鄭慧萍 徐敏 萬(wàn)峰 張喆 馮海波
·臨床論著·
主動(dòng)脈內(nèi)球囊反搏在高危冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)患者中的應(yīng)用
鄭慧萍 徐敏*萬(wàn)峰 張喆 馮海波
(北京大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院心外科,北京100191)
目的探討術(shù)前主動(dòng)置入和術(shù)中/術(shù)后被動(dòng)置入主動(dòng)脈內(nèi)球囊反搏(intra-aortic balloon pump,IABP)對(duì)高危冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)(coronary artery bypass graft,CABG)患者的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。方法回顧性分析2010年3月~2012年12月我院高危CABG患者圍手術(shù)期使用IABP 90例資料,根據(jù)IABP置入的時(shí)機(jī)將患者分為A、B兩組。A組31例,術(shù)前預(yù)防性使用IABP;B組59例,術(shù)中或術(shù)后應(yīng)用IABP。比較2組圍手術(shù)期表現(xiàn)及隨訪(fǎng)期間主要心腦血管事件(major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events,MACCE)的差異。結(jié)果與B組相比,A組ICU停留時(shí)間短[(70.2±50.5)h vs.(123.2±95.8) h,t=-3.436,P=0.010];術(shù)后IABP支持時(shí)間(入ICU到IABP撤離)短[(21.8±13.9)h vs.(65.6±25.3)h,t= -10.576,P=0.000];術(shù)后房顫少[0%(0/31)vs.23.7%(14/59),P=0.002];術(shù)后急性腎損傷少[19.4%(6/31)vs. 50.8%(30/59),χ2=8.398,P=0.004]。隨訪(fǎng)(30.0±12.3)月,MACCE兩組比較無(wú)顯著性差異。結(jié)論術(shù)前合理使用IABP,使CABG高危風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者有良好的近期效果。
主動(dòng)脈內(nèi)球囊反搏;冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù);高?;颊?/p>
由于體外循環(huán)的不利影響和外科手術(shù)技巧的提高,非體外循環(huán)(off-pump)冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)(coronary artery bypass graft,CABG)的報(bào)道越來(lái)越多[1,2],但對(duì)于具有CABG高危風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的患者來(lái)說(shuō),由于術(shù)中對(duì)心臟不良刺激很容易導(dǎo)致血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn),常常需要術(shù)中緊急置入心臟輔助裝置,如主動(dòng)脈內(nèi)球囊反搏(intra-aortic balloon pump,IABP),或者緊急建立體外循環(huán),這種情況下患者的死亡率明顯增加[3]。隨著IABP設(shè)備和耗材的改進(jìn),IABP的并發(fā)癥逐漸減少,IABP在高?;颊咧械膽?yīng)用日趨擴(kuò)大[4~6],但CABG高危患者是否需要置入IABP及IABP置入的最佳時(shí)機(jī)還存在爭(zhēng)論[7~11]。本文回顧性分析2010年3月~2012年12月我院同一術(shù)者術(shù)前預(yù)防性主動(dòng)置入IABP或術(shù)中/術(shù)后被動(dòng)置入IABP對(duì)高危CABG患者近期及遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后的影響,為選擇IABP在CABG的臨床使用時(shí)機(jī)提供參考。
1.1 一般資料
符合下列情形之一者可定義為高危CABG[4~6]:左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)≤30%;藥物難以控制的不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛(unstable angina,UA);左主干(left main coronary artery,LM)狹窄≥70%;急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)≤14天;急診手術(shù)。排除術(shù)前合并心源性休克者。
選擇2010年3月~2012年12月我院心外科圍術(shù)期應(yīng)用IABP的CABG高?;颊?0例,根據(jù)IABP置入的時(shí)機(jī),將患者分為A、B兩組。A組均在手術(shù)前安置IABP(n=31);B組術(shù)前未置入IABP(n= 59),術(shù)中、術(shù)后出現(xiàn)低心排血量綜合征、血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定及脫離體外循環(huán)困難時(shí)應(yīng)用IABP。2組性別、年齡、CABG高危因素、冠心病危險(xiǎn)因素及合并疾病方面無(wú)顯著性差異(表1)。2組圍手術(shù)期和術(shù)后隨訪(fǎng)期間均給予標(biāo)準(zhǔn)藥物治療。
表1 2組一般資料比較
1.2 方法
1.2.1 IABP的置入和撤除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
A組預(yù)防性置入IABP指征:術(shù)者預(yù)計(jì)可能有發(fā)生血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定的情況。置入IABP時(shí)間:入手術(shù)室前11例,入手術(shù)室后麻醉前17例,麻醉后手術(shù)前3例。
B組IABP被動(dòng)置入的指征:脫離體外循環(huán)困難,即在較大劑量正性肌力藥物如多巴胺>10 μg/(kg·min)的輔助下不能脫離體外循環(huán)機(jī);血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定,即動(dòng)脈收縮壓<80 mm Hg,持續(xù)超過(guò)10 min,經(jīng)積極處理未見(jiàn)明顯改善;術(shù)者預(yù)計(jì)可能有發(fā)生脫離體外循環(huán)困難或血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定的情況。
2組IABP撤除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):多巴胺用量<5μg/ (kg·min);心臟指數(shù)>2.5 L/(m2·min);平均動(dòng)脈壓>70 mm Hg;尿量>1 ml/(kg·h);已脫離呼吸機(jī)且血?dú)夥治稣!?/p>
1.2.2 IABP的置入方法采用美國(guó)Datascope 98 IABP或美國(guó)Arrow AutoCAT2 IABP,經(jīng)皮股動(dòng)脈穿刺置入,身高超過(guò)162 cm者用7.5F 40 ml球囊導(dǎo)管,身材較矮,體重較輕,尤其是女性,采用7.5F 30 ml球囊導(dǎo)管。IABP的尖端位于左鎖骨下動(dòng)脈發(fā)出以遠(yuǎn)1 cm左右處,根據(jù)正位胸片調(diào)整球囊位置。首選心電觸發(fā)模式,心率<100次/min時(shí)采用1∶1的模式反搏。
1.2.3 觀察指標(biāo)與隨訪(fǎng)指標(biāo)
1.2.3.1 住院期間院內(nèi)死亡率、術(shù)后IABP使用時(shí)間(入ICU到IABP撤離)、急性腎損傷(acute kidney injury,AKI)、ICU停留時(shí)間和手術(shù)及IABP并發(fā)癥。
AKI的診斷根據(jù)改善全球腎臟病預(yù)后組織(KDIGO)發(fā)布的《KDIGO急性腎損傷臨床實(shí)踐指南》[12],符合下列情形之一者即可定義為AKI:①在48 h內(nèi)血清肌酐(sCr)上升≥26.5μmol/L;②已知或假定腎功能損害發(fā)生在7 d之內(nèi),sCr上升至≥基礎(chǔ)值的1.5倍;③尿量<0.5 ml/(kg·h),持續(xù)6 h。
低心排血量診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[13]:①收縮壓下降超過(guò)術(shù)前基礎(chǔ)血壓20%,持續(xù)2 h或以上;②尿量<0.5 ml/(kg·h),持續(xù)2 h或以上;③中心靜脈壓>13 mm Hg,持續(xù)2 h或以上;④中心體溫與體表體溫之差>5℃,持續(xù)2 h或以上,導(dǎo)致四肢發(fā)涼;⑤心臟指數(shù)(CI)<2.5 L/(m2·min)。發(fā)生上述2項(xiàng)或2項(xiàng)以上事件時(shí)診斷為低心排血量。1.2.3.2隨訪(fǎng)對(duì)出院病人采用門(mén)診和電話(huà)隨訪(fǎng)結(jié)合的方式,隨訪(fǎng)截止日期2014年6月,平均隨訪(fǎng)(30.0±12.3)月,主要心腦血管事件(major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events,MACCE)包括全因死亡率、非致命性AMI、再次行冠脈血運(yùn)重建術(shù)(包括再次經(jīng)皮冠脈介入治療和再次CABG)及腦血管意外。
1.2.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法使用SPSS17.0軟件,計(jì)量資料以x±s表示,組間比較用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料比較用χ2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05認(rèn)為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 術(shù)中情況
A組均行非體外循環(huán)CABG;B組6例(10.2%)因血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定或術(shù)者認(rèn)為非體外循環(huán)CABG存在較高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)行體外循環(huán)下CABG。A組需要體外循環(huán)CABG的比例低(0 vs.10.2%),但差異無(wú)顯著性(表2)。B組39例術(shù)中置入IABP,20例術(shù)后置入IABP。
2.2 術(shù)后院內(nèi)情況
2組術(shù)后早期結(jié)果比較見(jiàn)表2,A組ICU停留時(shí)間和IABP支持時(shí)間均明顯短于B組,A組新發(fā)房顫和急性腎損傷發(fā)生率低于B組,差異均有顯著性(P<0.05)。A組住院期間死亡、再次手術(shù)、低心排血量、圍術(shù)期心梗、新發(fā)房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯、肢體缺血、導(dǎo)管相關(guān)感染都低于B組,但差異無(wú)顯著性(P>0.05)。A組3例(9.7%)死亡,直接死亡原因?yàn)橹匕Y肺炎;B組11例(18.6%)死亡,其中6例心功能衰竭,4例重癥肺炎,1例多器官功能衰竭。
2.3 隨訪(fǎng)
76例出院患者門(mén)診或電話(huà)隨訪(fǎng)(30.0±12.3)月,A組28例,B組48例。結(jié)果顯示在隨訪(fǎng)期間主要心腦血管事件2組差異無(wú)顯著性(表3)。
表2 2組住院期間結(jié)果比較
表3 隨訪(fǎng)期間主要心腦血管事件比較[n(%)]
隨著血管旁路移植手術(shù)技巧的不斷提高以及體外循環(huán)對(duì)機(jī)體諸多不利影響,越來(lái)越多的血管旁路移植手術(shù)選擇非體外循環(huán)CABG,但對(duì)于具有CABG高危風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的患者來(lái)說(shuō),術(shù)中大多需要行多支血管操作,尤其在不停跳下暴露回旋支和右冠狀動(dòng)脈后降支、左心室后支時(shí),心臟難以耐受搬動(dòng),容易出現(xiàn)血壓下降甚至心室顫動(dòng)等,有些患者需要緊急建立體外循環(huán),甚至血流動(dòng)力學(xué)狀態(tài)持續(xù)惡化導(dǎo)致死亡。IABP通過(guò)增加舒張期冠狀動(dòng)脈灌注壓力而增加心肌的血供、氧供,通過(guò)減少心臟收縮的后負(fù)荷而增加心臟排血量并降低心肌室壁張力而減少心肌氧耗,故IABP能明顯減少心肌缺血,在CABG的圍手術(shù)期得到了廣泛應(yīng)用[4~7]。針對(duì)非體外循環(huán)CABG高?;颊呷缱笾鞲刹∽?、藥物治療無(wú)效的心絞痛、LVEF<40%、急性心肌梗死早期、急診手術(shù)及再次心臟手術(shù)者,IABP置入的最佳時(shí)機(jī)還存在爭(zhēng)論[6,8~11,14~17]。
我們的研究結(jié)果提示:非體外循環(huán)CABG高?;颊?,如果選擇性在術(shù)前置入IABP,可以保證心臟搬動(dòng)過(guò)程中血流動(dòng)力學(xué)相對(duì)穩(wěn)定,并且能在術(shù)后早期撤離IABP;同時(shí),早期應(yīng)用IABP能減少麻醉期間心肌缺血,能夠給術(shù)者提供較良好的手術(shù)環(huán)境使術(shù)者能更從容地完成手術(shù)。Dietl等[18]的研究指出,術(shù)前預(yù)防性置入IABP能使許多患者在不發(fā)生心肌缺血的狀態(tài)下接受手術(shù),使圍術(shù)期心肌梗死的發(fā)生率降低。
B?ning等[19]的研究顯示,IABP應(yīng)用于有冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄的病人可以使冠脈的血流重新分布,更多的血液灌注到心肌缺血區(qū)域。IABP這些作用增加了心肌氧供,增加了心排血量,減少心臟做功,同時(shí)降低了肺動(dòng)脈壓,所以早期應(yīng)用IABP減少低心排血量的發(fā)生,也就減少了因?yàn)樾脑葱栽驅(qū)е缕渌K器功能不全。本研究結(jié)果顯示術(shù)前置入IABP的高危患者術(shù)后ICU停留時(shí)間、IABP應(yīng)用時(shí)間及AKI的發(fā)生率均小于術(shù)前未安置IABP者,術(shù)前置入IABP者術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫的發(fā)生率亦較低。研究結(jié)果證明高危病人術(shù)前合理應(yīng)用IABP,可以較大程度保證圍術(shù)期循環(huán)狀態(tài)穩(wěn)定,減少I(mǎi)CU停留時(shí)間,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率明顯降低。
本組90例中與IABP有關(guān)的并發(fā)癥包括肢體缺血2例(2.2%),均在撤離IABP后24小時(shí)內(nèi)恢復(fù);導(dǎo)管相關(guān)感染3例(3.3%),均為B組,應(yīng)用IABP超過(guò)1周,其中2例術(shù)中置入,1例術(shù)后置入,3例均死亡。分析認(rèn)為術(shù)前未能及時(shí)置入IABP,在圍術(shù)期有可能遭遇到循環(huán)系統(tǒng)惡化的狀態(tài),需要緊急置入IABP,或緊急建立體外循環(huán),這很容易發(fā)生導(dǎo)管置入困難,同時(shí)增加了器械相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率。IABP相關(guān)的并發(fā)癥是臨床比較關(guān)注的問(wèn)題,目前認(rèn)為IABP置入期間的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較低,并且在撤離IABP后很容易恢復(fù),至于IABP導(dǎo)管源性菌血癥則和緊急情況下、消毒不徹底及IABP留置時(shí)間長(zhǎng)有關(guān)[8,9]。
目前關(guān)于圍術(shù)期IABP的研究絕大部分集中在近期療效,很少有研究關(guān)注IABP對(duì)CABG高危風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者的遠(yuǎn)期影響。Etienne等[20]和Ergünes等[21]報(bào)道非體外循環(huán)CABG高危風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的患者術(shù)前應(yīng)用IABP中遠(yuǎn)期再次行冠脈血運(yùn)重建率和死亡率降低; Joskowiak等[22]報(bào)道圍術(shù)期應(yīng)用IABP并不能提高CABG高危風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的患者遠(yuǎn)期生存率。我們的研究也沒(méi)有觀察到術(shù)前應(yīng)用IABP能明顯降低中遠(yuǎn)期MACCE,IABP對(duì)CABG高危風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者遠(yuǎn)期的影響還需要進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)[23]。
我們的研究提示,對(duì)CABG高危風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者術(shù)前應(yīng)用IABP可以保證心臟搬動(dòng)過(guò)程中血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的相對(duì)穩(wěn)定,且能在術(shù)后較早撤離IABP;術(shù)前置入IABP可減少患者尤其是高?;颊逫CU停留時(shí)間,降低急性腎損傷的發(fā)生率,減少術(shù)后心律失常的發(fā)生,故術(shù)前合理使用IABP,使CABG高危風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者有良好的近期效果。
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(修回日期:2015-08-04)
(責(zé)任編輯:王惠群)
Application of Intra-aortic Balloon Pump During Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery in High Risk Patients
ZhengHuiping,Xu Min,WanFeng,etal.
DepartmentofCardiacSurgery,PekingUniversityThirdHospital,Beijing100191,China
:XuMin,E-mail:xxugr@sohu.com
ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of intra-or post-operative preventative intra-aortic balloon pump(IABP) insertion in high risk coronary artery bypass patients.MethodsFrom March 2010 to December 2012,90 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft(CABG)with IABP support were observed.The group A included 31 patients with preoperative IABP insertion,and the group B included 59 intra-or post-operative IABP insertion.Peri-operative clinical data and major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events(MACCE)during follow-ups were compared between the two groups.ResultsThe ICU stay time was shorter significantly in the group A than in the group B[(70.2±50.5)h vs.(123.2±95.8)h,t=-3.436,P=0.010].The postoperative IABP support time in the group A was shorter than that in the group B[(21.8±13.9)h vs.(65.6±25.3)h,t= -10.576,P=0.000].The postoperative atrial fibrillation rate was lower in the group A than in the group B[0%(0/31)vs. 23.7%(14/59),P=0.002].The postoperative acute kidney injury(AKI)rate was significant lower in the group A than in the group B[19.4%(6/31)vs.50.8%(30/59),χ2=8.398,P=0.004].During follow-ups for(30.0±12.3)months,there were no differences in MACCE rate between the two groups.ConclusionPreventive preoperative use of IABP may help improve early outcomes in high risk CABG patients.
Intra-aortic balloon pump;Coronary artery bypass graft;High risk patients
R654.2
A
:1009-6604(2015)10-0868-05
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2015.10.002
2015-05-26)
*通訊作者,E-mail:xxugr@sohu.com