王海曉,崔壯,王寶利,邊育紅,鄭紡△
細(xì)胞與分子生物學(xué)
川續(xù)斷皂苷Ⅵ對(duì)小鼠骨髓基質(zhì)細(xì)胞ST-2成脂分化的影響及其機(jī)制研究
王海曉1,崔壯2,王寶利3,邊育紅1,鄭紡1△
目的觀察川續(xù)斷皂苷Ⅵ(AsperosaponinⅥ,ASAⅥ)對(duì)脂肪細(xì)胞分化的影響及Wnt通路的調(diào)節(jié)。方法以小鼠骨髓基質(zhì)細(xì)胞系ST-2為研究對(duì)象,將其分為對(duì)照組、成脂分化組以及4個(gè)不同劑量的ASAⅥ組。其中對(duì)照組加入溶媒,成脂分化組加入成脂誘導(dǎo)分化試劑,ASAⅥ組除加入成脂誘導(dǎo)分化試劑外,使用不同濃度(10-7、10-6、10-5、10-4mol/L)的ASAⅥ干預(yù)細(xì)胞。各組細(xì)胞處理5 d后,行油紅O染色,觀察脂滴形成情況并計(jì)算成脂率進(jìn)行定量分析;熒光定量PCR(FQ-PCR)檢測(cè)成脂相關(guān)基因PPARγ、FABP4和Wnt/β-連環(huán)素(β-catenin)通路蛋白β-catenin的mRNA表達(dá)水平;Wnt通路抑制劑DKK1干預(yù)誘導(dǎo)成脂分化的ST-2細(xì)胞5 d,F(xiàn)Q-PCR檢測(cè)ASAⅥ所調(diào)節(jié)的PPARγ、FABP4和β-catenin mRNA表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果與成脂分化組相比,10-5mol/L和10-4mol/L ASAⅥ組中分化的脂肪細(xì)胞顯著減少,10-5、10-4mol/L ASAⅥ明顯抑制PPARγ、FABP4的mRNA表達(dá),但上調(diào)β-catenin mRNA表達(dá)。DKK1能夠逆轉(zhuǎn)ASAⅥ對(duì)ST-2細(xì)胞成脂分化的抑制作用,促進(jìn)PPARγ、FABP4的mRNA表達(dá),抑制β-catenin的mRNA表達(dá)。結(jié)論ASAⅥ能顯著抑制ST-2細(xì)胞的成脂分化,這一作用可能是通過(guò)Wnt/β-catenin通路的激活所介導(dǎo)的。
成脂分化;β連環(huán)素;川續(xù)斷皂苷Ⅵ;骨髓基質(zhì)細(xì)胞;Wnt信號(hào)通路
骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(BMSCs)是一種具有多向分化潛能的干細(xì)胞,是脂肪細(xì)胞和成骨細(xì)胞的共同前體。生理狀態(tài)下,BMSCs向脂肪細(xì)胞和成骨細(xì)胞分化維持相對(duì)平衡。某些病理狀態(tài)下,成骨成脂分化平衡被打破,調(diào)控BMSCs向成骨或成脂某一方向分化的作用占優(yōu)勢(shì),往往會(huì)削弱其向另一方向分化[1]。續(xù)斷是中醫(yī)臨床上常用的補(bǔ)腎中藥,始載于《神農(nóng)本草經(jīng)》,具有補(bǔ)肝腎、強(qiáng)筋骨、續(xù)折傷等功效。川續(xù)斷皂苷Ⅵ(AsperosaponinⅥ,ASAⅥ)是續(xù)斷的活性成分,藥典中將其作為續(xù)斷的質(zhì)控標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[2]。體外研究表明,ASAⅥ能夠促進(jìn)大鼠BMSCs向成骨細(xì)胞增殖和分化,該作用可能是通過(guò)激活p38絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)和細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinase,ERK)蛋白的活性來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的[3]。然而ASAⅥ對(duì)干細(xì)胞成脂分化的影響及調(diào)控的信號(hào)通路還不十分清楚。本研究以小鼠骨髓基質(zhì)細(xì)胞系ST-2為研究對(duì)象,觀察ASAⅥ對(duì)ST-2細(xì)胞成脂分化的影響,并對(duì)其作用機(jī)制進(jìn)行初步探討。
1.1 材料小鼠骨髓基質(zhì)細(xì)胞系ST-2由天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)王寶利研究員惠贈(zèng);ASAⅥ購(gòu)自天津一方科技有限公司;3-異丁基-1-甲基黃嘌呤(3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine,IBMX)、地塞米松(Dexamethasone,DXM)、胰島素(Insulin,INS)、吲哚美辛(Indometacin,INDO)和油紅O為美國(guó)Sigma公司產(chǎn)品;胎牛血清(FBS)、α-MEM培養(yǎng)基、胰蛋白酶為美國(guó)Hyclone公司產(chǎn)品;TRIZOL、定量PCR試劑盒為美國(guó)Invitrogen公司產(chǎn)品;MMLV逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶為Promega公司產(chǎn)品;引物由北京奧科鼎盛生物科技有限公司合成;重組人DKK1蛋白為以色列ProSpec公司產(chǎn)品。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 小鼠骨髓基質(zhì)細(xì)胞系ST-2的培養(yǎng)與誘導(dǎo)成脂分化復(fù)蘇凍存的小鼠骨髓基質(zhì)細(xì)胞系ST-2,使用含10% FBS、100 U/mL青霉素和100 mg/L鏈霉素的DMEM培養(yǎng)基,于37℃、5%CO2條件下培養(yǎng)。每隔2~3 d換液1次。待細(xì)胞融合達(dá)80%~90%時(shí),將其傳代培養(yǎng)并誘導(dǎo)成脂分化。具體過(guò)程為先使用添加了成脂誘導(dǎo)分化試劑0.25 mmol/L IBMX、0.5 μmol/L DXM、5 mg/L INS、50 μmol/L INDO的含10%FBS的α-MEM培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞3 d,再換以僅添加5 mg/L INS的含10%FBS的α-MEM培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)2 d。
1.2.2 細(xì)胞分組及處理將ST-2細(xì)胞分為6組,分別為對(duì)照組、成脂分化組和4個(gè)不同劑量ASAⅥ組。對(duì)照組只加入等體積的溶媒;成脂分化組加入成脂誘導(dǎo)分化試劑進(jìn)行誘導(dǎo)分化培養(yǎng)(如1.2.1所述);各ASAⅥ組除加入成脂誘導(dǎo)分化試劑外,分別使用10-7、10-6、10-5、10-4mol/L的ASAⅥ對(duì)細(xì)胞予以干預(yù)。
1.2.3 油紅O染色檢測(cè)脂肪細(xì)胞的分化ST-2細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)成脂分化培養(yǎng)5 d后移除培養(yǎng)基,用磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)洗滌細(xì)胞3次,而后細(xì)胞依次使用4%多聚甲醛固定10 min,PBS漂洗1 min,60%異丙醇浸洗1 min,油紅O染色10 min,蒸餾水漂洗2 min;最后,于倒置顯微鏡下觀察脂肪細(xì)胞的生成情況并拍照,計(jì)算成脂率(%)=脂肪細(xì)胞數(shù)/總細(xì)胞數(shù),定量分析各組脂肪細(xì)胞的生成情況。
1.2.4 熒光定量PCR(Fluorescence Quantitative PCR,F(xiàn)QPCR)檢測(cè)脂肪細(xì)胞特異性基因的表達(dá)各組細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)成脂分化5 d后,收獲細(xì)胞,提取細(xì)胞總RNA,具體操作過(guò)程依據(jù)TRIZOL試劑說(shuō)明書(shū)進(jìn)行。使用MMLV逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶將2 μg的總RNA逆轉(zhuǎn)錄合成為cDNA第一鏈。以cDNA為模板,F(xiàn)QPCR檢測(cè)脂肪細(xì)胞特異性基因過(guò)氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體γ(Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated receptor-γ,PPARγ)、脂肪細(xì)胞型脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白(Fatty-acid-binding protein 4,F(xiàn)ABP4)和Wnt通路蛋白β-連環(huán)素(β-catenin)的mRNA表達(dá)。FQ-PCR反應(yīng)體系為:cDNA 5 μL,10 μmol/L的上、下游引物各1 μL,2×SYBR GREEN PCR Master Mix 10 μL,無(wú)RNA酶水補(bǔ)足反應(yīng)體系至20 μL。反應(yīng)條件為:95℃預(yù)變性2 min,95℃變性10 s、58℃退火10 s、72℃延伸10 s,進(jìn)行35次循環(huán)。PCR產(chǎn)物采用溶解曲線法分析,以明確樣品擴(kuò)增的特異性。管家基因GAPDH作為內(nèi)參基因標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化目的基因的表達(dá)。目的基因的相對(duì)表達(dá)量采用2-??Ct法計(jì)算。其中??Ct=(目的基因Ct值-GAPDH Ct值)實(shí)驗(yàn)組-(目的基因Ct值-GAPDH Ct值)對(duì)照組。引物序列見(jiàn)表1。
Tab.1Primer sequence of genes that were amplified by FQ-PCR表1 FQ-PCR檢測(cè)的基因引物序列
1.2.5 Wnt通路抑制劑DKK1對(duì)ASAⅥ抑制的脂肪細(xì)胞分化的影響采用Wnt通路抑制劑DKK1(0.3 mg/L)預(yù)處理誘導(dǎo)成脂分化的ST-2細(xì)胞1 h,而后再加入10-4mol/L的ASAⅥ繼續(xù)干預(yù)細(xì)胞5 d。收獲細(xì)胞,提取總RNA,F(xiàn)Q-PCR檢測(cè)脂肪細(xì)胞特異性基因PPARγ、FABP4和Wnt通路蛋白βcatenin的mRNA表達(dá)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法采用SPSS 19.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差()表示。多組間均數(shù)比較采用單因素方差分析,組間多重比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 ASAⅥ對(duì)ST-2細(xì)胞成脂分化的影響對(duì)照組
ST-2細(xì)胞中僅有(4.531±0.922)%細(xì)胞分化成脂肪細(xì)胞,成脂分化組中可見(jiàn)(83.074±1.013)%細(xì)胞分化為脂肪細(xì)胞;10-7、10-6、10-5和10-4mol/L ASAⅥ組的成脂率分別為(76.908±2.372)%、(70.323±3.541)%、(53.258±2.049)%、(42.293±2.774)%(n=6,F(xiàn)= 951.514,P<0.01),隨ASAⅥ濃度增加,成脂率依次降低(P<0.01),并呈現(xiàn)劑量依賴關(guān)系。
2.2 ASAⅥ對(duì)PPARγ、FABP4和β-catenin mRNA表達(dá)的影響與對(duì)照組比較,成脂分化組的PPARγ、FABP4 mRNA表達(dá)顯著升高,約為對(duì)照組的7.9倍和8.3倍,而β-catenin的mRNA水平明顯降低,約為對(duì)照組的41%。ASAⅥ干預(yù)后,10-5、10-4mol/L ASAⅥ明顯抑制PPARγ、FABP4的mRNA表達(dá),但明顯上調(diào)β-catenin的mRNA表達(dá)。與成脂分化組比較,10-5、10-4mol/LASAⅥ對(duì)PPARγ mRNA的抑制率分別為37.8%和45.1%;對(duì)FABP4 mRNA的抑制率分別為45.0%和57.2%;10-5、10-4mol/L ASAⅥ組β-catenin mRNA表達(dá)水平分別為成脂分化組的2.88和3.54倍。見(jiàn)表2。
Tab.2Relative transcription levels of PPARγ,F(xiàn)ABP4 and β-catenin in differentiated ST-2 adipocyte表2 ASAⅥ對(duì)誘導(dǎo)成脂分化的ST-2細(xì)胞中PPARγ、FABP4和β-catenin mRNA的相對(duì)表達(dá)水平(n=6,)
Tab.2Relative transcription levels of PPARγ,F(xiàn)ABP4 and β-catenin in differentiated ST-2 adipocyte表2 ASAⅥ對(duì)誘導(dǎo)成脂分化的ST-2細(xì)胞中PPARγ、FABP4和β-catenin mRNA的相對(duì)表達(dá)水平(n=6,)
**P<0.01;將對(duì)照組設(shè)定為1,a與(1)組比較,b與(2)組比較,c與(3)組比較,d與(4)組比較,P<0.05
β -c a t e n i n 1 . 0 0 ± 0 . 1 9 0 . 4 1 ± 0 . 0 7 a 0 . 4 9 ± 0 . 0 9 a 0 . 5 7 ± 0 . 0 6 a b 1 . 1 8 ± 0 . 1 9 a b cd1 . 4 5 ± 0 . 2 3 a b cd4 5 . 3 7 5**組別對(duì)照組(1)成脂分化組(2)1 0 -7 m o l / L A S AⅥ組(3)1 0 -6 m o l / L A S AⅥ組(4)1 0 -5 m o l / L A S AⅥ組(5)1 0 -4 m o l / L A S AⅥ組(6)F P P A R γ 1 . 0 0 ± 0 . 1 2 7 . 9 1 ± 1 . 0 5 a 7 . 3 5 ± 1 . 2 8 a 7 . 2 1 ± 1 . 0 4 a 4 . 9 2 ± 0 . 7 9 a b c d 4 . 3 4 ± 0 . 6 6 a b c d 5 0 . 1 0 4**F A B P 4 1 . 0 0 ± 0 . 2 7 8 . 3 2 ± 1 . 3 9 a 7 . 8 5 ± 1 . 2 1 a 7 . 6 1 ± 1 . 0 7 a 4 . 5 8 ± 0 . 8 3 a b c d 3 . 5 6 ± 0 . 7 6 a b c d 5 2 . 3 8 6**
2.3 Wnt通路抑制劑減弱ASAⅥ對(duì)脂肪細(xì)胞分化的抑制作用選擇抑制作用最明顯的10-4mol/L ASAⅥ開(kāi)展進(jìn)一步實(shí)驗(yàn)。Wnt通路抑制劑DKK1能夠逆轉(zhuǎn)ASAⅥ對(duì)脂肪細(xì)胞分化的抑制作用。與10-4mol/L ASAⅥ組相比,DKK1組PPARγ、FABP4的mRNA表達(dá)水平顯著增加,分別為ASAⅥ組的1.61和2.04倍;而β-catenin mRNA的表達(dá)水平明顯降低,約為ASAⅥ組的52.8%。見(jiàn)表3。
Tab.3Effect of DKK1 on transcription levels of PPARγ,F(xiàn)ABP4 and β-catenin that were regulated by ASAⅥ表3 Wnt通路抑制劑DKK1對(duì)ASAⅥ調(diào)節(jié)的PPARγ、FABP4和β-catenin mRNA表達(dá)的影響(n=6,)
Tab.3Effect of DKK1 on transcription levels of PPARγ,F(xiàn)ABP4 and β-catenin that were regulated by ASAⅥ表3 Wnt通路抑制劑DKK1對(duì)ASAⅥ調(diào)節(jié)的PPARγ、FABP4和β-catenin mRNA表達(dá)的影響(n=6,)
**P<0.01;將成脂分化組設(shè)定為1,a與(1)組比較,b與(2)組比較,P<0.05
組別成脂分化組(1)1 0 -4 m o l / L A S AⅥ組(2)D K K 1干預(yù)組(3)F P P A R γ 1 . 0 0 ± 0 . 2 2 0 . 5 7 ± 0 . 2 1 a 0 . 9 2 ± 0 . 1 8 b 7 . 5 3 7**F A B P 4 1 . 0 0 ± 0 . 1 3 0 . 4 8 ± 0 . 0 9 a 0 . 9 8 ± 0 . 1 7 b 2 7 . 2 2 0**β -c a t e n i n 1 . 0 0 ± 0 . 1 4 2 . 6 3 ± 0 . 2 5 a 1 . 3 9 ± 0 . 2 7 a b 8 4 . 1 2 8**
3.1 BMSCs成骨成脂分化平衡及其調(diào)控脂肪細(xì)胞是哺乳動(dòng)物體內(nèi)一類重要的功能細(xì)胞,在維持脂類代謝與能量平衡方面具有關(guān)鍵作用。脂肪細(xì)胞和成骨細(xì)胞共同起源于BMSCs,兩者的分化存在“此消彼長(zhǎng)”的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡,如在各類骨丟失性疾病的發(fā)生過(guò)程中,骨量的減少往往伴隨著骨髓中脂肪細(xì)胞的增多。BMSCs分化為成熟脂肪細(xì)胞受到許多轉(zhuǎn)錄因子如PPARγ和FABP4等和信號(hào)通路的調(diào)節(jié)。PPARγ屬于核激素受體超家族,是一類依賴配體激活的核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,在脂肪細(xì)胞分化調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)中發(fā)揮著不可或缺的作用[4]。研究表明,BMSCs中的PPARγ活化后抑制成骨細(xì)胞特異性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子核心結(jié)合因子a1(core binding factor a1,Cbfa1)和Osterix等的表達(dá),阻礙成骨細(xì)胞分化并加強(qiáng)脂肪細(xì)胞分化,促進(jìn)脂肪組織生成;反之,若PPARγ基因發(fā)生突變,則脂肪細(xì)胞分化削弱,而成骨細(xì)胞分化加強(qiáng),進(jìn)而促進(jìn)骨形成[5]。FABP4基因也稱為aP2,屬于脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白家族,是脂肪細(xì)胞分化成熟的標(biāo)志基因,廣泛參與了脂肪酸的跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)及代謝過(guò)程[6]。經(jīng)典Wnt信號(hào)途徑,亦稱Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)途徑,是調(diào)控脂肪細(xì)胞分化的分子開(kāi)關(guān)。體內(nèi)、外研究均表明Wnt通路能夠抑制脂肪細(xì)胞的分化[7]。
3.2 ASAⅥ對(duì)成骨成脂分化的影響續(xù)斷,又名和尚頭,為川續(xù)斷科多年生草本植物川續(xù)斷的根,因能“續(xù)折接骨”而得名。續(xù)斷在中醫(yī)臨床主要用于腰膝酸軟、跌撲損傷、風(fēng)濕痹痛、崩漏、胎漏等的治療?,F(xiàn)代研究認(rèn)為續(xù)斷的主要活性成分ASAⅥ能夠促進(jìn)大鼠BMSCs的增殖和骨向分化,提高成骨細(xì)胞的活性和數(shù)量。此外,陳小宇等[8]研究表明,ASAⅥ能夠以劑量依賴的方式抑制3T3-L1前脂肪細(xì)胞的成脂分化。這些研究提示ASAⅥ可通過(guò)改善成骨成脂分化平衡失調(diào)來(lái)發(fā)揮其防治骨質(zhì)疏松、促進(jìn)骨折愈合的功效。然而目前尚鮮見(jiàn)關(guān)于ASAⅥ對(duì)干細(xì)胞成脂分化的影響及作用機(jī)制的報(bào)道。因此,筆者在本文中進(jìn)行了ASAⅥ對(duì)骨髓基質(zhì)細(xì)胞ST-2成脂分化的機(jī)制研究。
本研究中,在成脂誘導(dǎo)分化試劑作用下,成脂分化組的PPARγ和FABP4的基因表達(dá)水平與對(duì)照組相比顯著升高,ASAⅥ處理后PPARγ、FABP4的mRNA表達(dá)水平急劇減低。油紅O染色結(jié)果也印證了基因表達(dá)的結(jié)果,即成脂誘導(dǎo)分化試劑作用下骨髓基質(zhì)細(xì)胞ST-2分化為含大量脂滴的脂肪細(xì)胞,而ASAⅥ干預(yù)后,脂肪細(xì)胞的生成明顯受到抑制。ASAⅥ干預(yù)后,誘導(dǎo)成脂分化的ST-2細(xì)胞中的β-catenin mRNA表達(dá)水平明顯升高;而Wnt通路抑制劑DKK1作用后,能夠下調(diào)ASAⅥ促進(jìn)的βcatenin mRNA表達(dá)并上調(diào)ASAⅥ抑制的PPARγ、FABP4 mRNA表達(dá),表明DKK1在一定程度上能夠逆轉(zhuǎn)ASAⅥ對(duì)ST-2細(xì)胞成脂分化的抑制作用,這一結(jié)果也說(shuō)明Wnt/β-catenin通路的激活介導(dǎo)了ASAⅥ對(duì)脂肪細(xì)胞分化的抑制作用。
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(2015-07-06收稿 2015-08-31修回)
(本文編輯 李鵬)
Effect of AsperosaponinⅥon adipocyte differentiation in ST-2 cells and its underlying mechanisms
WANG Haixiao1,CUI Zhuang2,WANG Baoli3,BIAN Yuhong1,ZHENG Fang1△
1 College of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Tianjin 300193,China;2 College of Public Health,Tianjin Medical University;3 Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development(Ministry of Health),Metabolic Diseases Hospital&Institute of Endocrinology,Tianjin Medical University△
ObjectiveThe effect of AsperosaponinⅥ(ASAⅥ)on adipocyte differentiation and the involvement of Wnt signal pathway was investigated.MethodsThe murine bone marrow stromal cell line ST-2 were divided into 6 groups:control group,adipocyte differentiation group,and 4 different doses of ASAⅥgroups.Control group was exposed to the vehicle,adipocyte differentiation group was exposed to adipogenic reagent,and those 4 ASAⅥgroups were treated with different concentration(10-7,10-6,10-5,10-4mol/L)of ASAⅥafter adipocyte differentiation induction.5 days later,oil red O staining was performed to calculate adipocyte rate.Then mRNA transcription levels of PPARγ,F(xiàn)ABP4 genes and β-catenin that were Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway proteins were examined by FQ-PCR.Then Wnt pathway inhibitor DKK1 was supplemented into ST-2 cells treated with 10-4mol/L ASAⅥfor 5 days.After that FQ-PCR was used to detect whether transcription levels of PPARγ,F(xiàn)ABP4 and β-catenin in ST-2 cells were changed.ResultsCompared with adipocyte differentiation group 10-5mol/L and 10-4mol/L ASAⅥtreatments greatly down-regulated the number of lipid droplets and markedly inhibited transcription levels of adipocyte characterization transcription factors included PPARγ,F(xiàn)ABP4 while up-regulated transcription level of β-catenin in ST-2 cells.DKK1 can reverse the inhibitory effect of ASAⅥon adipocyte differentiation in ST-2 adipocyte.The transcription levels of PPARγ and FABP4 were up-regulated significantly while transcription level of β-catenin was inhibited.ConclusionASAⅥblocks adipocyte differentiation in ST-2 cells which might be mediated through activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
adipocyte differentitation;beta catenin;AsperosaponinⅥ;bone marrow stromal cells;Wnt signal pathway
R285.5
A
10.11958/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.12.001
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(81102543,81200611);中國(guó)博士后基金面上項(xiàng)目(2012M520588)
1天津中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)中西醫(yī)結(jié)合學(xué)院(郵編300193);2天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院;3天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)代謝病醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌研究所
王海曉(1989),男,碩士在讀,主要從事中西醫(yī)結(jié)合防治代謝性骨病方面的研究
△通訊作者E-mail:zhengfang_1979@163.com