胡 楷 初 紅 陳 軍 盧祖能
430060 武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科[胡 楷 初 紅 盧祖能(通信作者)];武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院放射科(陳 軍)
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單肢肌萎縮/平山病:41例患者臨床、電生理和頸椎MRI特征分析
胡楷初紅陳軍盧祖能
430060武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科[胡楷初紅盧祖能(通信作者)];武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院放射科(陳軍)
單肢肌萎縮(monomelic atrophy, MMA)也稱青少年上肢遠(yuǎn)端肌萎縮(juvenile muscular atrophy of distal upper extremity),是一種發(fā)生于青少年,大多表現(xiàn)為單側(cè)手及前臂緩慢進(jìn)展性無力和萎縮的疾病[1-2];一般認(rèn)為,MMA不同于其他運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元病(motor neuron disease, MND),其最終病程是非進(jìn)行性的[2]。許多MMA患者符合日本學(xué)者平山惠造(Keizo Hirayama)最初描述的一組癥候[3],文獻(xiàn)中也常常稱之為“平山病”(Hirayama disease);但有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,對(duì)于不完全符合平山病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的患者,使用“單肢肌萎縮(MMA)”這一術(shù)語可能更合適[4]。
20世紀(jì)90年代初,我國學(xué)者開始報(bào)道MMA或平山病[5],以后有了更多關(guān)注[6-10]。由于MMA發(fā)病率低[5, 7-12],對(duì)其認(rèn)識(shí)還是相對(duì)不足,尤其是當(dāng)患者出現(xiàn)變異的臨床表現(xiàn)時(shí),很可能引起誤診,而且早期診斷很重要[13-14]。由此,本研究從臨床、電生理及MRI影像的角度進(jìn)行回顧性分析,以期為進(jìn)一步了解MMA提供信息。
1對(duì)象與方法
1.1研究對(duì)象
2009年5月~2014年5月就診于本科,表現(xiàn)為上肢或手無力或肌萎縮、手不靈活或變形的患者;按表1所列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)納入[1, 3, 11, 15]。
1.2記錄及檢測(cè)指標(biāo)
對(duì)入組的患者進(jìn)行登記,主要包括(1)起病年齡、性別、癥狀和體征;(2)神經(jīng)電生理檢測(cè)。神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)檢測(cè)以健康志愿者作為正常對(duì)照;(3)頸椎MRI檢查。
表1 本組MMA患者納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[1, 3, 11, 15]
1.2.1神經(jīng)電生理檢測(cè)具體方法參見文獻(xiàn)[8, 16-18]。檢測(cè)者固定;室溫28~30℃,皮溫32℃以上。神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)檢測(cè)采用表面電極刺激和記錄,進(jìn)行肢體神經(jīng)常規(guī)運(yùn)動(dòng)和感覺傳導(dǎo)檢測(cè),記錄復(fù)合肌肉動(dòng)作電位(compound muscle action potential, CMAP)和感覺神經(jīng)動(dòng)作電位(sensory nerve action potential, SNAP)。主要分析在腕部分別刺激尺神經(jīng)、正中神經(jīng)的參數(shù),包括小指展肌、拇短展肌CMAP波幅;遠(yuǎn)端運(yùn)動(dòng)潛伏期(distal motor latency, DML);尺、正中神經(jīng)SNAP波幅和感覺傳導(dǎo)速度(sensory conduction velocity, SCV)。采用同心圓針電極,主要觀察雙上肢(頸區(qū))肌肉的異常自發(fā)活動(dòng);必要時(shí),檢測(cè)顱、胸、腰骶區(qū)域的肌肉。
1.2.2MRI檢測(cè)采用GE Signa Hdxt磁共振成像系統(tǒng),分別在頸自然位及頸屈曲位時(shí)掃描,獲取軸位、矢狀位TI及T2加權(quán)圖像。
2結(jié)果
2.1臨床表現(xiàn)
符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的MMA患者共41例,其臨床表現(xiàn)見表2。
表2 MMA患者臨床表現(xiàn)(n=41)
2.2針刺肌電圖檢查
神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)各參數(shù)以40例健康志愿者作為正常對(duì)照組,其年齡14~24(歲)、平均年齡(19.32±3.75)歲,與患者組年齡匹配(t=-0.556,P=0.496)?;颊呓M與對(duì)照組比較,感覺傳導(dǎo)(SCV和SNAP)均無差異;有癥狀側(cè)尺神經(jīng)、正中神經(jīng)DML延長,小指展肌、拇短展肌CMAP波幅減低,小指展肌/拇短展肌波幅比值減小(表3)。
上肢/手針肌電圖檢測(cè)顯示異常自發(fā)活動(dòng)的出現(xiàn)率見表4。另外,部分患者的脛骨前肌(32例)、胸
鎖乳突肌(22例)、三角肌(27例)、腓腸肌內(nèi)側(cè)頭(15例)和胸段脊旁肌(5例)的針肌電圖均未顯示異常自發(fā)活動(dòng)。
表4 MMA患者針肌電圖顯示異常自發(fā)活動(dòng)的分布
注:與無癥狀側(cè)比較,*P=0.000;#在僅出現(xiàn)單側(cè)癥狀的35例患者中有18例患者其無癥狀側(cè)手固有肌也顯示異常自發(fā)活動(dòng)
2.3頸椎MRI檢查
自然位時(shí)32例均顯示頸2-頸7椎體后方下緣連線與椎體相交;均顯示下段頸髓萎縮變扁平,其中位于C5-C7節(jié)段14例,C5-C6節(jié)段6例,C6-C7節(jié)段7例,C5-T1節(jié)段5例;屈頸位時(shí)15例顯示硬膜腔后壁前移,移位的硬膜后方可見硬膜外占位,內(nèi)有流空信號(hào),恢復(fù)自然位后占位消失。9例顯示髓內(nèi)可疑T2異常高信號(hào)。
3討論
MMA最初僅限于亞洲國家或地區(qū),隨后歐、美和澳洲也有報(bào)道[1-2]。一般認(rèn)為,MMA是一種良性、自限性疾病,無其他重要既往史,也無其他神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病的個(gè)人或家族史[2]。在MMA因其癥狀局限于上肢遠(yuǎn)端,且進(jìn)展緩慢,其治療和預(yù)后與其他惡性MND有很大差別;由此,更進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí)該病有重要意義。
本組患者中絕大多數(shù)為男性(男/女=39/2);我國2010年報(bào)道的匯總數(shù)據(jù)為167/25[7],2014年單中心(為期9年)的數(shù)據(jù)為63/2[10]。一般認(rèn)為,男女發(fā)病率差別的原因,可能是青春期男性比女性身高生長更快,導(dǎo)致脊椎與脊髓生長不平衡;也可能與性激素在運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元的不同作用相關(guān)[11, 15]。
表3 MMA患者神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)檢測(cè) (n=41)
注:與正常對(duì)照組比較,*P<0.001
本組患者中右上肢受累明顯多于左上肢(35/6)。MMA常表現(xiàn)為單側(cè)上肢受累,或雙上肢受累但一側(cè)較重,少數(shù)為雙上肢對(duì)稱受累。有資料顯示,約10%的平山病患者表現(xiàn)為雙側(cè)對(duì)稱受累,并提出“雙側(cè)對(duì)稱性平山病”是平山病中的重度變異型[19]。
本組患者中出現(xiàn)冷麻痹的患者超過50%,手指震顫達(dá)20%以上,也有少數(shù)患者訴手麻木。這些癥狀的發(fā)生率在其他文獻(xiàn)中報(bào)道不一,冷麻痹為27.3%~97%、震顫為8.5%~88.9%、感覺異常20%~25.9%[7]。Hirayama等[11]提出了冷麻痹這一概念,并進(jìn)行“冷麻痹誘發(fā)試驗(yàn)”(cold paresis inducement test),通過肌電圖檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn),冷麻痹是由于活動(dòng)性失神經(jīng)后,獲得神經(jīng)再支配的肌纖維膜傳導(dǎo)阻滯所致[11,20]。另外,本組中部分MMA患者腱反射活躍,提示有上運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元受損。少數(shù)患者出現(xiàn)上運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元體征,這種臨床表現(xiàn)的變異,可能引起誤診,應(yīng)引起重視[13]。
本組患者中小指展肌CMAP波幅減低,且小指展肌/拇短展肌波幅比值減小(表3)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與肌萎縮側(cè)索硬化癥(ALS)相反,MMA患者小魚際肌受累比魚際肌更嚴(yán)重,比例達(dá)74%[20-21];MMA、ALS和脊髓型頸椎病(CSA)患者的電生理所見不同,表現(xiàn)為與健康對(duì)照組比較,尺/正中神經(jīng)CMAP比率在MMA減低,ALS增高,而CSA無差異[22]。因此,這些電生理表現(xiàn)也是鑒別MMA與ALS有價(jià)值的線索[20-22]。在MMA觀察到的電生理特征反映了肌肉無力的臨床模式。另外,值得注意的是本組中有癥狀側(cè)尺和正中神經(jīng)DML延長;這種傳導(dǎo)減慢可能與快傳導(dǎo)、大纖維的繼發(fā)性喪失有關(guān)[8]。
平山病的特點(diǎn)是在頸7、頸8和胸1脊髓節(jié)段所支配肌肉的純運(yùn)動(dòng)性局灶性肌萎縮[2]。本組患者中針肌電圖顯示異常自發(fā)活動(dòng)者,主要在手固有肌,即最常見的受損部位在頸7-胸1節(jié)段,而所有患者SNAP均正常,由此提示可能是前角細(xì)胞損害。在一半以上的患者,其無癥候側(cè)上肢也顯示有異常自發(fā)活動(dòng)(失神經(jīng)),表明存在臨床下的神經(jīng)源性損害。另外,本組部分患者非頸區(qū)針肌電圖未顯示異常,說明病變范圍較局限,也可能是檢測(cè)不全面所致。值得注意的是國內(nèi)更大宗的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,73例患者中僅患側(cè)上肢電生理顯示神經(jīng)源性損害者只有13例(17.8%),而雙上肢均異常者達(dá)26例(35.6%),且將近一半的患者存在并非局限于上肢的電生理異常,包括下肢、胸鎖乳突肌、胸段脊旁肌[9]。也就是說,雖然 MMA或平山病患者的臨床癥狀大多局限于一側(cè)上肢,但可出現(xiàn)患側(cè)上肢之外區(qū)域的電生理異常。
本組行頸椎MRI檢測(cè)患者,其MRI表現(xiàn)與國內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道基本一致[1, 6-8, 10, 12, 23]。但需強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,充分屈曲對(duì)平山病的診斷很重要[23],且動(dòng)態(tài)檢測(cè)對(duì)判斷預(yù)后有一定意義[12]。在一項(xiàng)為期4年的多中心觀察性隊(duì)列研究中22例符合平山病的患者,8例疑為呈活動(dòng)性進(jìn)展,對(duì)之進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)MRI前瞻性隨訪,結(jié)果7例清楚地顯示當(dāng)屈頸時(shí)頸椎呈動(dòng)態(tài)受壓;而未顯示這種典型MRI變化者最終發(fā)作為ALS。其結(jié)論是在表現(xiàn)為進(jìn)行性上肢遠(yuǎn)端無力和萎縮的患者,當(dāng)存在典型平山病的特征性變化時(shí),可能提示其預(yù)后更樂觀。另外,值得關(guān)注的是在臨床癥狀典型的平山病患者,當(dāng)MRI并未顯示出典型表現(xiàn)時(shí),屈頸位CT靜脈造影(CTV)可顯示硬膜外靜脈叢充血、硬膜前移、脊髓后部受壓[24]。
MMA/平山病確切的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未完全闡明。一般認(rèn)為,平山病是一種頸脊髓病,是頸部屈曲導(dǎo)致頸部硬膜囊向前移位,壓迫脊髓和/或靜脈淤血所致[2]。髓內(nèi)顯示可疑T2異常高信號(hào),可能與神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生或缺血有關(guān)[7, 25]。屈曲位時(shí)硬膜腔后壁前移,支持其發(fā)病機(jī)制的脊髓動(dòng)力、生長發(fā)育因素學(xué)說。反復(fù)屈頸或長期保持屈頸姿勢(shì),從而引起循環(huán)受阻或慢性創(chuàng)傷使前角受損、變性。生長發(fā)育因素學(xué)說強(qiáng)調(diào),由于生長因素或硬脊膜彈性纖維較少等原因,導(dǎo)致脊髓與脊椎生長不平衡,頸部屈曲時(shí)緊張的硬脊膜后壁不能代償增加的長度而前移壓迫脊髓[15]。故建議患者盡量避免持續(xù)頸部屈曲,使用頸托治療(cervical collar treatment)有助于阻止病情發(fā)展或臨床改善[26-27]。另外,最近有研究表明在6個(gè)月內(nèi)癥狀加重的MMA患者的最佳手術(shù)策略尚存爭(zhēng)議[26]。因此,一般建議采用頸托,因?yàn)槠浜唵?、?jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)用、且相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低[26-27]。
本研究的缺陷在于本組患者沒有手術(shù)治療及長期隨訪的資料。MMA通常呈緩慢進(jìn)展,約90%的患者病情在5年內(nèi)停止進(jìn)展,盡管有肢體無力萎縮,但其功能尚可[7]。一項(xiàng)長達(dá)35年長期隨訪的大型隊(duì)列,研究了279例MMA患者的臨床表現(xiàn)和自然史,表明其為一種呈自限性病程的良性病變[28]。
總之,青少年MMA主要見于男性,呈自限性良性過程;電生理主要表現(xiàn)為低位頸髓前角細(xì)胞的病變,且可顯示臨床的下神經(jīng)源性損害;頸椎MRI檢查很重要,尤其是充分屈頸和動(dòng)態(tài)隨訪;結(jié)合臨床、神經(jīng)電生理以及影像表現(xiàn),有助于更全面認(rèn)識(shí)MMA。
(胡楷現(xiàn)在武漢市黃陂區(qū)人民醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科工作)
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(2015-07-20收稿)
【摘要】目的探討單肢肌萎縮(MMA)/平山病患者的臨床、肌電圖及頸椎MRI特征。方法2009年5月至2014年5月就診本科,符合診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的患者,連續(xù)登記并詳細(xì)記錄及分析人口學(xué)資料、臨床、電生理和頸椎自然位和屈曲位MRI資料。結(jié)果(1)共41例,男39例、女2例,發(fā)病年齡14~24歲、平均年齡(16.87±2.62)歲。病程1~121月、平均病程(22.13±26.25)月。雙上肢均有臨床癥狀者6例(14.6%),癥狀局限單側(cè)者35例(85.4%);單側(cè)者左12例(29.3%)、右23例(56.1%)。冷麻痹22例,指震顫9例,手麻木4例;41例均有手固有肌萎縮,均無感覺障礙;(2)癥狀側(cè)尺和正中神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)潛伏期延長,小指展肌、拇短展肌運(yùn)動(dòng)波幅減低,小指展肌/拇短展肌波幅比值減?。?3)癥狀側(cè)針肌電圖顯示異常自發(fā)活動(dòng)者的出現(xiàn)率,在第一骨間肌和小指展肌為100%、拇短伸肌90.1%、拇短展肌86.3%、肱橈肌16.8%、肱二頭肌13.8%;在僅限于單側(cè)癥狀的35例患者中,無癥狀側(cè)手固有肌也顯示異常自發(fā)活動(dòng)者占51.4%;(4)32例患者完成頸椎MRI檢查。自然位時(shí)32例均顯示頸2-頸7椎體后方下緣連線與椎體相交;均顯示下段頸髓萎縮變扁平,其中位于C5-C7節(jié)段14例,C5-C6節(jié)段6例,C6-C7節(jié)段7例,C5-T1節(jié)段5例;屈頸位時(shí)15例顯示硬膜腔后壁前移,移位的硬膜后方可見硬膜外占位,內(nèi)有流空信號(hào),恢復(fù)自然位后占位消失。9例顯示髓內(nèi)可疑T2異常高信號(hào)。結(jié)論MMA/平山病主要見于青少年男性;電生理表現(xiàn)為低位頸髓前角細(xì)胞病變,且無癥狀側(cè)可顯示臨床下神經(jīng)源性損害;小指展肌/拇短展肌波幅比值減小,是有鑒別意義的電生理指標(biāo);屈頸位頸椎MRI對(duì)于診斷很重要。結(jié)合臨床、神經(jīng)電生理及影像表現(xiàn),有助于更全面認(rèn)識(shí)本病。
【關(guān)鍵詞】單肢肌萎縮平山病電生理核磁共振成像
【DOI】10.3969/j.issn.1007-0478.2015.06.006
Retrospective analysis of clinical, electrophysiologic and MRI features in 41 patients with monomelic atrophy/Hirayama diseaseHuKai,ChuHong,ChenJun,etal.DepartmentofNeurology,RenminHospitalofWuhanUniversity,Wuhan430060
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo analyze the clinical, electromyographic and cervical MRI features in patients with monomelic atrophy (MMA)/Hirayama disease.MethodsThe consecutive patients referral to our department between May 2009 and May 2014, who met the inclusion criteria were registered. The demographic data, clinical symptoms/signs, presentations, electrophysiological findings and cervical MRI scanning including sagittal and axial images with neutral-position and flexion of neck, were recorded with details and analyzed.ResultsThere were totally 41 patents with 39 males and 2 females, the age of onset was 14~24 years with the average of 16.87±2.62, and the illness duration was 1~121 months , with the average of 22.13±26.25. There were 6 patients (14.6%) with bilateral and 35 (85.4%) unilateral involvement in upper limb; among those with unilateral involvement, there were 12 patients (29.3%) occurred on the left side and 23 (56.1%) on the right side. Cold paresis was noted in 22 cases, tremulous movement of the extended fingers in 9, atrophy of hand intrinsic muscle in all 41 cases, and none had sensory impairment on neurologic examination. (2) On the symptomatic side of the upper limb, the distal motor latencies of ulnar and median nerve prolonged, the compund muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude of m. abductor digiti minimi (ADM) and m. abductor pollicis brevis (APB) decreased; the mean ADM/APB ratio decreased. (3) On the symptomatic side, the incidence rate of abnormal spontaneous activity in first interosseous muscle was 100%, ADM 100%, extensor pollicis brevis 90.1%, APB 86.3%, brachioradialis 16.8% and biceps brachii 13.8%; among the 35 patients whose clinical manifestations were restricted in one side of upper extremity, those with abnormal spontaneous activity on the unaffected side accounted for 50.4%. (4) Among 32 patients whose cervical MRI were accomplished, MRI revealed part of the vertebral body met or crossed the line drawn from the dorsocaudal aspect of C2through C7and lower cervical cord atrophy in all cases with neutral-position of neck, with 14 cases of localized cord atrophy at disk C5~C7, 6 at C5~C6, 7 at C6~C7and 5 at C5~T1; anterior shifting of the posterior dura in 15 cases with neck flexion, in which an epidural mass posterior to the shifting dura mater was noted, with flow void signals inside it, and the posterior epidural mass disappeared and the shifting dura mater returned to its normal position; and intramedullary hyperdensity lesion on T2-weighted images in 9 cases.ConclusionsMMA/Hirayama disease is predominated by male adolescent; electrophysiologic studies show lesions of anterior horn cells at the level of low cervical cord, and subclinical neurogenic damage may occur on the asymptomatic side, in which the decreased ADM/APB CMAP ratio is a meaningful electrophysiological parameter in the patient with MMA; the cervical MRI findings is very important for diagnosis of MMA/Hirayama diseas, especially adequate flexion MRI. It is helpful for us to recognize MMA more comprehensively along with the clinical, electromyographic and imaging findings.
【Key words】Monomelic atrophyHirayama diseaseElectromyographyMRI
【中圖分類號(hào)】R741.044
【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A
【文章編號(hào)】1007-0478(2015)06-0339-05
基金項(xiàng)目:湖北省衛(wèi)計(jì)委重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(WJ2015MA007);武漢市科技局2015年應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)研究計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2015060101010047)