許秀萍

【中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)】G633.4 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A 【文章編號(hào)】2095-3089（2015）04-0137-02

根據(jù)《普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》及《2014年福建省高考英語(yǔ)考試說(shuō)明》對(duì)考生閱讀理解能力的要求，考生能讀懂書(shū)、報(bào)、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話(huà)題的簡(jiǎn)短文段以及公告、說(shuō)明、廣告等，并能從中獲取相關(guān)信息?？忌鷳?yīng)能：根據(jù)上下文克服生詞困難，推斷生詞的詞義，能通過(guò)文章中的線索進(jìn)行推理、判斷，大家都知道，英語(yǔ)單詞大部分是一詞多義，其含義隨不同的語(yǔ)境會(huì)有所不同，所以這就要求學(xué)生在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，能根據(jù)上下文正確理解靈活多變的詞義。而我們的部分學(xué)生，在閱讀文章時(shí)，還沒(méi)有完全養(yǎng)成良好的英語(yǔ)閱讀習(xí)慣，遇到一些生詞時(shí)，邊閱讀邊查字典，或心理恐懼，不知所措，這些因素都制約著他們對(duì)文章的理解以及答題的速度。而這種不使用詞典而通過(guò)閱讀上下文來(lái)推斷生詞、句子、文章含義的能力，是一個(gè)合格的讀者所必須具備的能力，因此也是閱讀測(cè)試中經(jīng)常檢測(cè)的一種能力。鑒于此，教師有必要在課堂上幫助他們掌握常用猜測(cè)詞義的解題方法，提高他們的閱讀速度。我將在下列步驟指導(dǎo)學(xué)生如何在閱讀過(guò)程中進(jìn)行詞義猜測(cè)。

一、讓學(xué)生對(duì)閱讀理解題中的猜測(cè)詞義的提問(wèn)方式有所了解，從而引發(fā)他們對(duì)猜測(cè)題的解題方法的思考。

詞義猜測(cè)題常用的提問(wèn)方式有：

1）The word “…” probably means /refers to/ could be replaced by____

2）The word “…” is most likely to mean____

3）What do you think the expression “…”stands for？

4）The underlined word “…”means____

二、向?qū)W生具體介紹常用的八種做猜測(cè)詞義的解題方法，讓他們熟悉這些方法，并且能夠活學(xué)活用。

1）定義法

For example： I can message someone ， that is， I can leave a message for them on their phone.

The old herdsman， who looked after sheep， earned about 54 Yuan a month last year.

2）對(duì)比法： 表示對(duì)比的詞有but、while、however、otherwise等。

Unlike his gregarious sister， Li lei is a shy person， who does not like to go to parties， or to make new friends.

During the class， the child was quiet but afterwards， she became boisterous.

3）上下文：

Communication is a vital factor of all interpersonal relationship and especially that of a team. Team members must be able to articulate their feelings， express plans and goals， share ideas and see each others opinions.

4）構(gòu)詞法：英語(yǔ)單詞大多是由詞根、前綴、后綴所組成。在詞根前或后加上前綴或后綴，可以用來(lái)引申或轉(zhuǎn)變?cè)~的意義。

Mini？鄄、 super？鄄、 re？鄄、 micro？鄄、 mis？鄄、 im？鄄、 un？鄄、 in？鄄

Non？鄄、 ？鄄able、 ？鄄less、 ？鄄wards、dis？鄄、ir？鄄、il？鄄、post？鄄

Eg： homeless、rebuild、microbus、dislike、incorrect、impolite、illegal、irregular、unfinished、postwar、superman

All of the students like history， but the girl dislikes it.

5）因果法：從原因推測(cè)結(jié)果，從結(jié)果推測(cè)原因。

His mother was very angry. All of her ice cream and frozen foods melted because of the biggest power failure.

Owing to her long hair， she had her hair trimmed a bit.

6）相似法：利用同義詞、近義詞或詞組猜測(cè)詞義。

She answered quickly .But after she considered the problem more carefully ， she regretted having made such a hasty decision.

Though many people think raw meat a delicacy， I seldom eat any meat that is uncooked.

7）例舉法：利用文中的舉例猜測(cè)詞義。

Zoologists are studying how birds such as terns migrate.

The boy often goes to the zoo because he likes such creatures as monkeys and pandas.

8）普通常識(shí)：根據(jù)普通常識(shí)和生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義。

In order not to make his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him， the doctor usually gives an anesthesia to make the patient unconscious when he performs an operation on a patient.

三、學(xué)生通過(guò)下列的個(gè)人、同桌或同班的體驗(yàn)、討論、探究，下水試溫，進(jìn)一步鞏固猜測(cè)詞義題的解題方法，提高靈活運(yùn)用的能力。

1）The room was so immense that it would be impossible to see all the things in one day.

因果法，immense means big.

2）A linguist is a person who studies the science of language.

定義法，a linguist means a person who studies the science of language.

3）A mans position among the black？鄄tent people depends on his ancestors， relatives and fellow tribesmen. If they are honored， he is also honored. If they are disgraced， he too is disgraced. Therefore one carefully guards the honor of his family， his lineage， and his tribe.

The word “disgrace” means _____in this text.

A、honor B、endanger C、proud D、shame

相似法：利用同義詞、近義詞或詞組猜測(cè)詞義。Disgrace means shame.

4）The progress was ____，but in the end the three star runner and Mark crossed the finish line together to the enthusiastic cries of their teachers and classmates.

A、slow B、great C、boring D、relaxing

上、下文，根據(jù)下文的but，雖然過(guò)程很慢，但是最后他們?nèi)烁R克一起沖過(guò)了終點(diǎn)線。

5）People thank each other everywhere in England ，all the time .When people buy something in a shop ，the customer and the retail assistant in most cases thank each other twice or more. In Germany ，it would be exceptional to hear more than one thank-you in such a conversation. British students thank their lecturers when leaving the room. English employers thank their employees for doing their jobs， as opposed to Germans， who would normally think that paying their workers money is already enough.

What can we learn about customers and retail assistants in Germany？

A、Its always a retail assistant who says thank-you.

B、A customer never says thank-you to each other.

C、They always say thank-you to each other.

D、They may say thank-you only once.

對(duì)比法，在英國(guó)，顧客和店員會(huì)不止一次地相互感謝，而在德國(guó)則很少聽(tīng)到人們說(shuō)謝謝超過(guò)一次，由此判斷選D項(xiàng)。

6） Here is The Pines， whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food ， such as Caribou， wild boar， and reindeer with surprising sauces.

According to the passage，“The pines ”is a____

A、place in which you can see many mobile homes

B、mountain where you can get a good view of the valley

C、town which happens to be near the Banff National Park

D、restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food

根據(jù)常識(shí)知道，其后的“whose cook has developed a…”，答案是D

四、總結(jié)

教師通過(guò)歸納點(diǎn)評(píng)，再現(xiàn)方法，加深印象。這節(jié)課講了高中英語(yǔ)猜測(cè)詞義的8種方法：定義法、構(gòu)詞法、相似法、對(duì)比法、上下文、普通常識(shí)、因果法和例舉法。提醒學(xué)生在做詞義猜測(cè)題時(shí)不要脫離語(yǔ)境。有些常用詞在特定的上、下文中，具有特殊的詞義，要分析語(yǔ)境，不要孤立思考。如果離開(kāi)特定的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境來(lái)理解生詞意義，必然會(huì)理解錯(cuò)誤。學(xué)生只要靈活運(yùn)用，學(xué)會(huì)融會(huì)貫通，必能熟能生巧。