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右美托咪定對(duì)老年患者下肢手術(shù)中止血帶所致氧化應(yīng)激及炎癥反應(yīng)的影響

2015-06-05 15:31:00張繼晨孟瑞霞杜增利
關(guān)鍵詞:時(shí)點(diǎn)止血帶咪定

張繼晨, 孟瑞霞, 杜增利

右美托咪定對(duì)老年患者下肢手術(shù)中止血帶所致氧化應(yīng)激及炎癥反應(yīng)的影響

張繼晨1, 孟瑞霞1, 杜增利2

1河南省新鄉(xiāng)市中心醫(yī)院麻醉科,新鄉(xiāng) 453000
2河南省焦作市焦煤中央醫(yī)院麻醉科,焦作 454150

目的 探討右美托咪定對(duì)老年患者下肢手術(shù)中止血帶所致氧化應(yīng)激及炎癥反應(yīng)的影響。方法 將168例行下肢手術(shù)平均年齡(67.6±6.4)歲(60~84歲)的老年患者,分為右美托咪定組(n=62)、丙泊酚組(n=52)和對(duì)照組(n=54),均采用蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔阻滯麻醉聯(lián)合硬膜外麻醉。完成穿刺后,右美托咪定組患者10min內(nèi)給予負(fù)荷量1μg/kg右美托咪定靜脈輸注,后采用0.5μg/(kg·h)維持至術(shù)畢;丙泊酚組患者給予丙泊酚靶控靜脈輸注,起始靶濃度1.0μg/mL,與效應(yīng)室濃度平衡3min后,以0.2μg/mL遞增;對(duì)照組患者給予與右美托咪定組同劑量、同速率生理鹽水輸注。分別于使用止血帶前(T0),松開(kāi)止血帶后10min(T1),30min(T2)和60min(T3)時(shí),采用ELISA法檢測(cè)血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、C-反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、白細(xì)胞介素-8(IL-8)和人腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)。結(jié)果 T1~T3時(shí)點(diǎn),右美托咪定組和丙泊酚組患者血清SOD含量均高于對(duì)照組,MDA和CRP含量均低于對(duì)照組(均P<0.05);T2、T3時(shí)點(diǎn),右美托咪定組患者SOD含量高于丙泊酚組,MDA和CRP含量低于丙泊酚組(均P<0.05);T1~T3時(shí)點(diǎn),右美托咪定組和丙泊酚組患者血清IL-8和TNF-α含量均低于對(duì)照組(均P<0.05),右美托咪定組患者血清IL-8和TNF-α含量均低于丙泊酚組(均P<0.05)。結(jié)論 右美托咪定應(yīng)用于下肢手術(shù)老年患者,可有效減少由于使用止血帶所導(dǎo)致的氧化應(yīng)激及炎癥反應(yīng)。

右美托咪定; 氧化應(yīng)激; 炎癥反應(yīng); 老年; 止血帶

老年人群由于機(jī)體功能下降,易發(fā)生下肢骨及關(guān)節(jié)類疾病,加之近年來(lái)老年人群交通事故高發(fā),使得骨科開(kāi)展的老年下肢相關(guān)手術(shù)越來(lái)越多[1]。下肢由于血供較為豐富,且大血管較多,術(shù)中易大量出血,不利于手術(shù)操作及老年患者術(shù)后康復(fù)[2]。因此,在開(kāi)展老年患者下肢手術(shù)時(shí)常使用止血帶,以減少失血及保證術(shù)野清晰[3]。然而,止血帶雖能有效阻斷患肢的血供,但同時(shí)可引起患肢組織缺血,當(dāng)再次恢復(fù)血供時(shí),易發(fā)生缺血-再灌注損傷,引發(fā)機(jī)體氧化應(yīng)激及炎癥反應(yīng),不僅會(huì)加劇患者原發(fā)損傷,而且可能會(huì)繼發(fā)遠(yuǎn)隔臟器損傷,甚至威脅生命[4]。右美托咪定是高效的α2腎上腺素能受體激動(dòng)劑,具有高選擇性,對(duì)α2腎上腺素能受體親和力大概是α1的1 600倍[5]。有研究指出[6],右美托咪定可通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)免疫功能,減少機(jī)體氧化應(yīng)激及炎癥反應(yīng),降低多種臟器缺血-再灌注損傷。本研究將右美托咪定應(yīng)用于老年下肢手術(shù)患者,探討其對(duì)止血帶所致氧化應(yīng)激及炎癥反應(yīng)可能的影響及機(jī)制,以期為臨床實(shí)踐提供依據(jù)。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

選取2011年3月至2014年4月在新鄉(xiāng)市中心醫(yī)院骨科擇期行下肢手術(shù)的老年患者168例,其中,男性93例,女性75例,年齡60~84歲,平均年齡(67.6±6.4)歲。病例納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①漢族,患者之間無(wú)親緣關(guān)系;②術(shù)前心功能Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí),EF>55%;③術(shù)前7d無(wú)激素使用史。排除重要臟器嚴(yán)重功能障礙者,有糖尿病、精神病等慢性病史者,免疫系統(tǒng)疾病者,以及風(fēng)濕、急性感染、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和傳染病者。將患者分為3組:右美托咪定組、丙泊酚組及對(duì)照組,3組患者情況見(jiàn)表1。本研究經(jīng)過(guò)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有患者術(shù)前均知情同意。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 麻醉操作 所有患者術(shù)前8h常規(guī)禁飲禁食,入室后開(kāi)放外周靜脈通路,常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)血壓、心電圖、心率、血氧飽和度等,2L/min鼻導(dǎo)管吸氧。所有患者均取患肢向下側(cè)臥位,均采用蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔阻滯麻醉聯(lián)合硬膜外麻醉,于L1-2間隙進(jìn)行硬膜外穿刺,穿刺成功后向頭側(cè)置管3cm,并進(jìn)行固定。利用25G蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔阻滯麻醉針進(jìn)行蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔穿刺,待見(jiàn)到有腦脊液流出后,注入0.5%的鹽酸布比卡因2mL?;颊咄瓿纱┐毯蟾臑槠脚P位,使控制平面位于T10以下,等到固定平面穩(wěn)定后,用20G留置針進(jìn)行患側(cè)股靜脈穿刺固定,用肝素封管以備用。在患者完成各項(xiàng)穿刺及第1次抽血的即刻,右美托咪定組患者給予負(fù)荷量1μg/kg右美托咪定(國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20110085,江蘇恩華藥業(yè))于10min內(nèi)完成靜脈輸注,后采用0.5μg/(kg·h)維持至術(shù)畢;丙泊酚組患者給予丙泊酚(國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H19990282,武漢樂(lè)泰醫(yī)藥有限公司)靶控靜脈輸注,起始靶濃度1.0μg/mL,與效應(yīng)室濃度進(jìn)行平衡3min后,按0.2μg/mL的濃度進(jìn)行遞增;對(duì)照組患者給予與右美托咪定組同劑量、同速率生理鹽水輸注。待3組患者輸注右美托咪定或丙泊酚或生理鹽水10min后,對(duì)患肢進(jìn)行向近心端驅(qū)血,將止血帶固定在大腿中上1/3處,壓力設(shè)置為術(shù)前收縮壓加100mmHg,維持60min后松放10min,總使用時(shí)間60~120 min。手術(shù)過(guò)程中用氯化鈉注射液進(jìn)行補(bǔ)液,速率采用10mL/(kg·h),當(dāng)患者血壓出現(xiàn)小于85mmHg或小于基礎(chǔ)值的20%時(shí),給予麻黃堿5mg/次,當(dāng)患者出現(xiàn)心率小于50次/min時(shí),給予阿托品0.25 mg/次,當(dāng)出現(xiàn)SPO2小于95%時(shí),進(jìn)行面罩輔助通氣。

1.2.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè) 分別于患者使用止血帶前(T0)、松開(kāi)止血帶后10min(T1)、松開(kāi)止血帶后30 min(T2)和松開(kāi)止血帶后60min(T3)抽取術(shù)側(cè)靜脈血5mL,離心后取上層血清,保存于-20℃冰箱。采用ELISA法檢測(cè)血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、C-反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、白細(xì)胞介素-8(IL-8)和人腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α),所用試劑盒均購(gòu)自美國(guó)R&D公司,操作過(guò)程嚴(yán)格按照試劑盒說(shuō)明進(jìn)行,并進(jìn)行相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)室質(zhì)量控制。

1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析

使用SPSS 15.0統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(ˉx±s)表示,3組患者數(shù)據(jù)比較采用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn),同組患者不同時(shí)點(diǎn)測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)采用重復(fù)測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)的方差分析;計(jì)數(shù)資料以率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 3組患者一般情況比較

3組患者手術(shù)操作過(guò)程中均未使用阿托品、麻黃堿,未改行面罩輔助通氣。3組患者在性別、年齡、體重指數(shù)、止血帶平均使用時(shí)間上差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05),見(jiàn)表1。

2.2 3組患者不同時(shí)點(diǎn)血清SOD、MDA和CRP變化情況

T0時(shí)點(diǎn)3組患者血清SOD、MDA和CRP含量差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);與T0時(shí)點(diǎn)相比,3組患者T1~T3血清SOD含量降低,而MDA和CRP含量則升高,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05);T1~T3時(shí)點(diǎn),右美托咪定組和丙泊酚組患者血清SOD含量均高于對(duì)照組,MDA和CRP含量均低于對(duì)照組,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05);T2、T3時(shí)點(diǎn),右美托咪定組患者SOD含量高于丙泊酚組,MDA和CRP含量低于丙泊酚組,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。

表1 3組患者一般情況比較(ˉx±s)Table1 Comparison of general data among the three groups(ˉx±s)

表2 3組患者不同時(shí)點(diǎn)SOD、MDA和CRP變化情況(ˉx±s)Table2 Changes of SOD,MDA and CRP at different time points in the three groups(ˉx±s)

2.3 3組患者不同時(shí)點(diǎn)血清IL-8和TNF-α變化情況

T0時(shí)點(diǎn)3組患者血清IL-8和TNF-α含量差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05);與T0時(shí)點(diǎn)相比,3組患者T1~T3血清IL-8和TNF-α含量均出現(xiàn)了升高,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05);T1~T3時(shí)點(diǎn),右美托咪定組和丙泊酚組患者血清IL-8和TNF-α含量均低于對(duì)照組,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05);T1~T3時(shí)點(diǎn),右美托咪定組患者血清IL-8和TNF-α含量均低于丙泊酚組,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。

表3 3組患者不同時(shí)點(diǎn)血清IL-8和TNF-α變化情況(ˉx±s)Table3 Changes of IL-8and TNF-αin the serum at different time points in the three groups(ˉx±s)

3 討論

止血帶常用于骨科肢體手術(shù),目的是防止術(shù)中失血過(guò)多及保證術(shù)野清晰,但術(shù)后松開(kāi)止血帶重新灌注時(shí),易導(dǎo)致患肢出現(xiàn)缺血-再灌注損傷[7]。老年患者各項(xiàng)機(jī)體功能下降,抗打擊能力下降,加之可能合并有慢性疾病,造成的損傷可能更為嚴(yán)重,如果出現(xiàn)患肢壞死、繼發(fā)遠(yuǎn)隔器官損傷,不僅不利于老年患者康復(fù),甚至威脅患者生命[8]。右美托咪定是新一代α2受體激動(dòng)劑,選擇性較高,具有催眠、鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛作用,并且可抑制交感興奮、利尿、抗焦慮,對(duì)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)影響較小,是臨床常用的麻醉輔助用藥[9]。有研究指出[10-12],右美托咪定可有效降低由于缺血-再灌注而造成的損傷。本研究將右美托咪定應(yīng)用于老年下肢手術(shù)患者,分析其對(duì)止血帶所致氧化應(yīng)激及炎癥反應(yīng)的影響。據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[13-15],止血帶使用60~120min,會(huì)產(chǎn)生缺血-再灌注損傷,且在放開(kāi)止血帶后5~30min達(dá)到極點(diǎn),并持續(xù)120min以上。因此,我們選擇松開(kāi)止血帶后10min(T1)、30min(T2)和60min(T3)這3個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)對(duì)相關(guān)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè),并把使用止血帶前(T0)作為基礎(chǔ)值。

老年患者由于血管彈性下降,血供狀況較差,止血帶使用后會(huì)進(jìn)一步阻斷肢體血供,使阻斷部位以下組織處于缺血狀態(tài),導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞缺氧及磷酸化合物分解,從而使代謝產(chǎn)物大量蓄積。當(dāng)血流恢復(fù)后,機(jī)體產(chǎn)生氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致大量氧自由基產(chǎn)生,與細(xì)胞膜上的不飽和脂肪酸作用生成脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化物,從而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞損傷、線粒體功能障礙,而脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化物穩(wěn)定性較差,易降解為MDA,大量進(jìn)入血液會(huì)對(duì)遠(yuǎn)隔器官造成損傷[16]。機(jī)體正常情況下對(duì)抗氧自由基損傷主要依靠抗氧化酶體系,其中,SOD是最為重要的活性物質(zhì),可有效清除氧自由基[17]。本研究顯示,在排除一般情況對(duì)結(jié)果的影響后,與T0時(shí)點(diǎn)相比,3組患者T1~T3時(shí)點(diǎn)血清SOD含量均出現(xiàn)了降低,而MDA和CRP含量則升高(均P<0.05),說(shuō)明松開(kāi)止血帶后,機(jī)體發(fā)生氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),MDA大量產(chǎn)生,而SOD則被大量消耗。T1~T3時(shí)點(diǎn),右美托咪定組和丙泊酚組患者血清SOD含量均高于對(duì)照組,MDA和CRP含量均低于對(duì)照組(均P<0.05);T2、T3時(shí)點(diǎn),右美托咪定組患者SOD含量高于丙泊酚組,MDA和CRP含量低于丙泊酚組(均P<0.05),說(shuō)明右美托咪定和丙泊酚均可有效減輕由于缺血-再灌注損傷而導(dǎo)致的氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),減少了MDA對(duì)機(jī)體的危害,且右美托咪定抑制效果好于丙泊酚。而丙泊酚作為一種鎮(zhèn)靜類藥物,其抑制氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的效果已得到證實(shí)[18]。

機(jī)體在發(fā)生氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的過(guò)程中,會(huì)伴有炎癥反應(yīng),使大量炎性因子釋放,導(dǎo)致炎癥級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),這亦是缺血-再灌注損傷的重要機(jī)制。TNF-α是缺血-再灌注損傷過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)最早且最為敏感的炎性因子之一,可誘發(fā)一系列炎癥反應(yīng)和病理過(guò)程,對(duì)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生損傷,增加血管壁的通透性,同時(shí),可引發(fā)其他炎性因子的大量釋放[19]。IL-8主要由單核-巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,在機(jī)體感染、創(chuàng)傷時(shí)大量產(chǎn)生,介導(dǎo)中性粒細(xì)胞進(jìn)入損傷組織,可引起局部組織炎癥損傷及遠(yuǎn)隔組織損傷,同時(shí),亦可與中性粒細(xì)胞特異性受體結(jié)合,導(dǎo)致氧自由基大量產(chǎn)生,繼而進(jìn)一步加重炎癥反應(yīng)[20]。本研究顯示,與T0時(shí)點(diǎn)相比,3組患者T1~T3時(shí)點(diǎn)血清IL-8和TNF-α含量均出現(xiàn)了升高(均P<0.05),說(shuō)明3組患者均發(fā)生了炎癥反應(yīng),IL-8和TNF-α大量釋放入血。同時(shí),T1~T3時(shí)點(diǎn),右美托咪定組和丙泊酚組患者血清IL-8和TNF-α含量均低于對(duì)照組(均P<0.05),右美托咪定組患者血清IL-8和TNF-α含量均低于丙泊酚組(均P<0.05),說(shuō)明右美托咪定可有效抑制炎癥反應(yīng)發(fā)生,且作用效果較丙泊酚強(qiáng)。

綜上所述,右美托咪定應(yīng)用于下肢手術(shù)老年患者,可有效減少由于使用止血帶所導(dǎo)致的氧化應(yīng)激及炎癥反應(yīng),減少了由于大量氧自由基及炎性因子產(chǎn)生而對(duì)機(jī)體造成的進(jìn)一步損傷,但右美托咪定發(fā)揮抗氧化、抗炎的具體機(jī)制尚待進(jìn)一步研究明確。

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(2014-10-29 收稿)

Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Tourniquet-induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Responses in Elderly Undergoing Lower Limb Surgery

Zhang Jichen1,Meng Ruixia1,Du Zengli21Department of Anesthesiology,Xinxiang Central Hospital,Xinxiang 453000,China
2Department of Anesthesiology,Coking Coal Centre Hospital of Jiaozuo,Jiaozuo 454150,China

Objective To investigate the impact of dexmedetomidine on the tourniquet-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in elderly undergoing lower limb surgery.Methods A total of 168elderly patients[average age:(67.6± 6.4)years,range:60-84years]undergoing elective lower limb surgery were divided into dexmedetomidine group(n=62),propofol group(n=52)and control group(n=54).They were given spinal anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia.After completion of the puncture,patients in the dexmedetomidine group were intravenously injected with dexmedetomidine at a dose of 1μg/kg within 10min,and then 0.5μg/(kg·h)dexmedetomidine was used to maintain the anesthesia until the end of surgery.In the propofol group,patients were given propofol target-controlled infusion at the initial concentration of 1.0μg/mL,which was increased at a rate of 0.2μg/mL after balancing with effect-site concentration for 3min.Patients in the control group received the same dose and the same rate of saline infusion.The superoxide dismutase(SOD),malondialdehyde(MDA),C-reactive protein(CRP),interleukin-8(IL-8)and human tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in serum were detected by ELISA before use of the tourniquet(T0),10(T1),30(T2),and 60(T3)min after release of the tourniquet.Results At T1-T3,the concentrations of SOD were much higher,while the concentrations of MDA and CRP were much lower in the dexmedetomidine group and propofol group than in the control group(P<0.05).At T2and T3,the concentrations of SOD were significantly higher,while the concentrations of MDA and CRP were significantly lower in the dexmedetomidine group than in the propofol group(P<0.05).At T1-T3,the concentrations of IL-8and TNF-αwere profoundly decreased in the dexmedetomidine group and propofol group when compared with the control group(P<0.05),and they were much lower in the dexmedetomidine group than in the propofol group(P<0.05).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can effectively reduce the tourniquet-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in elderly patient undergoing lower limb surgery.

dexmedetomidine; oxidative stress; inflammatory response; elderly; tourniquet

R971.9

10.3870/j.issn.1672-0741.2015.03.015

張繼晨,女,1974年生,主治醫(yī)師,E-mail:402767260@qq.com

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