥病史。根據(jù)OA病情程度分為輕度和重度兩個(gè)亞組,①輕度OA組:受累關(guān)節(jié)疼痛,口服止痛藥能緩解,不影響行走,X線片顯示骨贅形成,關(guān)節(jié)間隙無明顯改變;②重度OA組:受累關(guān)節(jié)嚴(yán)重疼痛,口服止痛藥無法緩解,影響行走,患者活動(dòng)減少,X線片顯示關(guān)節(jié)間隙狹窄,甚至內(nèi)、外翻畸形。上述每組/亞組各招募受試者15人,排除凝血功能障礙、軟骨代謝性疾病、局部腫瘤的患者,排除精神疾患及認(rèn)知功能障礙的患者。
由于年齡與OA的發(fā)病具有相關(guān)性,因此,將年齡作為可能的混雜因素,對(duì)各組研究對(duì)象的年齡進(jìn)行配比控制。各組研究對(duì)象平均年齡無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(F=0.001,P=0.999)。
1.2實(shí)驗(yàn)材料
人TLR-4檢測(cè)ELISA試劑盒(Elabscience,中國(guó));4°C低溫冰箱(科隆公司,中國(guó));恒溫水浴箱(蘇州凱爾特,中國(guó));高速離心機(jī)(Heal Force,中國(guó));酶標(biāo)儀(Biotech,英國(guó))。
1.3研究方法
以注射器抽取研究對(duì)象膝關(guān)節(jié)的關(guān)節(jié)液/積血2 mL作為樣本,以樣本稀釋液稀釋1倍后加入ELISA試劑盒的酶標(biāo)板中,分別為正常組、創(chuàng)傷組、輕度OA組、重度OA組,此外設(shè)陰性對(duì)照(檢測(cè)PBS)和陽(yáng)性對(duì)照(檢測(cè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣),每個(gè)樣品孔加樣100 μL。覆膜,37℃孵育90 min。棄液體,甩干,每孔加入生物素化抗體100 μL,覆膜,37℃孵育60 min。棄液體,甩干,每孔加入洗板液350 μL洗板3次,每次1 min,拍干。每孔加入稀釋的辣根過氧化物酶結(jié)合物100 μL,覆膜,37℃孵育30 min。棄液體,甩干,每孔加入洗板液350 μL洗板5次,每次1 min。每孔加入底物顯色液90 μL,避光37℃孵育15 min,待顯色后即可加入終止液,每孔50 μL。將酶標(biāo)儀波長(zhǎng)調(diào)到450 nm放入酶標(biāo)板測(cè)吸光度(A)值。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
2結(jié)果
2.1正常組和創(chuàng)傷組膝關(guān)節(jié)液/積血TLR-4水平
正常組研究對(duì)象膝關(guān)節(jié)液中TLR-4的A值平均水平為(0.053±0.001),與陰性對(duì)照組(0.051±0.001)比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=1.284,P=0.210),可以認(rèn)為正常人群膝關(guān)節(jié)液中無明顯TLR-4表達(dá)。正常人群膝關(guān)節(jié)中存在的少量關(guān)節(jié)液主要與營(yíng)養(yǎng)和潤(rùn)滑作用有關(guān),而無明顯炎性反應(yīng)。
與正常組研究對(duì)象相比,創(chuàng)傷組患者膝關(guān)節(jié)積血中TLR-4的A值明顯增高(1.064±0.003),差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=74.019,P=0.000),以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣為對(duì)照,TLR-4水平位于5~10 ng/mL之間。新鮮關(guān)節(jié)周圍骨折因應(yīng)激會(huì)產(chǎn)生急性炎性反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致TLR-4增高。
2.2OA患者關(guān)節(jié)液TLR-4水平
在OA組,無論是輕度還是重度,關(guān)節(jié)液中TLR-4的A值均高于正常組[A輕度=(0.486±0.010),A重度=(0.972±0.040)],差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(輕度t=169.173,P=0.000;重度t=927.885,P=0.000),說明OA的發(fā)生與炎性反應(yīng)有一定關(guān)聯(lián)。其中重度組TLR-4的A值高于輕度OA組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=178.186,P=0.000),以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣為對(duì)照,輕度OA組關(guān)節(jié)液TLR-4水平小于5 ng/mL,重度OA組關(guān)節(jié)液TLR-4水平位于5~10 ng/mL之間。結(jié)果表明,隨著OA病情的加重,關(guān)節(jié)液中TLR-4水平升高。
3討論
TLR是炎癥反應(yīng)的重要調(diào)節(jié)受體,能夠介導(dǎo)許多炎性相關(guān)性疾病的發(fā)生[2],在病變組織中表達(dá)增高[3-4],因此,能夠在一定程度上反映炎性相關(guān)性疾病的發(fā)展程度。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),正常人群膝關(guān)節(jié)液中TLR-4無顯著表達(dá),而在創(chuàng)傷引起的急性炎性反應(yīng)中,TLR-4表達(dá)卻顯著增高,不僅高于正常人群,也高于OA各組。這與TLR-4主要促進(jìn)白介素(Interleukin,IL)-1、6,腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)等急性炎癥因子的分泌從而介導(dǎo)急性炎性環(huán)境的功能相符合[1]。
在OA人群中,關(guān)節(jié)積液的TLR-4表達(dá)較正常人群也有顯著增高,且隨著病情的加重而逐漸增加。這說明,炎性反應(yīng)是OA的發(fā)病機(jī)制之一[5-6]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在OA的早期就可以觀察滑膜的炎性改變[4],包括單核細(xì)胞聚集和炎性因子分泌。壓力負(fù)荷也與炎癥機(jī)制相關(guān),靜態(tài)壓力增高可導(dǎo)致蛋白聚糖的消耗、膠原網(wǎng)絡(luò)的破壞,刺激IL-1、TNF-α等炎性介質(zhì)分泌[7-8],導(dǎo)致病變滑膜以及關(guān)節(jié)液中炎性介質(zhì)增多[9-10],進(jìn)而通過NF-κB信號(hào)通路介導(dǎo)軟骨細(xì)胞的降解和凋亡[11]。
TLR-4通過對(duì)炎性反應(yīng)的調(diào)節(jié)參與了OA的發(fā)病機(jī)制,不僅在軟骨損傷處表達(dá)明顯增高[3],而且介導(dǎo)滑膜炎的發(fā)生[12]。一方面,TLR-4能夠通過抑制Wnt/β-catenin通路抑制成骨細(xì)胞礦化[13-14],引起軟骨下骨的病理改變[15]。另一方面,炎性因子和DAMP作為配體與滑膜細(xì)胞和軟骨細(xì)胞所表達(dá)的TLR結(jié)合后,通過NF-κB通路和經(jīng)典TLR下游機(jī)制——MyD88通路激活下游的炎性和分解代謝基因MMP-1、3、13[16-17],從而誘導(dǎo)膠原酶的表達(dá),激活軟骨細(xì)胞的降解途徑。此外,TLR-4還能夠通過誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞自噬,引起關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞的壞死和修復(fù)抑制[18]。因此,關(guān)節(jié)液TLR-4的表達(dá)高低一定程度上反映了OA病理改變的強(qiáng)弱。這與本研究的觀察結(jié)果相符,重度OA組患者與輕度OA患者相比,關(guān)節(jié)液TLR-4顯著增多。
綜上所述,TLR-4在正常人群膝關(guān)節(jié)液中無明顯表達(dá),在創(chuàng)傷性急性應(yīng)激患者膝關(guān)節(jié)液中表達(dá)明顯增高。在OA患者膝關(guān)節(jié)液的TLR-4表達(dá)高于正常人群,TLR-4可能通過對(duì)炎性反應(yīng)的調(diào)節(jié)參與了OA的發(fā)病機(jī)制,隨著OA病情的加重,膝關(guān)節(jié)液TLR-4表達(dá)逐漸增高。
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(2015-12-03收稿)
Expression of TLR-4 in Synovial Fluid of the Knee Joint in Different Populations and Its Association with Osteoarthritis
Chen Qi1,Wu Wei2,Xu Xiaofeng1△etal
1DepartmentofOrthopedics,AffiliatedHospitalofJiangsuUniversity,Zhenjiang212001,China2DepartmentofOrthopedics,TongjiHospital,TongjiMedicalCollege,HuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Wuhan430030,China
AbstractObjectiveTo examine the expression of Toll-like receptor-4(TLR-4) in synovial fluid of the knee joint in different populations,and the association of the TLR-4 expression with the severity of osteoarthritis(OA).MethodsSubjects who met the inclusion criteria were recruited and assigned into the normal group,the trauma group,the mild OA group,and the severe OA group,respectively.Negative control group and positive control group were also established.The TLR-4 levels were detected by ELISA in the knee joint synovial fluid harvested from subjects in each group.Absorbance(A)values were obtained on the microplate reader.The differences of A values between groups were compared by t test.ResultsThe TLR-4 levels in the normal group were similar to those in the negative control group(t=1.284,P=0.210).The trauma group had higher levels of TLR-4(5-10 ng/mL)than the normal group(t=74.019,P=0.000).The TLR-4 levels were significantly increased in both mild and severe OA groups as compared with the normal group(mild OA group vs.normal group:t=169.173,P=0.000;severe OA group vs.normal group:t=927.885,P=0.000).They were significantly higher in the severe OA group(5-10 ng/mL)than in the mild OA group(<5 ng/mL)(t=178.186,P=0.000).ConclusionTLR-4,barely expressed in the synovial fluid of the knee joint,is significantly increased in patients suffering trauma.Additionally,it is profoundly enhanced in the OA patients,which is also closely associated with the severity of the condition.
Key wordsToll-like receptor-4;synovial fluid;trauma;osteoarthritis
中圖分類號(hào):R684.3
DOI:10.3870/j.issn.1672-0741.2016.02.018
*江蘇大學(xué)博士創(chuàng)新基金(No.jdfyRC-2013017)
陳奇,男,1982年生,主治醫(yī)師,講師,醫(yī)學(xué)博士,E-mail:jackiechanoth@163.com
△通訊作者,Corresponding author,E-mail:13775534791@163.com