馬向陽,楊進(jìn)城,邱鋒,尹慶水,夏虹,吳增暉,王建華,艾福志,章凱,麥小紅
臨床研究
寰樞椎脫位后路植骨材料的選擇與融合效果評(píng)價(jià)
馬向陽,楊進(jìn)城,邱鋒,尹慶水,夏虹,吳增暉,王建華,艾福志,章凱,麥小紅
目的評(píng)價(jià)寰樞椎脫位后路釘棒固定手術(shù)不同植骨材料的植骨融合效果。方法2002年11月至2012年7月廣州軍區(qū)廣州總醫(yī)院在氣管插管全麻下對(duì)468例可復(fù)性寰樞椎脫位患者施行寰樞椎后路釘棒固定技術(shù),寰椎采用椎弓根螺釘、部分經(jīng)椎弓根螺釘或側(cè)塊螺釘固定,樞椎行椎弓根螺釘、椎板螺釘、峽部螺釘或側(cè)塊螺釘固定,采用自體髂骨松質(zhì)骨、異體松質(zhì)骨或異體松質(zhì)骨混合自體骨髓植骨,術(shù)后定期復(fù)查X線片、CT以了解植骨融合情況。結(jié)果所有患者順利完成寰樞椎后路釘棒固定,術(shù)中未發(fā)生椎動(dòng)脈、脊髓損傷,術(shù)后切口淺表感染2例,經(jīng)清創(chuàng)換藥后治愈,影像學(xué)檢查示所有患者寰樞椎脫位復(fù)位滿意。術(shù)后447例(自體骨405例、單純異體骨27例、異體骨加自體骨髓15例)患者獲得隨訪,隨訪時(shí)間3~72個(gè)月,平均隨訪時(shí)間39個(gè)月。臨床癥狀均得到不同程度的改善,無螺釘、固定棒斷裂。5例患者植骨未獲融合(自體骨植骨2例、異體骨植骨3例),且伴有螺釘松動(dòng),其中1例患者未出現(xiàn)寰樞椎失穩(wěn),佩戴頸圍繼續(xù)隨訪;余4例行后路翻修大量自體髂骨松質(zhì)骨植骨,最終獲得融合。結(jié)論寰樞椎脫位首次手術(shù)和翻修手術(shù)應(yīng)盡量采用自體骨植骨,不得已使用異體骨時(shí)最好加入自體骨髓以提高融合率。
寰樞關(guān)節(jié);脫位;骨移植;移植,同種;移植,自體;脊柱融合術(shù);后路手術(shù);釘棒固定
寰樞椎脫位手術(shù)治療多采用后路固定,固定方法由早期的鋼絲固定逐漸演變?yōu)樽蛋邈^固定、經(jīng)關(guān)節(jié)Magerl螺釘固定、寰樞椎釘棒固定等[1-7],其抗旋轉(zhuǎn)、屈伸和側(cè)屈的三維生物力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性不斷獲得改善[8-9],為植骨融合提供了較為理想的力學(xué)環(huán)境,植骨融合率不斷提高。目前寰樞椎脫位所采用的植骨材料主要有人工骨、異體骨、自體骨等[10-11],2002年11月至2012年7月我科采用自體骨和異體骨植骨治療468例可復(fù)性寰樞椎脫位患者,現(xiàn)就其植骨融合效果總結(jié)如下。
1.1 一般資料
本組患者468例,男259例,女209例;年齡3~67歲,平均年齡43歲。均存在不同程度的四肢麻木和運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙。伴先天性游離齒突81例、齒突發(fā)育不良42例、齒突陳舊骨折278例、寰椎橫韌帶斷裂37例、類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎29例、強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎1例。
常規(guī)拍攝張口正位、頸椎正側(cè)位、雙斜位、動(dòng)力位(重癥患者在醫(yī)護(hù)人員陪護(hù)下進(jìn)行)X線片,寰樞椎段薄層CT掃描、重建(層距1.0 mm),頸椎MRI平掃檢查脊髓受壓情況及寰椎橫韌帶損傷情況。
1.2 手術(shù)方法
氣管插管全身麻醉,患者取俯臥位,頭部中立,頸椎適度前屈位,維持顱骨牽引。頸后正中縱切口顯露枕后隆突至C2棘突,骨膜下剝離顯露枕骨、C1后弓、C2側(cè)塊,保留頸半棘肌在C2棘突的附麗。寰椎采用椎弓根螺釘、部分經(jīng)椎弓根螺釘或側(cè)塊螺釘固定;樞椎采用椎弓根螺釘、椎板螺釘、峽部螺釘或側(cè)塊螺釘固定[12]。根據(jù)脫位程度預(yù)彎鈦棒,利用釘棒系統(tǒng)的提拉復(fù)位機(jī)制進(jìn)行復(fù)位,術(shù)中透視觀察復(fù)位情況,復(fù)位不佳時(shí)改變鈦棒預(yù)彎弧度,證實(shí)復(fù)位滿意后去除顱骨牽引。
用磨鉆或尖嘴咬骨鉗將寰椎后弓、樞椎椎板、樞椎棘突上緣咬出松質(zhì)骨面,準(zhǔn)備好植骨床;取自體髂骨松質(zhì)骨顆粒、異體松質(zhì)骨(山西奧瑞生物材料有限公司)加自體骨髓、單純異體松質(zhì)骨顆?;蚬菞l植骨。術(shù)后定期復(fù)查X線片、CT以了解植骨融合情況。
468 例可復(fù)性寰樞椎脫位患者均順利完成寰樞椎后路釘棒固定(圖1),術(shù)中未發(fā)生椎動(dòng)脈、脊髓損傷;術(shù)后切口淺表感染2例,經(jīng)清創(chuàng)換藥后治愈,X線片、CT檢查顯示寰樞椎脫位復(fù)位均滿意。
術(shù)后447例(自體骨405例、單純異體骨27例、異體骨加自體骨髓15例)患者獲得隨訪,隨訪時(shí)間3~72個(gè)月,平均隨訪時(shí)間39個(gè)月,臨床癥狀均得到不同程度的改善,無螺釘、固定棒斷裂。末次隨訪時(shí)442例患者獲得植骨融合。融合時(shí)間3~24個(gè)月,平均融合時(shí)間6個(gè)月。另5例患者未獲植骨融合且均出現(xiàn)螺釘松動(dòng)(圖2),其中自體骨植骨2例(強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎、類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎患者各1例),余3例異體骨植骨均為游離齒突導(dǎo)致的寰樞椎脫位(2例為10歲以下幼兒、1例為成年人)。1例強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎患者術(shù)后1年CT檢查顯示寰樞椎后方的自體骨植骨吸收未融合,佩戴支具3個(gè)月后再次復(fù)查,雖仍未融合,但頸椎過伸過屈位未發(fā)現(xiàn)寰樞椎失穩(wěn)。鑒于強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎疾病的自身特點(diǎn),可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)側(cè)塊關(guān)節(jié)的自發(fā)融合,遂佩戴頸圍繼續(xù)隨訪。余4例均行后路翻修術(shù),增加螺釘長(zhǎng)度、直徑并進(jìn)行雙皮質(zhì)螺釘固定,取大量髂骨松質(zhì)骨植骨,隨訪3~12個(gè)月后獲得最終融合(圖3)。
3.1 寰樞椎后路釘棒固定技術(shù)
圖1 可復(fù)性寰樞椎脫位后路釘棒固定手術(shù)前后X線片(女,3歲)1A術(shù)前過屈位X線片顯示脫位1B術(shù)前過伸位X線片顯示復(fù)位1C術(shù)后1周X線片示釘棒固定后復(fù)位滿意,異體松質(zhì)骨植骨
圖2 同一患兒后路釘棒固定手術(shù)術(shù)后4年復(fù)查影像學(xué)圖片2A冠狀位CT檢查顯示釘?shù)乐車琴|(zhì)吸收,螺釘松動(dòng)2B矢狀位CT檢查顯示植骨吸收未融合,復(fù)發(fā)脫位2C過屈位X線片顯示寰樞椎脫位
圖3 同一患兒后路釘棒固定手術(shù)術(shù)后4年翻修術(shù)后影像學(xué)圖片(術(shù)中增加螺釘直徑和長(zhǎng)度,自體髂骨植骨)3A翻修術(shù)后1周X線側(cè)位片示螺釘長(zhǎng)度增加,寰樞椎再次復(fù)位3B翻修術(shù)后1年矢狀位CT檢查顯示植骨融合3C翻修術(shù)后1年過屈位X線片檢查示寰樞椎序列良好
1994年Goel和Laheri[6]報(bào)道寰樞椎后路釘棒固定系統(tǒng),2001年Harms和Melcher[7]對(duì)其加以改進(jìn),至此,長(zhǎng)期以來一直困擾脊柱醫(yī)師的臨床難題——寰樞椎后路固定不夠堅(jiān)強(qiáng)、技術(shù)操作復(fù)雜危險(xiǎn)——得到了較好的解決。該技術(shù)采用寰椎和樞椎分別置釘,再通過固定棒的連接組成堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的后路框架內(nèi)固定系統(tǒng)。尤其是寰椎椎弓根螺釘固定技術(shù)和部分經(jīng)寰椎椎弓根固定技術(shù)的提出[11,13],彌補(bǔ)了寰椎側(cè)塊螺釘置釘出血多、對(duì)神經(jīng)血管干擾大的不足;樞椎椎板螺釘、峽部螺釘和側(cè)塊螺釘?shù)膽?yīng)用[12],也彌補(bǔ)了樞椎椎弓根螺釘人群適用率低、椎動(dòng)脈損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大的不足;此外,同一患者寰樞椎左右兩側(cè)亦可采用不同的寰椎或樞椎固定技術(shù)進(jìn)行組合固定[12],拓寬了釘棒固定方法的適應(yīng)證,除重度粉碎骨折、腫瘤患者外,基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了寰樞椎脫位人群的全覆蓋。本組患者中有不少10歲以下的患兒,最小患者僅3歲,也成功實(shí)施了釘棒固定,從一個(gè)側(cè)面驗(yàn)證了其適用范圍的廣泛性。生物力學(xué)研究亦表明,寰樞椎釘棒固定具有與Magerl螺釘加鋼絲技術(shù)三點(diǎn)固定相似的三維穩(wěn)定性[9],為植骨融合提供了堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的內(nèi)固定力學(xué)環(huán)境;早期臨床應(yīng)用結(jié)果還表明,內(nèi)固定越堅(jiān)強(qiáng)可靠,其植骨融合率越高[1-7]。但在患者全部采用釘棒固定后,手術(shù)植骨融合率的高低更多的取決于植骨床的準(zhǔn)備、患者自身情況以及植骨材料的選擇[14-15]。
3.2 寰樞椎后路融合植骨
3.2.1 植骨要點(diǎn)寰樞椎前路融合手術(shù)可在寰樞椎側(cè)塊間進(jìn)行植骨,與頸椎前路椎間植骨類似,植骨塊承受了一定的壓縮載荷,且植骨接觸面積較大,更有利于植骨的融合。而寰樞椎后路融合手術(shù)則與前路融合不同,可供融合的植骨床僅有寰椎后弓和樞椎椎板的表面,只能平鋪植骨而不承受壓縮載荷,且其表面均為皮質(zhì)骨。因此在完成固定和復(fù)位后,需充分準(zhǔn)備植骨床,磨除或咬除骨皮質(zhì)并需裸露出松質(zhì)骨或骨表面滲血。
3.2.2 植骨材料選擇就脊柱植骨融合而言,最好的植骨材料是自體骨;而對(duì)于不具有支撐作用的寰樞椎后路植骨來講,最好的植骨材料是自體髂骨松質(zhì)骨。本組自體骨植骨患者僅2例未獲骨性融合,融合率超過99.5%。其中1例為強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎、1例為類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎,說明自體骨植骨具有很高的植骨融合率,但對(duì)于罹患骨病者仍有不融合的可能。本組對(duì)一些合并糖尿病、高齡體弱和年齡過小的患者,早期病例采用單純異體骨植骨,27例中3例發(fā)生植骨不融合,不融合率超過10%,雖經(jīng)翻修手術(shù)植入自體骨后最終獲得融合,但也提示應(yīng)慎用異體骨;而后期行異體骨植骨的15例患者均采用異體骨與自體骨髓混合后植骨,以提高融合率,患者最終均獲得融合,提示在不得已選擇異體骨的情況下,加入自體骨髓將有助于提高融合率。但采用該方法的例數(shù)較少,是否使用異體骨加自體骨髓均有如此高的融合率,還有待于增加病例數(shù)量后做出更為全面客觀的結(jié)論。
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The selection of posterior bone graft materials for atlantoaxial dislocation and the evaluation of bony fusion effect
MA Xiangyang,YANG Jincheng,QIU Feng,YIN Qingshui,XIA Hong,WU Zenghui,WANG Jianhua,AI Fuzhi,ZHANG Kai,MAI Xiaohong.Department of Spinal Surgery,Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command,Institute of Traumatic Orthopaedics of PLA,Key Laboratory of Trauma&Tissue Repair of Tropical Area of PLA,Guangzhou,Guangdong 510010,China
Objectives To evaluate the bony fusion effects of posterior C1-C2 screw-rods fixation with different bone graft materials for patients with atlantoaxial dislocation(AAD).Methods Under general anesthesia,468 patients with reducible AAD treated in Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command from November 2002 to July 2012,performed posterior C1-C2 screw-rods fixation which C1 screwfixation methods including pedicle screw,partial transpedicle screw or lateral mass screw fixation,and C2 screw fixation methods including pedicle screw,translaminar screw,pars screw or lateral mass screw fixation.Bone grafts were chosen as autogenous cancellous bone,allogeneic cancellous bone,and autogenous bone marrow plus allogeneic cancellous bone.The fusion was followed up byray and CT scanning images.Results All 468 cases underwent the surgery successfully,and no neurovascular injuries were found during the operation.There were 2 cases of superficial wound infection which were cured after debridement and antibiotics treatment. Radiological results showed all patients achieved satisfactory reduction.Total of 447 patients were followed up for 3-72 months with an average of 39 months.Among them,autogenous cancellous bone graft were used in 405 patients,allogeneic cancellous bone graft in 27 patients,and autogenous bone marrow plus allogeneic cancellous bone in 15 patients.Clinical symptoms were found to be improved to some extent without broken screw-rods in all patients.With screw loosening,a total of 5 patients did not achieve fusion(including autogenous bone grafting in 2 patients and allogeneic bone grafting in 3 patients).One of them without atlantoaxial instability was still wearing brace and following up continuously,the other four cases were reoperated with enough autogenous cancellous bone graft and achieved solid bony fusion later.Conclusions Autogenous bone should be used in the first and revision operation for patients with AAD;When it was forced to use allogeneic cancellous bone,adding autologous bone marrow can increase bony fusion rate.
Atlanto-axialjoint;Dislocations;Bonetransplantation;Transplantation,homologous;Transplantation,autologous;Spinal fusion;Posterior surgery;Screw-rod fixation
R684.7,R687.34
A
1674-666X(2015)01-005-05
2014-11-02;
2014-12-10)
(本文編輯:白朝暉)
10.3969/j.issn.1674-666X.2015.01.001
軍隊(duì)臨床高新技術(shù)重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(2010gxjs032)
510010廣州軍區(qū)廣州總醫(yī)院脊柱外科;全軍創(chuàng)傷骨科研究所;全軍熱區(qū)創(chuàng)傷救治與組織修復(fù)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室
E-mail:maxy1001@126.com
中國(guó)骨科臨床與基礎(chǔ)研究雜志2015年1期