邢 藝,趙明峰
天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)一中心臨床學(xué)院 天津市第一中心醫(yī)院血液科,天津 300192
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·綜述·
粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子受體突變和髓系腫瘤發(fā)生
邢藝,趙明峰
天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)一中心臨床學(xué)院天津市第一中心醫(yī)院血液科,天津 300192
摘要:粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)主要作用于中性粒細(xì)胞系造血細(xì)胞的增殖、分化和活化,其功能發(fā)揮有賴于與效應(yīng)細(xì)胞表面同型二聚體受體——粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子3受體(CSF3R)的結(jié)合。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CSF3R突變對(duì)疾病的發(fā)生可發(fā)揮重要作用,部分血液系統(tǒng)疾病,尤其是髓系腫瘤,如慢性中性粒細(xì)胞白血病等存在各種CSF3R突變,導(dǎo)致G-CSF轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路發(fā)生異常,而抑制其下游通路的激酶可作為治療上述疾病的潛在靶點(diǎn)。本文總結(jié)了各種CSF3R突變、作用機(jī)制及其對(duì)髓系腫瘤發(fā)生的貢獻(xiàn),旨在進(jìn)一步探討髓系疾病的發(fā)生機(jī)制,為其分子診斷和臨床治療提供新的方法,并為研發(fā)新型分子靶向藥物提供思路。
關(guān)鍵詞:粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子受體;突變;髓系腫瘤;發(fā)病機(jī)制
ActaAcadMedSin,2016,38(1):103-107
粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte colony stimulating factor,G-CSF)是由內(nèi)毒素、腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和γ干擾素(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)活化單核細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的一種糖基化多肽鏈細(xì)胞生長因子,主要作用于中性粒細(xì)胞系造血細(xì)胞的增殖、分化和活化。G-CSF功能的發(fā)揮有賴于與效應(yīng)細(xì)胞表面的同型二聚體受體粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子3受體(colony-stimulating factor 3 receptor,CSF3R)的結(jié)合。近年研究表明,CSF3R的一些突變與髓系疾病的發(fā)生有關(guān)系,而G-CSF信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路中一些分子抑制劑可能會(huì)對(duì)疾病治療發(fā)揮一定作用,但其確切療效尚需進(jìn)一步研究。
CSF3R
CSF3R基因定位于1p34.3,是與G-CSF結(jié)合的跨模型受體,為Ⅰ型細(xì)胞因子受體超級(jí)家族成員,在粒細(xì)胞的增殖和分化中發(fā)揮重要作用[1]。CSF3R是一種高親和力受體,分布于粒系定向造血祖細(xì)胞,中性粒細(xì)胞,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,髓系白血病細(xì)胞,部分幼稚淋巴細(xì)胞,血小板,T、B淋巴細(xì)胞及某些非造血細(xì)胞。CSF3R由813個(gè)氨基酸組成的單一跨膜區(qū)的多肽鏈分子組成,包括胞外區(qū)、跨膜區(qū)及胞漿內(nèi)區(qū),其胞漿內(nèi)區(qū)與細(xì)胞增殖有關(guān),胞外區(qū)與細(xì)胞分化或者增殖調(diào)控有關(guān)。
信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)G-CSF本身沒有內(nèi)在酪氨酸激酶活性,但是當(dāng)G-CSF與CSF3R結(jié)合后,G-CSF的構(gòu)象就會(huì)發(fā)生變化,受體鏈寡聚化引起胞漿區(qū)4個(gè)酪氨酸殘基迅速磷酸化,刺激下游多個(gè)酪氨酸激酶與其胞質(zhì)區(qū)結(jié)合[2]。一般認(rèn)為Janus激酶(Janus kinase,JAK)-信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)及轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子(signal transducers and activators of transcription,STAT)途徑是G-CSF信號(hào)傳遞的主要途徑。當(dāng)G-CSF與CSF3R結(jié)合后,JAK家族蛋白的酪氨酸發(fā)生磷酸化,活化的JAK能夠使CSF3R胞內(nèi)段的酪氨酸殘基磷酸化,繼而這些磷酸化的酪氨酸位點(diǎn)與周圍的氨基酸序列形成“停泊位點(diǎn)”(docking site),STAT家族蛋白被招募到“停泊位點(diǎn)”,JAK催化STAT蛋白發(fā)生磷酸化后進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核,與目的基因的啟動(dòng)區(qū)結(jié)合,啟動(dòng)效應(yīng)蛋白的表達(dá)。JAK/STAT通路包括JAK1、JAK2、TYK2、STAT1、STAT3和STAT5。此外,還包括其他途徑,如磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶-蛋白激酶B(phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase-protein kinase B,PI3K-PKB)途徑[3]和小鼠肉瘤蛋白-絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(rat sarcoma-mitogen-activated protein kinase,RAS-MAPK)途徑[4],二者參與了G-CSF介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞維持和增殖作用。G-CSF的信號(hào)通路受多個(gè)分子的嚴(yán)格調(diào)控,其中包括細(xì)胞因子信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)抑制因子(suppressor of cytokine signaling,SOCS)家族的成員,特別是SOCS3和SH2區(qū)域蛋白(cytokine inducible SH2-containing protein,CISH),還有酪氨酸磷酸化酶(SH2-containing inositol phosphatase,SHP)- 1和SHP- 2[2]。
CSF3R突變正常情況下,CSF3R與G-CSF結(jié)合,促進(jìn)髓系前體細(xì)胞的生長和維持,使髓細(xì)胞最終分化成粒細(xì)胞。CSF3/CSF3R通路可通過激活LYN酪氨酸激酶影響下游的JAK/STAT信號(hào)通路和類固體受體輔激活因子(steroid receptor coactivator,SRC)家族?;蚓幋a的CSF3R有多種突變,目前已知CSF3R 的突變至少涉及18 種以上,不同的突變模式與不同疾病的發(fā)生相關(guān)[5]。CSF3R突變一般可分為兩種:(1)無義或者框移突變,可使受體的胞質(zhì)尾過早截短,又稱為截短型突變,如Q741X和S783fs;(2)受體胞外區(qū)的點(diǎn)突變,近跨膜區(qū)突變,如T615A和T618I突變[6]。此外,Liongue等[2]將與髓系惡性腫瘤有關(guān)的CSF3R突變分為致殘細(xì)胞外突變、活化跨膜突變、高反應(yīng)性細(xì)胞內(nèi)阻斷、剪切變異體缺陷、致病的單核苷酸多態(tài)性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)5類。
人們發(fā)現(xiàn)CSF3R 的突變與許多疾病相關(guān),絕大部分與髓系系統(tǒng)疾病相關(guān),最常見的是嚴(yán)重先天性中性粒細(xì)胞減少癥(severe congenital neutropenia,SCN)[7],此外還有急性髓細(xì)胞白血病(acute myeloid leukemia,AML)、慢性中性粒細(xì)胞白血病(chronic neutrophilic leukemia,CNL)、非典型慢性髓細(xì)胞白血病(atypical chronic myeloid leukemia,aCML)、慢性粒單核細(xì)胞白血病(chronic myelomonocytic leukemia,CMML)和骨髓增生異常綜合征(myelodysplastic syndromes,MDS) 等。
CSF3R突變與髓系腫瘤
CSF3R突變與SCN和AMLSCN是一個(gè)具有成分混雜的造血功能紊亂狀態(tài),以中性粒細(xì)胞嚴(yán)重缺乏(中性粒細(xì)胞絕對(duì)計(jì)數(shù)低于0.5×109/L)和髓系祖細(xì)胞在早幼粒細(xì)胞階段成熟停滯為特征,有向MDS和AML演變的傾向。與SCN 相關(guān)的CSF3R 基因突變分為獲得性突變和體質(zhì)性突變2 類,前者使CSF3R對(duì)G-CSF敏感性增高(CSF3Rhyper),患者易進(jìn)展為MDS/AML;后者使CSF3R對(duì)G-CSF敏感性降低(CSF3Rhypo),患者對(duì)常規(guī)G-CSF 治療無反應(yīng)[8]。
在SCN患者中,最常見的突變是谷氨酰胺富足的延伸區(qū)錯(cuò)義突變,其會(huì)導(dǎo)致CSF3R羧基末端發(fā)生截短型突變[9],此區(qū)是G-CSF發(fā)揮誘導(dǎo)作用的關(guān)鍵子域,突變會(huì)導(dǎo)致髓系細(xì)胞增殖作用增強(qiáng),成熟和凋亡減弱。伴有CSF3R突變的SCN患者似乎更傾向于發(fā)展為MDS/AML。Dong等[10]從2例由SCN進(jìn)展為AML的患者體內(nèi)分離出基因組DNA和RNA,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)1例AML患者CSF3R基因上有1個(gè)G→A的突變,閱讀框架發(fā)生改變,其C-末端也發(fā)生變化,使AML細(xì)胞SD變異體的表達(dá)明顯增加,突變了的CSF3R不能傳導(dǎo)粒細(xì)胞成熟的信號(hào),只能傳導(dǎo)增殖信號(hào)。一旦進(jìn)展為MDS/AML,超過80%的患者體內(nèi)CSF3R突變的克隆會(huì)明顯增多,故推測(cè)CSF3R的突變可能參與了SCN的發(fā)病及演變成AML的進(jìn)程。
CSF3R突變的SCN患者繼續(xù)用重組人粒細(xì)胞巨噬細(xì)胞集落刺激因子(recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor,rhGM-CSF)治療的療效及是否會(huì)易惡變成MDS/AML的不良反應(yīng)目前尚不確定,但Donadieu等[11]研究則顯示,隨著G-CSF治療劑量的增加,SCN轉(zhuǎn)變成AML的危險(xiǎn)性也會(huì)增加。
CSF3R突變與CNL和aCMLCNL是一種罕見的骨髓增殖性腫瘤(myeloproliferative neoplasm,MPN),表現(xiàn)為中性粒細(xì)胞增多和脾大,見于文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的病例不足200例。CNL病程較緩慢,程度較輕,診斷較復(fù)雜,易與其他類型的白血病和類白血病反應(yīng)相混淆,由于缺乏特異性分子診斷,WHO的CNL診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2008)主要還是排除性診斷。aCML是一種發(fā)生于造血干細(xì)胞的血液系統(tǒng)惡性克隆增生疾病,CML患者中BCR-ABL1陰性與陽性的比值約為1~2∶100[12]。Maxson等[6]對(duì)9例CNL和18例aCML患者1862個(gè)候選基因的已知參與癌癥信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)的區(qū)域進(jìn)行基因深度測(cè)序,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),27例患者中,88.9%(8/9)的CNL和44.4%(8/18)的aCML患者富含CSF3R突變。隨后,他們又檢測(cè)了其他血液系統(tǒng)疾病,僅在92例AML患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)1例CSF3R突變,而8例T細(xì)胞ALL和41例B細(xì)ALL患者中均未檢測(cè)到突變。由此推測(cè)CSF3R的致癌性突變是CNL和aCML的決定性分子異常。上述突變分別存在于CSF3R基因的不同區(qū)域,并通過SRC 家族-TNK2 或JAK激酶以及對(duì)激酶抑制劑的不同敏感性來激活下游激酶通路。Gotlib等[13]研究表明,8/9(89%) 的CNL 和8/20(40%) 的aCML 患者被檢測(cè)出CSF3R 突變基因。Pardanani等[14]檢測(cè)了臨床診斷的35 例CNL、19 例aCML、94 例CMML和76 例原發(fā)性骨髓纖維化(primary myelofibrosis,PMF)患者的CSF3R 突變基因,結(jié)果顯示其中13 例(12 例WHO 診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的CNL 和1 例未定性CNL)患者中存在14處CSF3R 突變,而所有單克隆丙種球蛋白血癥(monoclonal gammopathy,MG) 相關(guān)的CNL、aCML、CMML 和PMF 均為陰性結(jié)果。CSF3R 突變?cè)贑NL 中的陽性率為100%,其中以CSF3R T618I 最為常見。這些結(jié)果表明,CSF3R T618I 基因是CNL 的一個(gè)高度特異和敏感的分子標(biāo)志。故Tefferi等[15]建議將CSF3R T618I或其他近跨膜區(qū)的突變納入到CNL的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中。研究顯示,CSF3R突變與否不影響CNL的生存率和生存期限,但與SETBP1突變同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí),其生存率會(huì)有縮短的趨勢(shì)[16- 17]。
CSF3R突變與CMMLCMML兼有骨髓發(fā)育異常和骨髓增殖的特點(diǎn),WHO造血和淋巴細(xì)胞腫瘤分類將CMML歸屬于一個(gè)新的獨(dú)立病種——MDS/MPN性疾病,發(fā)病率低。Kosmider等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CSF3R突變也可見于4%的CMML患者,其在ASXL1突變的情況下會(huì)優(yōu)先出現(xiàn),是導(dǎo)致疾病預(yù)后不良的一個(gè)因素。與CMML有關(guān)的CSF3R突變不會(huì)影響胞質(zhì)區(qū)其他熱點(diǎn)的突變,如不會(huì)影響SCN中受體信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的突變,而且其與AML、多數(shù)CNL中發(fā)現(xiàn)的激活突變也不相同,在研究中并未發(fā)現(xiàn)外顯子14上的T618I錯(cuò)義突變,檢測(cè)到的突變?yōu)橥怙@子17上的G683R、E935K、M696T突變。
CSF3R突變與其他髓系疾病MDS是起源于造血干細(xì)胞的一組異質(zhì)性髓系克隆性疾病,特點(diǎn)是髓系細(xì)胞分化及發(fā)育異常,表現(xiàn)為無效造血、難治性血細(xì)胞減少、造血功能衰竭,高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)向AML轉(zhuǎn)化。多數(shù)研究表明,人類CSF3R表達(dá)水平或結(jié)構(gòu)異常可參與MDS的發(fā)病. Wolfler等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),人群中有不到6%的人CSF3R 785位賴氨酸代替纈氨酸,會(huì)使其個(gè)人得高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)MDS的概率增高。CSF3R突變的SCN有轉(zhuǎn)化為MDS的傾向。對(duì)于沒有SCN病史的原發(fā)性MDS患者,文獻(xiàn)中至今并未有CSF3R突變的報(bào)道。
CSF3R突變是否參與原發(fā)性AML的發(fā)生目前尚存在爭議。有研究表明,繼發(fā)于SCN的AML患者中CSF3R的突變率高于原發(fā)性AML患者。Germeshausen等[17]則未從原發(fā)的AML患者體內(nèi)檢測(cè)到CSF3R基因的突變。這與Link等[19]研究結(jié)果相同,提示原發(fā)的AML和繼發(fā)于SCN的AML的發(fā)病機(jī)制可能不太相同,為臨床上不同治療提供思路。
靶向治療CSF3R突變通路的藥物——SRC激酶抑制劑和JAK抑制劑
CSF3R近跨膜區(qū)突變會(huì)引起JAK/STAT信號(hào)通路的異常激活,因此JAK/STAT信號(hào)通路上的靶向分子抑制劑可能會(huì)對(duì)臨床髓系疾病有效。有報(bào)道采用JAK1/2抑制劑魯索替尼對(duì)1例伴有CSF3R T618I突變的CNL患者[6]和小鼠模型[20]進(jìn)行治療,結(jié)果顯示患者白細(xì)胞和中性粒細(xì)胞絕對(duì)計(jì)數(shù)顯著下降,血小板數(shù)量升高,小鼠的狀況也有所改善。對(duì)1例伴有CSF3R T618I突變陽性的aCML患者的治療顯示,魯索替尼的應(yīng)用提高了血紅蛋白、平均紅細(xì)胞體積和血小板水平,脾大的狀況也有所改善[21]。此外有報(bào)道顯示,1例攜帶CSF3R S783fs突變的CNL患者對(duì)SRC激酶抑制劑達(dá)沙替尼敏感,但是對(duì)JAK1/2抑制劑無反應(yīng)。有研究人員推測(cè),CSF3截短型突變可能對(duì)SRC激酶的抑制劑(如達(dá)沙替尼)敏感,CSF3R近跨膜區(qū)突變可被JAK抑制劑(如魯索替尼)抑制。目前SRC激酶抑制劑和JAK抑制劑應(yīng)用于臨床的時(shí)間不長,其遠(yuǎn)期療效及安全性尚缺少有說服力的臨床研究資料。
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Colony Stimulating Factor 3 Mutations and Myeloid Malignancies
XING Yi,ZHAO Ming-feng
Department of Hematology,Tianjin First Central Hospital,the First Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University,Tianjin 300192,China Corresponding author:ZHAO Ming-fengTel:022- 23626946,E-mail:zmfzmf@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT:Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) plays a major role in the proliferation,differentiation,and activation of neutrophil cell line hematopoietic cells. G-CSF exert the function depending on its binding to colony-stimulating factor 3 receptor (CSF3R),a homo-dimer receptor located on the surface of effector cells. Some recent studies have demonstrated that CSF3R mutations play a significant role in many diseases. Some of the hematopoietic diseases,especially myeloid malignancies (e.g. chronic neutrophilic leukemia) are related to the presence of various CSF3R mutations,which leads to abnormal G-CSF signal pathways. Also,the downstream kinases can be the treatment targets for these diseases. This review summarizes CSF3R mutations,mechanisms of mutations,and their contributions to the myeloid malignancies,with an attempt to further reveal the pathogenesis of myeloid malignancies,inform the diagnosis and clinical treatment of the myeloid malignancies,and provide clues for the research and development of new molecular target drugs.
Key words:colony-stimulating factor 3 receptor;mutation;myeloid malignancy;pathogenesis
(收稿日期:2015- 04- 21)
DOI:10.3881/j.issn.1000- 503X.2016.01.019
中圖分類號(hào):R551.3
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號(hào):1000- 503X(2016)01- 0103- 05
通信作者:趙明峰電話:022- 23626946,電子郵件:zmfzmf@hotmail.com
基金項(xiàng)目:國家自然科學(xué)基金(81041043)、天津市自然科學(xué)基金(BJCYBJC23400)和天津市衛(wèi)生行業(yè)重點(diǎn)攻關(guān)項(xiàng)目(13KG106)Supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(81041043),the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(13JCYBJC23400),and the Health Industry Key Project of Tianjin(13KG106)