林祥偉 張?zhí)K偉
[摘要] 目的 研究姬松茸粗多糖在K562細(xì)胞的增殖、凋亡,以及對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-κB的影響,并探究其中的作用機(jī)制。 方法 培養(yǎng)K562細(xì)胞,再分別將(2、5、10mg/mL)姬松茸粗多糖加入其中作用48h,之后應(yīng)用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)、免疫熒光法等方法觀察姬松茸粗多糖在K562細(xì)胞的增殖、凋亡和對(duì)NF-κB活性中的影響。 結(jié)果 姬松茸粗多糖對(duì)K562細(xì)胞增殖有很顯著的抑制作用,還可以阻止細(xì)胞從G0/G1期到G2/M+S期過渡。經(jīng)過10mg/mL的姬松茸粗多糖誘導(dǎo)48h后,K562細(xì)胞CML細(xì)胞的凋亡率65.41%,較對(duì)照組顯著增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。而且NF-κB較對(duì)照組減少。 結(jié)論 姬松茸粗多糖能抑制K562細(xì)胞增殖,并且可以誘導(dǎo)其凋亡,其中的作用機(jī)制和NF-κB通道的異常激活明顯相關(guān),值得進(jìn)一步的研究。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 姬松茸;K562細(xì)胞;增殖;凋亡;NF-κB
[中圖分類號(hào)] R285.5;R733.7 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 2095-0616(2015)11-25-04
[Abstract] Objective To study the influence of Agaricus blazei on proliferation and apoptosis of cells K562 and transcription NF- κB, and to explore the mechanism. Methods Cells K562 were cultured, then the 2, 5,10mg/mL of Agaricus blazei polysaccharides were respectively added to react for 48 hours, and then the effects of Agaricus blazei on proliferation and apoptosis of cells K562 and activity of NF- κB were observed with the methods such as flow cytometry, immunofluorescence. Results Agaricus blazei significantly inhibited the proliferation of cells K562, and also could prevent the cell transition from phase G0/G1 to phase G2/M+S. After induction by 10mg/mL of Agaricus blazei for 48 hours, apoptosis rate of cells K562 was 65.41%, which was significantly higher than that in control groups, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.01). However there were fewer factors of NF-κB than the control groups. Conclusion Agaricus blazei can inhibit the proliferation of cells K562, and can induce apoptosis of them, the mechanism of that is obviously related with abnormal activation of channel of factors NF- κB. However, it is worthy of further researches.
[Key words] Agaricus blazei; Cells K562; Proliferation; Apoptosis; NF-κB
目前有報(bào)道在人肝癌、前列腺癌、結(jié)腸癌等實(shí)體瘤中,姬松茸均有抑制增殖作用和促其凋亡作用[1-5]。核因子NF-κB存在于體內(nèi)多種細(xì)胞中,是一組作用較廣泛的真核細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,它主要參與細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)傳遞,并調(diào)控多種基因的表達(dá)。文獻(xiàn)資料顯示急性髓系白血?。ˋML)造血干細(xì)胞中絕大部分的細(xì)胞核因子NF-κB均有異?;罨磉_(dá)現(xiàn)象[6-9]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)以慢性粒細(xì)胞白血?。–ML)細(xì)胞株K562作為實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象,研究姬松茸粗多糖對(duì)K562細(xì)胞的增殖抑制作用以及其誘導(dǎo)凋亡的作用,并且闡述核因子NF-κB核因子在該過程中所起的作用。
1 材料與方法
1.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)
慢性粒細(xì)胞白血病細(xì)胞株K562先在含10%胎牛血清和100U/L青霉素以及100U/L鏈霉素的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基里懸浮培養(yǎng)。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)分組
培養(yǎng)K562細(xì)胞的過程中,往其加入ABM粗多糖,并使其終濃度為2、5、10mg/mL。接著再分別培養(yǎng)K562細(xì)胞48h,使用不含ABM粗多糖的培養(yǎng)基來培養(yǎng)K562細(xì)胞作為其對(duì)照組。
1.3 細(xì)胞周期檢測(cè)
K562細(xì)胞周期的測(cè)定應(yīng)用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)來分析。在姬松茸多糖作用48h后的K562細(xì)胞以1×10?5個(gè)以體積分?jǐn)?shù)為0.7的乙醇固定以后,用PBS洗2次,加入RNA酶30μL,在37℃下水浴30min,最后冰浴終止反應(yīng);用PBS洗1次,加入PI染液0.5mL,避光孵育30min后,上機(jī)檢測(cè),并分析細(xì)胞的周期變化。
1.4 細(xì)胞凋亡檢測(cè)
采用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)K562細(xì)胞凋亡率并收集姬松茸粗多糖作用過的K562細(xì)胞,使其在1500rpm的狀態(tài)下離心5min,并且將上清液去掉,選擇磷酸鹽緩沖液(phosphate buffered saline,PBS)慢慢地的進(jìn)行重懸細(xì)胞,然后進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù),從重懸細(xì)胞中提取5~10萬(wàn)數(shù)目,同樣在1500rpm下離心5min,去掉上清液,加入195μL Annexin V-FITC結(jié)合液緩慢地重懸細(xì)胞,繼續(xù)加入5μL Annexin V-FITC并且慢慢地混合均勻,在常溫(21~25℃)下,暗處孵育10min。在1500rpm下離心5min,去掉上清液搖晃均勻,放置避光處冰浴。經(jīng)過流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè),Annexin V-FITC顯示為綠色熒光、PI顯示為紅色熒光。其中正?;罴?xì)胞Annexin V-FITC(-)PI(-);而凋亡早期細(xì)胞Annexin V-FITC(+)PI(-);壞死細(xì)胞以及凋亡晚期的細(xì)胞Annexin V-FITC(+)PI(+)。
1.5 用EMSA法檢測(cè)K562細(xì)胞的核因子NF-KB的活性
核蛋白的提取:各組濃度的姬松茸粗多糖在作用K562細(xì)胞48h以后,收獲細(xì)胞,使用核蛋白抽提試劑盒來提取細(xì)胞核蛋白,用BCA試劑盒進(jìn)行蛋白的定量,保存在-80℃下備用。提取核蛋白提取物2μL,和γ-P32標(biāo)記的NF-k寡聚核苷酸探針進(jìn)行結(jié)合,并用聚丙烯胺凝膠電泳來分離NF-kB的探針復(fù)合物,接著電泳2h,然后在-70℃自顯影72h。NF-kB活性檢測(cè)的結(jié)果應(yīng)用Bio-Rad公司Gel Doc凝膠成像系統(tǒng)對(duì)膜片進(jìn)行掃描,同時(shí)使用GELpro3.0軟件對(duì)其滯后帶灰度進(jìn)行分析。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
使用SPSS11.5統(tǒng)計(jì)包來進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用()表示,多組間比較用方差分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 姬松茸粗多糖對(duì)K562細(xì)胞周期的影響
結(jié)果顯示,處于G0/G1期的細(xì)胞明顯增多,處于S期的細(xì)胞減少,而G2/M期的細(xì)胞則無明顯變化。說明姬松茸粗多糖作用于K562細(xì)胞后,可以把細(xì)胞周期阻滯于G0/G1期,減少細(xì)胞進(jìn)入S期,從而抑制細(xì)胞的增殖。
2.2 姬松茸粗多糖對(duì)K562細(xì)胞凋亡的影響
K562細(xì)胞經(jīng)2、5、10mg/L的姬松茸粗多糖作用48h后,用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡率。結(jié)果顯示,姬松茸粗多糖可以誘導(dǎo)K562細(xì)胞凋亡,且隨著濃度增加其作用效果更強(qiáng),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。
2.3 姬松茸粗多糖對(duì)K562細(xì)胞NF-κB 活性的影響
姬松茸粗多糖作用于K562細(xì)胞 48h后對(duì)照組細(xì)胞NF-κB灰度值為(712.12±24.15);2、5、10mg/mL三組值分別為(419.31±15.11)、(319.91±27.76)、(120.17±11.31),結(jié)果顯示,K562細(xì)胞經(jīng)過2、5、10mg/L的姬松茸粗多糖作用48h后,能引起NF-kB的DNA結(jié)合的活性呈現(xiàn)劑量依賴性地降低,三組較對(duì)照組比較F=215.781,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。
3 討論
慢性粒細(xì)胞白血病是由于Ph染色體和p210 bcr-abl癌蛋白而導(dǎo)致的惡性造血干細(xì)胞疾病,是臨床上罕見的一種惡性腫瘤,約占所有癌癥的0.29%,接近占成人白血病的21%,在普通人群中的患病率達(dá)十萬(wàn)分之一。其主要的特征是細(xì)胞過度增長(zhǎng)、凋亡受抑以及粘附、遷移功能的異常。此病的發(fā)生不受年齡的限制,但以老年群體常見,平均發(fā)病年齡為64歲,臨床上男性患病的概率大于女性。目前,比較常用的治療方法就是接受化學(xué)療法,可一旦程度上緩解病情,但是毒副作用太大,受患者身體條件和耐受能力制約,骨髓移植可以治愈白血病,但是合適的配體較難找,移植后的抗排斥也是治療的難點(diǎn)[10]。
當(dāng)前國(guó)內(nèi)外研究慢性粒細(xì)胞白血病的關(guān)注點(diǎn)集中于化療藥物的研究,而中藥的抗白血病作用研究較少。尤其是姬松茸誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞的分化和促進(jìn)凋亡,及其作用機(jī)制的研究更少。NF-κB是一類具有多向轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié)作用的細(xì)胞因子,在腫瘤的發(fā)生和發(fā)展過程中發(fā)揮著重要作用,它激活后參與多種基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控,且它在白血病等非實(shí)體瘤中能隨染色體擴(kuò)增或者易位而發(fā)生遺傳學(xué)上的改變[11]。腫瘤細(xì)胞受腫瘤壞死因子刺激作用,引起細(xì)胞內(nèi)激酶活化,導(dǎo)致NF-κB激活[12];NF-κB活化后進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核可以阻止激酶caspase-9的活化,阻斷細(xì)胞凋亡信號(hào)的釋放,從而起到抗細(xì)胞凋亡的作用。因此,通過抑制NF-κB活性,從而誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡,可以為腫瘤的治療提供一個(gè)新的思路。
白血病是一種基因疾病,同時(shí)也是細(xì)胞周期的疾病。細(xì)胞周期是細(xì)胞存在的基本過程,每個(gè)細(xì)胞都在細(xì)胞周期中分化成熟衰老死亡,周而復(fù)始[13]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)是通過姬松茸粗多糖作用于K562細(xì)胞后,觀察到處于G0/G1期的細(xì)胞顯著增多,而處于S期的細(xì)胞減少,G2/M期的細(xì)胞卻無明顯變化。這表明姬松茸粗多糖作用于K562細(xì)胞后,能把細(xì)胞周期阻滯于G0/G1期,并減少細(xì)胞進(jìn)入S期,最終抑制細(xì)胞的增殖。
細(xì)胞凋亡對(duì)機(jī)體維持動(dòng)態(tài)平衡起到很關(guān)鍵的作用。腫瘤細(xì)胞就是細(xì)胞的凋亡機(jī)制失效導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞失控?zé)o限增殖腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡紊亂打破了機(jī)體的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡,逃離凋亡調(diào)控的細(xì)胞增殖而不凋亡。因此誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡在當(dāng)前是臨床腫瘤治療學(xué)研究非常熱門的課題[14]。細(xì)胞凋亡是非常嚴(yán)格的基因調(diào)控過程,其主要的形態(tài)學(xué)改變是核固縮,核碎裂,核溶解,并且不引起周圍組織細(xì)胞炎癥反應(yīng)[15]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)則通過姬松茸粗多糖作用于K562細(xì)胞48h后,采用流式細(xì)胞儀來檢測(cè)細(xì)胞的凋亡率。而結(jié)果顯示,姬松茸粗多糖可以誘導(dǎo)K562細(xì)胞的凋亡,并且能隨著濃度的增加其作用的效果越明顯,且差異有顯著的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
NF-κB作為一種核蛋白因子具有多向轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié)的特異性,它在腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展中起到非常重要的作用,它的表達(dá)可以隨著非實(shí)體瘤細(xì)胞的染色體基因型的改變而發(fā)生變化[16]。有些異常的信號(hào)分子或癌蛋白能激活NF-κB,活化的NF-κB 被釋放進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核,阻止caspase-9的活化從而起到抗凋亡的作用[17];另外NF-κB也通過抑制JNK的活性,促進(jìn)抗凋亡蛋白的表達(dá),從而起到抑制凋亡的作用;因此通過抑制NF-κB的異常表達(dá)活化,有望成為抗白血病治療的新策略[18-19]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)應(yīng)用EMSA法檢測(cè)姬松茸粗多糖對(duì)K562細(xì)胞NF-κB的DNA結(jié)合活性,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,姬松茸粗多糖作用于K562細(xì)胞48h后細(xì)胞核內(nèi)的NF-κB的DNA結(jié)合活性顯著降低,提示姬松茸粗多糖誘導(dǎo)K562細(xì)胞凋亡作用可能與抑制NF-κB的活性有關(guān)系。
綜上所述,姬松茸粗多糖不僅可以抑制白血病細(xì)胞K562的增殖,同時(shí)通過抑制NF-kB的活性,來抑制了后者的抗細(xì)胞凋亡作用,從而促進(jìn)了細(xì)胞凋亡。目前作為一種新的抗癌藥,姬松茸粗多糖已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了臨床試驗(yàn),在過去幾年中積累的一系列臨床數(shù)據(jù)中姬松茸粗多糖有著非常廣譜的抗腫瘤活性,并對(duì)各種腫瘤細(xì)胞有抑制的作用,但是對(duì)正常細(xì)胞無明顯的作用[12]。這有望能成為新的抗白血病藥物,并為治療白血病提供新的思路。
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(收稿日期:2015-03-23)