趙伯明, 楊 操, 楊述華, 劉克斌, 何小斌
頸椎前路椎間盤切除并自體骨移植鈦板固定術(shù)對多節(jié)段頸椎間盤退行性疾病的療效分析*
趙伯明1,2, 楊 操2△, 楊述華2, 劉克斌1, 何小斌1
1長江大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院,荊州第一人民醫(yī)院骨科,荊州 434000
2華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬協(xié)和醫(yī)院骨科,武漢 430022
目的 評價頸椎前路椎間盤切除自體髂骨移植鈦板固定治療多節(jié)段頸椎間盤退變病的臨床和影像學(xué)效果。方法 28例患者接受了頸椎前路椎間盤切除自體骨移植鈦板固定手術(shù)。臨床結(jié)果評估采用日本矯形外科協(xié)會(JOA)評分和Odom標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并對融合率、頸椎曲度和手術(shù)并發(fā)癥進(jìn)行了評估。結(jié)果 28例均獲隨訪,平均24個月(9~36個月)JOA評分,術(shù)前(7.54±0.78),術(shù)后3d(10.82±0.93),術(shù)后6個月(14.14±0.74),終訪時(13.86±1.22),術(shù)后各時點(diǎn)與術(shù)前相比差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均P<0.05)。頸椎影像資料顯示牢固融合25例(89.3%),平均融合時間5.9個月。頸椎曲率為術(shù)前(14.96±1.90)°,術(shù)后3d(26.89±3.78)°,術(shù)后6個月(25.86±3.67)°,終訪時(24.89±3.69)°,術(shù)后各時點(diǎn)與術(shù)前相比差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均P<0.05)。結(jié)論 在多節(jié)段頸椎退變病中應(yīng)用頸椎間盤切除自體骨融合鈦板固定術(shù)取得了有效減壓和穩(wěn)定脊柱等良好的臨床和影像學(xué)效果。
頸椎間盤退行性疾??; 多節(jié)段頸椎間盤切除融合; 自體骨; 動態(tài)鈦板
頸椎間盤退行性變是頸椎病最常見的原因,它通過腹側(cè)壓迫脊髓或神經(jīng)根,可能會導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)功能障礙,頸部疼痛或復(fù)合癥狀。通常需要通過手術(shù)進(jìn)行神經(jīng)減壓,恢復(fù)和穩(wěn)定脊柱前凸。當(dāng)骨贅或椎間盤突出在腹側(cè)、脊柱后凸,前路減壓術(shù)不僅可以直接減壓,而且有助于利用術(shù)中撐開技術(shù)恢復(fù)頸椎力線。
目前,頸椎前路椎間盤切除術(shù)和自體或異體骨植骨融合已成為手術(shù)治療頸椎病的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在多節(jié)段手術(shù)過程中,一些術(shù)者認(rèn)為需要采用內(nèi)固定器械如頸椎鋼板系統(tǒng)[1],已有報道稱器械內(nèi)固定的自體或同種異體骨移植融合率較非器械內(nèi)固定高[2]。而同種異體移植骨又較自體骨移植融合率低且成本更高[3]。因此,本文將討論頸椎前路減壓自體髂骨植骨融合和動力鈦板固定在多節(jié)段頸椎退變病中的應(yīng)用。
1.1 一般情況
病例資料來自2010年7月至2012年6月武漢協(xié)和醫(yī)院骨科收治的2個或3節(jié)段頸椎退變病并實(shí)施了頸椎前路椎間盤切除并自體骨移植鈦板固定術(shù)的28例患者。所有患者均簽署手術(shù)知情同意書,研究經(jīng)華中科技大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①有脊髓或神經(jīng)根癥狀,保守治療無效;②磁共振顯示明顯的頸脊髓壓迫;③行頸椎前路椎間盤切除自體骨移植鈦板固定術(shù)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①連續(xù)或復(fù)合的后縱韌帶骨化癥;②上頸椎手術(shù);③急性椎間盤突出;④重大創(chuàng)傷,感染或腫瘤。28例患者中有19例男性,9例女性;年齡42~64歲(平均55.0歲)。13例神經(jīng)根型,6例脊髓型,9例脊髓神經(jīng)根型。手術(shù)節(jié)段從C4-5至C6-7。脊髓壓迫節(jié)段由磁共振成像(MRI)確定。18例患者行2節(jié)段頸椎前路椎間盤切除并自體骨移植鈦板固定術(shù),10例行3節(jié)段手術(shù)。
1.2 外科手術(shù)
所有的手術(shù)在患者仰臥位全身麻醉下進(jìn)行,由同一名脊柱外科醫(yī)生(楊操)操作,采用相應(yīng)頸椎節(jié)段右側(cè)頸前方入路。椎間盤切除、后縱韌帶切開、椎管和椎間孔骨贅切除過程均采用頭戴式顯微鏡輔助完成。切除完成后,擴(kuò)大牽開并測量椎間隙高度至少5mm。刮除椎骨終板,適當(dāng)大小皮髓質(zhì)髂骨移植。最后依據(jù)頸椎前凸曲線置入ABC(Aesculap,Tuttlingen,德國)動態(tài)骨板自鎖螺釘系統(tǒng)。術(shù)中透視確保移植骨和鈦板位置正確。
1.3 療效評價
1.3.1 臨床評價 于術(shù)前、術(shù)后3d、術(shù)后3個月及最終隨訪時間,采用日本骨科協(xié)會(JOA)評分和Odom標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4]進(jìn)行臨床評估。根據(jù)JOA評分計算恢復(fù)率(RR):(術(shù)后評分-術(shù)前評分)/(17-術(shù)前評分)×100%,分別以≥75%、~50%、~25%、<25%為優(yōu)、良、中、差。評估由沒有參與任何治療過程的3名骨科醫(yī)生完成。
1.3.2 影像學(xué)評價 于術(shù)前、術(shù)后3d、3個月、6個月拍攝頸椎X線片,6個月后為每6個月拍1次。影像學(xué)融合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5]:①終板消失無透亮線;②在移植和終板交界處存在連續(xù)骨梁;③屈伸側(cè)位片棘突間位移不超過2mm。頸椎曲度評估是在側(cè)位X線片采用Harrison’s測量[6]:正值切線角表示前凸,負(fù)值表示后凸。評估由沒有參與任何治療過程的3名骨科醫(yī)生完成。
1.3.3 并發(fā)癥 并發(fā)癥包括:患者出現(xiàn)暫時的或永久性的疼痛,神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀或體征的持續(xù)惡化,軟組織損傷,手術(shù)部位的感染,二次手術(shù)等。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析
JOA評分和頸椎曲度結(jié)果以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,數(shù)據(jù)分析采用SPSS 15.0統(tǒng)計分析軟件行Student’s t檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2.1 一般情況
平均手術(shù)時間為144min(110~190min)與平均出血量為155mL(90~230mL)。所有移植物均植入成功。無患者穿戴頸椎外固定器。隨訪時間9~36個月,平均24個月。
2.2 臨床評估結(jié)果
由表1可見,28例患者術(shù)后各檢測時點(diǎn)的JOA評分均高于術(shù)前,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均P<0.05)。28例患者恢復(fù)率情況:優(yōu)10例,良15例,中3例,差0例。根據(jù)Odom標(biāo)準(zhǔn),9例患者療效優(yōu),16例良,3例中,差0例。近90%的患者對結(jié)果滿意。
2.3 影像學(xué)評估結(jié)果
頸椎影像資料顯示牢固融合25例(89.3%),平均融合時間5.9個月。1例3節(jié)段手術(shù)患者延遲融合,手術(shù)13個月后達(dá)到融合。有2例3節(jié)段手術(shù)患者1個間隙不融合,1例2節(jié)段手術(shù)患者1個間隙不融合,但患者沒有臨床癥狀。
由表1可見,28例患者術(shù)后各檢測時點(diǎn)的頸椎曲率均較術(shù)前明顯增大,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均P<0.05)。術(shù)前和術(shù)后頸椎曲度變化如圖1、2所示。
表1 不同時間點(diǎn)JOA評分和Harrison’s角(ˉx±s)Table1 JOA scores and Harrison’s angles at different time points(ˉx±s)
圖1 1例2節(jié)段頸椎退變病患者術(shù)前及術(shù)后影像學(xué)檢查Fig.1 Preoperative and postoperative images in a case of two-level CDDD
圖2 1例3節(jié)段頸椎退變病患者術(shù)前及術(shù)后影像學(xué)檢查Fig.2 Preoperative and postoperative images in a case of threelevel CDDD
2.4 并發(fā)癥
本組無死亡病例,沒有嚴(yán)重的全身麻醉相關(guān)并發(fā)癥。2例患者有短暫的其他節(jié)段的神經(jīng)根癥狀。1例患者因引流管堵塞致皮下血腫并于術(shù)后3d消除。3例感覺輕度吞咽不適但術(shù)后2周消失。3例咬骨鉗致硬膜穿孔但沒有導(dǎo)致腦脊液瘺或相關(guān)神經(jīng)功能缺損。長期隨訪未發(fā)現(xiàn)其他術(shù)后并發(fā)癥如神經(jīng)癥狀加重、移植物松動、傷口感染和呼吸功能不全等。
頸椎退變病包括骨關(guān)節(jié)病理性椎間盤退變、椎間盤突出后殘余纖維環(huán)移出及骨贅形成。椎間盤間隙連續(xù)塌陷后,黃韌帶繼而冗余、內(nèi)凸壓迫脊髓表面[7]。由于保守治療通常無效,常需要手術(shù)進(jìn)行神經(jīng)減壓,恢復(fù)和穩(wěn)定脊柱前凸[8]。
頸椎前路椎間盤切除自體髂骨融合技術(shù)對頸椎間盤退變病患者是不錯的選擇。近十年來,多種類型椎間融合器如PEEK、碳纖維和鈦籠逐步問世使得該技術(shù)有了較大的發(fā)展[9-11]。雖然填充同種異體松質(zhì)骨的融合器在單節(jié)段頸椎手術(shù)中獲得了較高的融合率和良好的臨床效果[4],但在多節(jié)段手術(shù)中其融合率要低得多,并影響到臨床結(jié)果如形成假關(guān)節(jié)和增加再手術(shù)率[12-13]。Shapiro等[14]報道在多節(jié)段頸椎手術(shù)中融合器沉降率、椎間隙塌陷、后凸畸形發(fā)生率高達(dá)36%。Kaise等[5]的研究顯示多階段頸椎術(shù)后需佩戴頸椎外固定器6~12周,該剛性頸領(lǐng)可能會影響患者的生活質(zhì)量和日?;顒?。應(yīng)用自體或異體骨填充椎間融合器的患者中,其癥狀改善率為65%~92%[15-17]。Dumont等[1819]報道臨床癥狀惡化如復(fù)發(fā)、假關(guān)節(jié)的概率為8.1%,假關(guān)節(jié)、假體下沉、進(jìn)展性后凸均可降低椎間孔的大小和頸椎穩(wěn)定性,最終導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)脊髓受壓和內(nèi)置物失敗,約三分之一的復(fù)發(fā)或出現(xiàn)新癥狀的患者需再次手術(shù)。然而,最近報道的頸椎前路椎間盤切除自體骨移植鈦板固定術(shù),患者因這類并發(fā)癥致再手術(shù)的發(fā)生率非常低,且不必使用剛性頸椎矯形器,減少了術(shù)后恢復(fù)時
間[20]。
我們對28例頸椎退變病患者進(jìn)行了頸椎前路減壓自體髂骨融合動態(tài)鈦板固定術(shù)。選擇該術(shù)式的主要原因:①自體骨具有良好的生物相容性,結(jié)構(gòu)支撐,成骨性能好,無傳播疾病的風(fēng)險,無免疫原性,成本更低,盡管收獲自體供骨可能引起患者的不適[2122]。②自體三面皮質(zhì)髂骨可依據(jù)頸椎解剖曲線在冠狀面和矢狀面上塑形。③動態(tài)鈦板固定系統(tǒng)與骨承重界面相容性好,該界面?zhèn)鬟f包括頭部重量的軸向載荷和頸部肌肉的力量負(fù)荷[23]。隨著時間的推移,即使是移植骨在骨重建過程中部分吸收了,該骨板系統(tǒng)也能維持這些負(fù)荷,從而促進(jìn)移植骨重建,因此達(dá)到較高的融合率[24-25]。我們應(yīng)用ABC(Aesculap,Tuttlingen,德國)動態(tài)鈦板自鎖螺釘系統(tǒng)不僅達(dá)到即時生物力學(xué)穩(wěn)定,還防止了植骨骨折脫位。
我們依據(jù)JOA和Odom’s標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對手術(shù)結(jié)果進(jìn)行評估,優(yōu)良率達(dá)到90%,椎間高度和脊柱的生理曲度得到一定的恢復(fù)與維持,在所有66個手術(shù)節(jié)段中融合失敗率占4.5%,無嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。通過對本組病例的總結(jié)分析,我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)是:前路能直接達(dá)到病變部位,尤其是頸椎前凸不足或反弓的頸椎退變病的患者,多節(jié)段頸椎間盤切除自體髂骨融合骨板固定可以恢復(fù)脊柱前凸和充分解除后路手術(shù)通常不能去除的脊髓致壓物;與椎體次全切的長段腓骨移植相比,多節(jié)段椎間植骨能更有效恢復(fù)椎間高度。當(dāng)然,也有學(xué)者持有不同的觀點(diǎn)。Hussain等[26]認(rèn)為,前路多節(jié)段去除椎體后骨贅技術(shù)要求高,脊髓損傷風(fēng)險大。Robinson等[27]認(rèn)為,當(dāng)骨重建融合后原有骨刺會被吸收,因此沒必要冒險去除骨贅。我們認(rèn)為,需要權(quán)衡椎體后方骨贅切除的困難與耗時給患者帶來的利弊。本組病例去除骨贅沒有損傷硬脊膜,并通過ABC動態(tài)鈦板固定系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)頸椎病變部位的即刻穩(wěn)定,術(shù)后恢復(fù)順利。
綜上所述,多節(jié)段頸椎間盤切除自體髂骨融合鈦板固定是一種合理安全的手術(shù)方法,應(yīng)用恰當(dāng)并細(xì)致操作能達(dá)到減壓目的,同時椎間自體植骨技術(shù)可恢復(fù)維持脊柱前凸,提高融合率,術(shù)后通常不需要矯形器外固定。盡管我們的初步結(jié)果令人鼓舞,但也存在某些不足,如未能對頸椎多節(jié)段融合后鄰近節(jié)段退變問題進(jìn)行評估。所以,我們?nèi)孕柽M(jìn)行大樣本長期隨訪研究,進(jìn)一步評估頸椎前路椎間盤切除自體骨移植鈦板固定術(shù)在多節(jié)段頸椎間盤退變病中的治療效果。
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(2015-01-12 收稿)
Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion with Autograft and Titanium Plate for the Treatment of Multi-Level Cervical Disc Degenerative Disease
Zhao Boming1,2,Yang Cao2△,Yang Shuhua2et al
1Department of Orthopaedics,Jingzhou First People’s Hospital,Jingzhou 434000,China
2Department of Orthopaedics,Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430022,China
Objective To evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with autograft and titanium plate(ACDFP)for the treatment of multi-level cervical disc degenerative disease(CDDD).Methods Twenty-eight consecutive patients with multi-level CDDD underwent ACDFP.Clinical outcomes were evaluated by using Japanese Orthopaedic Association(JOA)scores and Odom’s criteria.The fusion rate and spinal curvature at the operated levels and surgical complications were assessed.Results All the 28patients were followed up for an average of 24months(range:9-36 months).The JOA score was(7.54±0.78),(10.82±0.93),(14.14±0.74)and(13.86±1.22),respectively,before surgery,3days and 6months after surgery,and at thefinal follow-up.Radiographs of the cervical spine revealed that the solid fusion was obtained in 25cases(89.3%)at a mean time of 5.9months.The cervical spinal curvature was(14.96±1.90)°before operation,(26.89±3.78)°at 3days after operation,(25.86±3.67)°at 6months after operation,and(24.89±3.69)°at the final follow-up.There were significant differences in the JOA score and cervical spinal curvature between before and at various time points after operation.Conclusion Treatment of multi-level CDDD by ACDFP can effectively decompress and stabilize the spine,yielding satisfactory clinical and radiological outcomes.
cervical degenerative disc disease; multi-level cervical discectomy and fusion; autograft; dynamic titanium plate
R681.531
10.3870/j.issn.1672-0741.2015.03.019
*國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(No.81072187)
趙伯明,男,1980年生,主治醫(yī)師,E-mail:zbm1999521@163.com
△通訊作者,Corresponding author,E-mail:yangcaomd@163.com